Akkaraju, Liachovitzky & McDaniel, 2010-11
Lab 12 - The Skeletal System: Joints Objectives Checklist. After completing this lab, you should be able to:
define joint and classify joints according to their structure and function identify joints based on their structure and function describe and identify the structures of a simple synovial joint differentiate among the different types of synovial joints, and enumerate where they are found in the human body
describe and demonstrate the movements of synovial joints identify the structures of the tibiofemoral (knee) joint, and describe the function of menisci, cruciate ligaments, and collateral ligaments identify the structures stabilizing elbow, shoulder, and hip joints describe the most common joint related conditions
I. Pre-Lab Activities. These activities are to be completed before coming to lab. 1. Fill in the blanks of the following sentences to describe the study of joints. A joint (or _________________) connects a _____________ with another _______________, a ________________, or a tooth. The science that studies joints is called__________________, whereas the study of musculoskeletal movements is called____________________. 2. Label the figure below with the terms in the box.
ligament articular cartilage joint (articular) capsule fibrous capsule synovial membrane cavity containing synovial fluid
3. Label the figure of the knee joint below with the terms in the box. femur fibula tibia lateral condyle of the femur medial condyle of the femur articular cartilages medial meniscus lateral meniscus anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lateral (fibular) collateral ligament medial (femoral) collateral ligament patellar ligament (cut)
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II. Lab Activities. These activities are to be completed during lab. A. Classification of Joints. Joints can be classified according to their structure (i.e. how adjacent bones are bound to each other) or their function (i.e. how much the joint moves). 1. Fill in the table below with the structural classification of joints (e.g. osseous tissue, collagen, cartilage, membrane with slippery fluid). Type of Joint bony
Bones bound together by
fibrous cartilaginous synovial 2. Give the anatomical or structural classification of the following joints. Observe the joints on the articulated skeleton to help you determine the classification. Structural Classification (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
Joint knee joint pubic symphysis inter-vertebral disc sutures hip joint joint between tooth and jaw sternoclavicular joint shoulder joint elbow joint
3. Fill in the table below by describing the functional classification of joints (freely movable, slightly movable, little or no movement). Type of Joint synarthrosis
Mobility at the Joint
amphiarthrosis diarthrosis 4. Give the functional classification of the following joints. Joint
Functional Classification (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis)
hip joint coronal suture inter-vertebral disk shoulder joint lambdoidal suture sterno-costal joint elbow joint pubic symphysis knee joint 131
B. Structure of a Synovial Joint 1. Identify the structures below on the models of synovial joints (knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, etc) in the lab. ligament articular cartilage
joint (articular) capsule fibrous capsule
synovial membrane cavity containing synovial fluid
2. Imagine that you fill a balloon partially with water, then tie it and place it on top of your closed fist. Then place your other fist on top of the balloon so that your fists get very close, but the water in the balloon keeps them separated. Now move (rotate) your fists. a) How would the presence of a water-filled space affect the friction between your two fists? (increase/decrease/no change) b) What synovial joint structure does the water filled balloon best represent? c) What synovial joint structure does the latex of the balloon represent? d) What synovial joint fluid does the water inside the balloon represent? 3. Give at least five examples of synovial joints in the human body.
C. Types of synovial joints 1. Use the articulated skeleton to observe structure and movement of the joints and fill in the table below. Synovial Joint
Name
Location(s) in the Body
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Axes of Rotation (describe the movement)
D. Movements of the synovial joints 1. Team with a classmate and demonstrate the movements of the synovial joints as you read their description from the textbook. Demonstrate: and describe. Type of Movement flexion
Demonstrated?
Description of Movement
extension hyperextension adduction abduction rotation circumduction supination pronation elevation depression protraction retraction 2. Identify the movements of synovial joints in the figures below.
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E. Knee (tibiofemoral) joint 1. Identify the structures below (you already labeled them) on the model of the knee. femur fibula tibia lateral condyle of the femur medial condyle of the femur
articular cartilages medial meniscus lateral meniscus anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lateral (fibular) collateral ligament patellar ligament (cut) medial (femoral) collateral ligament
2. What is the function of the menisci?
3. What is the function of the collateral ligaments?
4. What is the function of the cruciate ligaments?
5. Which are the most common knee joint injuries? How are they produced?
F. Elbow, Shoulder and Hip Joints 1. Identify the following joints and their structures on the models. Place a check by each structure after you have identified it on the model. elbow shoulder hip
ulna humerus olecranon process coronoid process ligaments humerus scapula glenoid cavity coracoid process acromion process ligaments acetabulum head of femur iliofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligament
2. Fill in the blanks below with elbow, knee, hip or shoulder. a)
This is the least stable joint
b)
This is a hinge joint between the ulna and the humerus
c)
Ligaments are loose to allow maximum range of movement
d)
Largest and most complex joint
e)
Anterior and posterior Cruciate ligaments stabilize this joint
f)
The lateral and medial meniscus act as shock absorbers
g)
Humeroscapular joint
h)
Humeroulnar joint
i)
Coxal joint
j)
Tibiofemoral joint
k)
Patellofemoral joint 134
G. Joint-related conditions 1. What is a sprain?
2. What is a strain?
3. What is a dislocation? And a subluxation?
4. What is bursitis? What is the function of bursa?
5. What is a torn cartilage?
6. What is arthritis? What is osteoarthritis?
Lab 12 Online Resources: http://sites.google.com/site/bio2324atbcc/Home/bio23-1 Pictures of the models used in lab 12: http://sites.google.com/site/bio2324atbcc/Home/bio23labmodels 135
