Universidade de Brasília Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo Programa de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo
A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS
Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues Tese de Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo Linha de Pesquisa: Teoria, História e Crítica Brasília, 2013
MARIA ALEXANDRINA DE SOUZA RORIGUES
A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS
Tese de doutorado submetida ao corpo docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe
Brasília, DF 2013
UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO PROGRAMA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO
TESE DE DOUTORADO
A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS
Autora: Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe
Banca Examinadora:
Prof. Dr. Flávio R. Kothe (Presidente – FAU – UnB) Prof. Dr. Aldo Paviani (GEO – UnB) Prof. Dr. Benny Schvasberg(FAU – UnB) Prof. Dr. Brasilmar Ferreira Nunes (SOL – UFF) Profª Dra. Maria Salete K. Machado (SOL – UnB) Prof. Dr. Paulo Castilho Lima (FAU – UnB – suplente)
Para meu pai, Argeu Honorato, que não teve tempo de ver mais esta conquista, mas lutou, bravamente, para que eu vencesse. Para os pioneiros Clóvis Sena, José Geraldo P. de Melo e Maria da Conceição M. Salles que se foram logo após concederem as entrevistas para esta tese.
AGRADECIMENTOS
A Deus que não me deixou desistir nos momentos de instabilidade e me confortou quando eu estava sozinha, no momento de criação. Ao Prof. Flávio Kothe pela orientação acadêmica durante todas as etapas dessa longa caminhada, sobretudo, pela paciência e dedicação. A todos os pioneiros entrevistados que me acolheram, acreditaram em meu propósito e colaboraram para que esta tese existisse. A minha amiga e incansável colaboradora, Ereni, que caminhou comigo em todos os momentos, principalmente, nos mais difíceis pelos quais passei durante a elaboração desta tese. Ao meu marido que não mediu esforços e teve paciência para me ouvir repetindo sempre o mesmo assunto, reclamando, enfim, aturou meu mau humor por um longo período. A meus filhos que direta ou indiretamente me incentivaram e auxiliaram durante todo o tempo. É difícil, após tantos anos, acontecimentos e luta, agradecer a todos que de alguma forma me auxiliaram durante essa caminhada, mas gostaria de que os que não tiveram seus nomes citados e que estiveram ao meu lado de alguma forma não se sentissem esquecidos, vão para esses o meu muito obrigada. Eu não teria conseguido vencer sozinha, tenham certeza disso!
No cimento duro, de aço e de cimento, Brasília enxertou-se, e guarda vivo, esse poroso quase carnal da alvenaria da casa de fazenda do Brasil antigo. (João Cabral de Melo Neto)
RESUMO
A Brasília dos Pioneiros irá representar a cultura primordial da capital implantada no centro do país desde o período de construção até o final da década de 1960. A cultura será desvendada a partir de uma visão semiótica da história de Brasília, do Relatório do Plano Piloto de Brasília e da influência da arquitetura e do urbanismo na vivência dos pioneiros entrevistados, distintas de acordo com a chegada deles a Brasília. Gráficos e tabelas irão ilustrar a presença dos pioneiros entrevistados no período de construção, na inauguração e durante a primeira década de existência de Brasília. A vivência desses pioneiros serão percebidas diante da literatura existente sobre a história de Brasília e da análise dos depoimentos prestados por eles ao responderem ao questionário aplicado como base desta pesquisa. O objetivo desse confronto é elucidar a formação da cultura de Brasília diante dos fatos já estudados e da memória dos pioneiros entrevistados. Esses depoimentos deverão indicar a origem, a data e com quem o pioneiro chegou a Brasília; com quantos anos ele migrou; a avaliação dele sobre a construção, os serviços e a convivência estabelecidos em Brasília; a avaliação do projeto de Lucio Costa e da arquitetura e urbanismo imposta pela cidade; a questão da criação das cidades-satélites; a ideia de casa-grande e senzala aplicada no projeto e na vivência da capital e a opinião sobre a interferência ou não do Poder na arte desenvolvida em Brasília. A título de confirmar as análises semióticas, destacadas ao longo da pesquisa, serão apresentados e discutidos alguns documentos em que pioneiros entrevistados demonstram suas percepções sobre Brasília.
Palavras-chaves: Brasília, pioneiros entrevistados, cultura, construção, capital, arquitetura e urbanismo, cidades-satélites e Poder.
ABSTRACT
A Brasília dos Pioneiros will represent the essential culture of capital implanted in the central part of the country since the period of its construction until the end of the sixties. The culture will be unveiled through a semiotics perspective of the history of Brasília, and of the report of the Pilot Planning of Brasília, in addition to the influence of the architecture and urbanism in the experience of the pioneer who were interviewed, according to their arrival in Brasília. The graphs and the tables will illustrate the Pioneers interviewed through the period of the construction as well as in the inauguration and the first decade of its existence. The living experience of these pioneers will be perceived in the existing literature about the history of Brasília and the analysis of the statements given by them when answering the questionnaire used as the basis of this research. The purpose of this data confrontation is to elucidate the formation of the culture of Brasília starting from facts that had already been studied and the remembrances of the interviewed pioneers. These statements should reveal the origin, the date and who accompany the first pioneer to arrive in Brasília; how old he was when he migrated; his evaluation about the construction, the services and the convenience established in Brasília; the evaluation of Lucio Costa’s project of and that of architecture and urbanism imposed by the city; the issues related to the creation of the satellite cities; the idea of the masters and the slaves applied in the project and in the living of the capital, moreover, the opinion about the interference of the political power in regards to the arts developed in Brasília. With the aim to confirm the semiotics analysis, outstanding throughout the research, some documents will be presented and discussed, in which the interviewers show their perception about Brasília.
Keywords: Brasília, interviewed pioneers, culture, construction, the capital, architecture and urbanism, satellite cities and Power.
LISTA DE FIGURAS
Figura 01 – Missão Cruls ...........................................................................................
41
Figura 02 – Pedra Fundamental da futura capital ......................................................
42
Figura 03 – Croquis de Lucio Costa para o Projeto Piloto de Brasília (1957) ...........
55
Figura 04 – Plano Piloto de Brasília – DF ..................................................................
55
Figura 05 – JK e seus assessores diretos em discussão ..............................................
56
Figura 06 – Museu do Catetinho ................................................................................
58
Figura 07 – Construção de Brasília – década de 1960 ...............................................
59
Figura 08 – Os Guerreiros / Os Candangos ................................................................
60
Figura 09 – Operário durante a obra do Congresso Nacional ....................................
64
Figura 10 – Frases deixadas por pioneiros .................................................................
65
Figura 11 – Frases deixadas pelo pioneiro Nelson – 1959 .........................................
65
Figura 12 – Chegada de Pioneiros – 1959
.................................................................
67
Figura 13 – Cidade Livre ............................................................................................
68
Figura 14 – JK e Israel Pinheiro recebendo a chave de ouro de Brasília ...................
70
Figuras 15 e 16 – Inauguração de Brasília .................................................................
71
Figura 17 – A saída do funcionário público do Rio de Janeiro .................................. 101 Figura 18 – A chegada a Brasília ................................................................................ 101 Figura 19 – Museu Histórico de Brasília .................................................................... 155 Figura 20 – Sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde – Rio de Janeiro .................... 201 Figura 21 – Universidade de Brasília – invasão de 1968 ........................................... 219 Figura 22 – Brasília – quadras 700 da Asa Sul – 1964 ............................................... 223 Figura 23 – Concha Acústica de Brasília .................….............................................. 241 Figura 24 – Jardim Zoológico de Brasília ................….............................................. 242 Figura 25 – Passeata dos Cem Mil no Rio de Janeiro ................................................ 259 Figuras 26 e 27 – Cidade proposta pela Carta de Atenas e o projeto de Lucio Costa
262
Figura 28 – Esplanada dos Ministérios – principal cartão postal de Brasília ............. 266 Figura 29 – Manifestação Popular na Esplanada dos Ministérios .............................. 269 Figura 30 – Cidade Livre durante a construção de Brasília ....................................... 275 Figura 31– Vila Amaury ............................................................................................. 276
Figura 32 – Mapa do Plano Piloto de Brasília ............................................................ 279 Figura 33 – Taguatinga ............................................................................................... 280 Figura 34 – QI 05 – Guará I – Casas construídas por mutirão …............................... 281 Figura 35 – Observatório original da equipe da Missão Cruls – 1892 ....................... 283 Figura 36 – Cidade Livre – atual Núcleo Bandeirante ............................................... 284 Figura 37 – Traçado de LC para a construção de Brasília .......................................... 286 Figura 38 – Plataforma da Rodoviária do Plano Piloto .............................................. 289 Figura 39 – O Porco (1966), de Nelson Leirner ......................................................... 316 Figura 40 – Praça dos Cristais – Setor Militar Urbano – Brasília-DF ....................... 320 Figura 41 – Painel de azulejos, de Athos Bulcão – Igreja Nossa Senhora de Fátima
321
Figura 42 – Tênis com motivos de azulejos de Athos Bulcão .................................... 322 Figura 43 – Construção do Minhocão, principal prédio da UnB ............................... 331 Figura 44 – Capa da Revista Brasília, nº 5, de maio de 1957 .................................... 350 Figura 45 – Homenagem ao poeta Ary Para-raios ..................................................... 352 Figura 46 – Poemas de Nicolas Behr ......................................................................... 352
LISTA DE GRÁFICOS
Gráfico I – Estados de origem dos pioneiros .............................................................
90
Gráfico II – Grau de satisfação dos pioneiros ...........................................................
109
Gráfico III – Emprego versus desemprego .................................................................
118
Gráfico IV – Casa-Grande e Senzala e o projeto de Brasília .....................................
129
Gráfico V – Com quem os pioneiros chegaram a Brasília? .......................................
169
Gráfico VI – Condições de trabalho e moradia .........................................................
173
Gráfico VII – Convivência entre os pioneiros ............................................................
186
Gráfico VIII – Participação dos pioneiros no projeto histórico de Brasília ...............
193
Gráfico IX – A Revolução Militar interferiu na construção de Brasília? ...................
224
Gráfico X – Havia corrupção em Brasília? ................................................................
229
Gráfico XI – O Poder influenciou a arte em Brasília? ...............................................
324
LISTA DE TABELAS
Tabela I – Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1956/59 .........................................
93
Tabela II - Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1960 ..............................................
100
Tabela III - Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1961/69 .......................................
103
Tabela IV – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e condições de trabalho – 1956/59 …............................................................................ Tabela V – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e condições de trabalho – 1960 ...................................................................................................... Tabela VI – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e condições de trabalho – 1961/69 ................................................................................
141 148 158
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS
BSB – Brasília DF – Distrito Federal EUA – Estados Unidos da América GO – Goiás JK – Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira LC – Lucio Costa SAM – Semana de Arte Moderna UnB – Universidade de Brasília
LISTA DE SIGLAS
AICA – Associação Internacional de Críticos de Arte ANE – Associação Nacional de Escritores BCE – Biblioteca Central CAL – Casa da Cultura da América Latina CEI – Companhia de Erradicação das Invasões CEMIG – Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais CEPLAN – Centro de Planejamento da Universidade de Brasília CIAM – Congresso Internacional de Arquitetura Moderna CGI – Centro Geral de Investigações DASP – Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público DOPS – Departamento de Ordem Política e Social GEB – Guarda Especial de Brasília ICA – Instituto Central de Artes IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística MEC – Ministério da Educação Cultura e Saúde NOVACAP – Companhia Urbanizadora da Nova Capital do Brasil PSD – Partido Social Democrático PTB – Partido Trabalhista Brasileira SNI – Serviço Nacional de Informações UDN – União Democrática Nacional UNE – União Nacional dos Estudantes
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