The
Avionics Handbook
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen The Communications Handbook, Jerry D. Gibson The Control Handbook, William S. Levine The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti & Douglas Williams The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Richard C. Dorf The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker The Engineering Handbook, Richard C. Dorf The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio The Mobile Communications Handbook, 2nd Edition, Jerry D. Gibson The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf The Transforms and Applications Handbook, 2nd Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop
The
Avionics Handbook Edited by
CARY R. SPITZER AvioniCon, Inc. Williamsburg,Virginia
CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The avionics handbook / edited by Cary R. Spitzer. p. cm. -- (Electrical engineering handbook series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-8348-X (alk. paper) 1. Avionics. I. Spitzer, Cary R. II. Series. TL695 .A8163 2000 629.135—dc21
00-048637 CIP
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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
Avionics is the cornerstone of modern aircraft. More and more, vital functions on both military and civil aircraft involve electronic devices. After the cost of the airframe and the engines, avionics is the most expensive item on the aircraft, but well worth every cent of the price. Many technologies emerged in the last decade that will be utilized in the new millennium. After proof of soundness in design through ground application, advanced microprocessors are finding their way onto aircraft to provide new capabilities that were unheard of a decade ago. The Global Positioning System has enabled satellite-based precise navigation and landing, and communication satellites are now capable of supporting aviation services. Thus, the aviation world is changing to satellite-based communications, navigation, and surveillance for air traffic management. Both the aircraft operator and the air traffic services provider are realizing significant benefits. Familiar technologies in this book include data buses, one type of which has been in use for over 20 years, head mounted displays, and fly-by-wire flight controls. New bus and display concepts are emerging that may displace these veteran devices. An example is a retinal scanning display. Other emerging technologies include speech interaction with the aircraft and synthetic vision. Speech interaction may soon enter commercial service on business aircraft as another way to perform some noncritical functions. Synthetic vision offers enormous potential for both military and civil aircraft for operations under reduced visibility conditions or in cases where it is difficult to install sufficient windows in an aircraft. This book offers a comprehensive view of avionics, from the technology and elements of a system to examples of modern systems flying on the latest military and civil aircraft. The chapters have been written with the reader in mind by working practitioners in the field. This book was prepared for the working engineer and his or her boss and others who need the latest information on some aspect of avionics. It will not make one an expert in avionics, but it will provide the knowledge needed to approach a problem.
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Biography
Cary R. Spitzer is a graduate of Virginia Tech and George Washington University. After service in the Air Force, he joined NASA Langley Research Center. During the last half of his tenure at NASA he focused on avionics. He was the NASA manager of a joint NASA/Honeywell program that made the first satellite-guided automatic landing of a passenger transport aircraft in November 1990. In recognition of this accomplishment, he was nominated jointly by ARINC, ALPA, AOPA, ATA, NBAA, and RTCA for the 1991 Collier Trophy “for his pioneering work in proving the concept of GPS aided precision approaches.” He led a project to define the experimental and operational requirements for a transport aircraft suitable for conducting flight experiments and to acquire such an aircraft. Today, that aircraft is the NASA Langley B-757 ARIES flight research platform. Mr. Spitzer was the NASA representative to the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee. In 1988 he received the Airlines Avionics Institute Chairman’s Special Volare Award. He is only the second federal government employee so honored in over 30 years. He has been active in the RTCA, including serving as chairman of the Airport Surface Operations Subgroup of Task Force 1 on Global Navigation Satellite System Transition and Implementation Strategy, and as Technical Program Chairman of the 1992 Technical Symposium. He was a member of the Technical Management Committee. In 1993 Mr. Spitzer founded AvioniCon, an international avionics consulting firm that specializes in strategic planning, business development, technology analysis, and in-house training. Mr. Spitzer is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He received the AIAA 1994 Digital Avionics Award and an IEEE Centennial Medal and Millennium Medal. He is a Past President of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society. Since 1979, he has played a major role in the highly successful Digital Avionics Systems Conferences, including serving as General Chairman. Mr. Spitzer presents one-week shortcourses on digital avionics systems and on satellite-based communication, navigation, and surveillance for air traffic management at the UCLA Extension Division. He has also lectured for the International Air Transport Association. He is the author of Digital Avionics Systems, the first book in the field, published by McGraw-Hill and Editor-in-Chief of The Avionics Handbook, published by CRC Press. He and his wife, Laura, have a son, Danny. His hobbies are working on old Ford products and kite flying.
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Contributors
Kathy H. Abbott
James L. Farrell
Myron Kayton
Federal Aviation Administration NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
VIGIL, Inc. Severna Park, MD
Kayton Engineering Co. Santa Monica, CA
Christian Favre
Michael S. Lewis
Aerospatiale Toulouse, France
NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
Thomas K. Ferrell
Thomas M. Lippert
Ferrell and Associates Consulting Vienna, VA
Microvision Inc. Bothel, WA
Uma D. Ferrell
Robert P. Lyons, Jr.
Boeing Seattle, WA
Ferrell and Associates Consulting Vienna, VA
United States Air Force Arlington, VA
Douglas Beeks
Daniel G. Baize NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
John G. P. Barnes Caversham Reading, U.K.
Gregg F. Bartley
Lee Harrison
James N. Martin
Rockwell Collins Cedar Rapids, IA
Galaxy Scientific Corp. Egg Harbor Twp., NJ
The Aerospace Corporation Chantilly, VA
Barry C. Breen
Steve Henely
Daniel A. Martinec
Honeywell Monroe, WA
Rockwell Collins Cedar Rapids, IA
Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) Annapolis, MD
Dominique Briere
Richard Hess
Frank W. McCormick
Honeywell Phoenix, AZ
Certification Services, Inc. Eastsound, WA
Ellis F. Hitt
James Melzer
Battelle Columbus, OH
Kaiser Electro-Optics, Inc. Carlsbad, CA
Peter Howells
Jim Moore
Rockwell Collins Flight Dynamics Portland, OR
Smiths Industries Cheltenham, U.K.
Sally C. Johnson
Michael J. Morgan
NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
Honeywell Olathe, KS
Aerospatiale Toulouse, France
Ronald Brower United States Air Force Wright Patterson AFB, OH
Ricky W. Butler NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
Christian P. deLong Honeywell, Defense Avionics Systems Albuquerque, NM © 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Dennis Mulcare
John Satta
Pascal Traverse
Science Applications International Co. Marietta, GA
Zycad, Inc. Dayton, OH
Aerospatiale Toulouse, France
Dennis L. Schmickley
Terry Venema
Boeing Helicopter Co. Mesa, AZ
Zycad, Inc. Dayton, OH
Grant Stumpf
David G. Vutetakis
Zycad, Inc. Dayton, OH
Douglas Battery Co. Winston-Salem, NC
Cary Spitzer
Randy Walter
Airbus Industrie Blagnac, France
AvioniCon, Inc. Williamsburg, VA
Smiths Industries Grand Rapids, MI
Arun Ramakrishnan
Russell V. Parrish NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
Michael Pecht University of Maryland College Park, MD
J. P. Potocki de Montalk
Jack Strauss
Robert B. Wood
University of Maryland College Park, MD
Zycad, Inc. Dayton, OH
Rockwell Collins Flight Dynamics Portland, OR
Gordon R. A. Sandell
Toby Syrus
Boeing Seattle, WA
University of Maryland College Park, MD
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Contents
SECTION I Introduction
Elements Daniel A. Martinec
1
AS 15531/MIL-STD-1553B Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus Chris deLong
2
ARINC 429
3
Commercial Standard Digital Bus
4
Head-Up Displays
5
Head-Mounted Displays
6
Display Devices: RSD ™ (Retinal Scanning Display)
Daniel A. Martinec Lee H. Harrison
Robert B. Wood and Peter J. Howells James E. Melzer
Thomas M. Lippert
7
Night Vision Goggles
8
Speech Recognition and Synthesis
9
Human Factors Engineering and Flight Deck Design
10
Batteries
SECTION II Introduction
11
Dennis L. Schmickley Douglas W. Beeks
David G. Vutetakis
Functions Peter Potocki de Montalk
Boeing B-777: Fly-By-Wire Flight Controls
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Kathy H. Abbott
Gregg F. Bartley
12
Electrical Flight Controls, From Airbus A320/330/340 to Future Military Transport Aircraft: A Family of Fault-Tolerant Systems Dominique Briere, Christian Favre, and Pascal Traverse
13
Navigation Systems
14
Navigation and Tracking
15
Flight Management Systems
16
Synthetic Vision
Myron Kayton James L. Farrell Randy Walter
Russell V. Parish, Daniel G. Baize, and Michael S. Lewis
17
Enhanced Situation Awareness
18
TCAS II
Steve Henely
SECTION III Certification Introduction
Barry C. Breen
Requirements, Design Analysis, Validation, and
Ellis F. Hitt
19
Setting Requirements
20
Digital Avionics Modeling and Simulation
Cary R. Spitzer
Jack Strauss, Terry Venema, Grant Stumpf, and John Satta
21
Formal Methods
22
Electronic Hardware Reliability
Sally C. Johnson and Ricky W. Butler
Arun Ramakrishnan, Toby Syrus, and Michael Pecht
23
Certification of Civil Avionics
24
Processes for Engineering a System
25
Electromagnetic Environment (EME)
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Frank McCormick James N. Martin Richard Hess
SECTION IV Software Introduction
Robert P. Lyons, Jr.
26
Ada
27
RTCA DO-178B/EUROCAE ED-12B
J. G. P. Barnes
Thomas K. Ferrell and Uma D. Ferrell
SECTION V Implementation Introduction
Cary R. Spitzer
28
Fault-Tolerant Avionics
29
Boeing B-777
30
New Avionics Systems —Airbus A330/A340
Ellis F. Hitt and Dennis Mulcare
Michael J. Morgan
J.P. Potocki de Montalk
31
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Avionics System
32
Lockheed F-22 Raptor
33
Advanced Distributed Architectures
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Ronald W. Brower Jim Moore
Gordon R. A. Sandell
