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Organic Chemistry - Core Concept Cheat Sheet
02: Introduction to Organic Chemistry • Amine: Contains an N, with R and / or H attached to the N.
• Amide: Contains a N attached to the C of a C=O, with H or R on the other positions.
Functional Groups • Alkane: Contains a carbon-carbon single bond.
N C
C
C
O
• Nitrile: Contains a carbon nitrogen triple bond.
• Alkene: Contains a carbon-carbon double bond.
RC
C
Acids and Bases
C
• Alkyne: Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond. C
C
• Aromatic: Contains a six-membered ring, with alternating double and single bonds.
• • • • • •
• Alkyl Halide: Contains an alkyl (alkane – R) and a halogen, RX. • Alcohol: Contains a ROH. • Ether: Contains a ROR. • Thiol: Contains RSH. • Sulfide: Contains a RSR. • Aldehyde: Contains a H bonded to a C on one side of a C=O and a R or H bonded to a C on the other side. H C O
• Ketone: Contains 2 R groups attached to the C on either side of a C=O. R
N
R C O
• Acid Halide: Contains a C=O, with an X attached to the C on one side and an R or H attached to the C on the other side. X
O
C O
• Ester: Contains a COO, with an R attached to the O and a H or R attached to the C. OR C O
• Anhydride: Contains an OCOCO, with an R or H attached on either side of the O.
O
O
C
H
O N
H O
C
O N
H
O
How to Study Organic Chemistry
OH
C
H
H
• Carboxylic Acid: Contains a COOH, with an R or H attached to the C of the COOH.
O
Electron Pushing • Locate the electrons on the more electronegative atoms. • Identify the most electronegative atom and the least electronegative atom in a bond. • A mechanism is a step-by-step explanation of what happens in a chemical reaction. • The flow of electrons in a mechanism is from the most electronegative atom to the least electronegative atom. • The nucleophile donates the electrons in a mechanism. • The electrophile accepts the electrons in a mechanism. • Resonance structures are two or more equivalent structures for the same arrangements of atoms, the only difference is the location of the electrons. • Delocalization is the distribution of electrons among more than two atoms that are bonded together.
H
C
C
• • •
Arrhenius Acid: Dissociates to give H3O+. Arrhenius Base: Dissociates to give –OH. Bronsted-Lowry Acid: Donates an H+. Bronsted-Lowry Base: Accepts an H+. Conjugate Acid: acid that results from the Bronsted-Lowry base gaining an H+. Conjugate Base: the base that results from the BronstedLowry acid losing an H+. Amphoteric: Can react as an acid or a base. Lewis Acid: Accepts electron pairs to form new bonds. Lewis Base: Donates electron pairs to form new bonds.
• For the terminology, know the definition of such terms as nucleophile, electrophile, syn, anti, etc. • Learn the functional groups and be able to recognize them quickly. • Learn the first ten alkanes, along with the prefixes and suffixes. • Identify the most electronegative and the least electronegative atoms. • The flow of electrons is from negative to positive. • Understand the concepts, do not just memorize examples. • Find examples in the textbook or on websites to reinforce the concepts. • Make flashcards. • Ask for help if you don’t understand something.
How to Use This Cheat Sheet: These are the keys related this topic. Try to read through it carefully twice then write it out on a blank sheet of paper. Review it again before the exams. RapidLearningCenter.com
