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Chap. 7
Multiplexing
– Sharing of high capacity transmission medium between several transmissions – Various approaches, including FDM & TDM
Multiplexing
1
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
2
1. FDM – Number of low BW analog signals simultaneously transmitted on high BW link – Each signal is “shifted” in frequency by modulating a carrier signal – Shifted signals can be sent simultaneously since they do not overlap in frequency – At receiver, filters separate “shifted” signals; demodulation recovers signals – TV, radio are examples of FDM
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
• Analog Carrier Systems – Designed to transmit voiceband signals over highcapacity transmission links, based on FDM – A standardized FDM hierarchy
North American and int’l FDM carrier standards
3
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
4
2. Synchronous TDM – High data rate of digital transmission medium used to simultaneously transmit a number of lower data rate digital signals – Sources are scanned in round-robin fashion; each source has fixed slot for transmission – At destination, the received stream is distributed to the corresponding receivers
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
5
• Pulse stuffing – Used when data rate of sources are not related by a simple rational number. – e.g. • One source at 8 kbps and another at 7.2 kbps. The slower is “pulse stuffed” with extra dummy pulses to send out on link at same rate. Since 8/7.2 = 10/9, every nine real samples, one dummy bit is sent out for the slower channel. Reverse at receiver: every 10th pulse is thrown away.
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
6
• Digital Carrier Systems – designed to transmit voice signals over high-capacity transmission links, based on synchronous TDM – DS-1 : basic frame format of the TDM hierarchy (in North America)
DS-1 frame format
Framing bit for frame synchronization and alignment. Every 12 frames form a multiframe. The F bits in the odd numbered frames have the pattern 101010 and are used for frame sync. F bits in the even numbered frames have a pattern of 001110, and are used for multiframe synchronization When T1 system is used for entirely for data, only 23 channels are used for data. The 24th one is used for a special synchronization pattern, to allow faster and more reliable reframing (recovery) following a framing error
Chap. 7
Multiplexing
TDM carrier standards North American
International
Number Data Number Data Carrier Frame of voice rate Level of voice rate system format channels (Mbps) number channels (Mbps) T-1 T-1C T-2 T-3 T-4
3. Statistical TDM – With synchronous TDM, channel capacity wasted when sources transmit intermittently (Due to fixed assignment of channel) – Statistical TDM (also known as asynchronous TDM and intelligent TDM) does not use fixed assignment; a source gets a time slice only if it is active.
