BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF LEAF AND STALK OF LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon ( citratus) ESSENTIAL OIL AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY Udayana University Denpasar - Bali
I Nengah Kencana Putra1), Nyoman Semadi Antara and Ni Made Wartini 2)
2)
Study Program of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 2)Study Program of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 1)
1)Author
for correspondence, E– mail:
[email protected] Bioactive compound identified in essential oil of lemongrass leaf from Tabanan Peak
INTRODUCTION Lemongrass is an aromatic grass belonging to the family of Gramineae and genus of Cymbopogon. There are two main type of lemongrass species, namely: Cymbopogon citratus, the kind often found in Indonesia; and Cymbopogon flexuosus (Jayasinha, 1999). Lemongrass is well known for its essential oil and it is one of the world's best essential oil. The essential oils possess many uses including perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and flavoring industries. Citral, a monoterpene, is a major constituent of lemongrass essential oil. It was known to posses antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, carminative, diuretic and central nervous system stimulating effects (Carbajal, et al, 1989). Citral possesses ant-oxidant activities which may be associated with some of the reputed beneficial effects on human health (Cheel, et al., 2005) The aim of this study was, to analyze the composition of bioactive components of the essential oil of lemongrass leaf and stalk, and to evaluate their antioxidant capacity
4
Retention time (min) 11.59
6
12.07
Compounds
Molecular formula C10H16O
3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal (Z) (Z-Citral) 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal (E) (E-Citral)
Relative conc. Class of (%) compound 36.41 monoterpene
C10H16O
43.32
monoterpene
Bioactive compound identified in essential oil of lemongrass stalk from Plaga Peak
MATERIAL AND METHOD
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Leaves and stalks of lemongrass used in this study were collected from two areas in Bali there were Plaga (altitude of 750 m above sea level), and Tabanan (altitude of 100 m above sea level). The materials were derived from plants that have been aged 6 months. Extraction of lemongrass essential oil was done by using steam distillation method. Steam used was saturated steam at a pressure of 1 atmosphere in which the steam is piped to a tank of raw materials. Existing oil in the raw material will be brought together with steam and fed into the cooling device and subsequently applied to the separator. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the essential oil of lemongrass stalks and leaves to find out the content of bioactive components. Identification of compounds was done with the help of a computer software using Wiley 229, NIST 12 and NIST 62 Library. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts was determined using the method by Yen and Chen (1995). The antioxidant capacity based on the DPPH free radical scavenging ability of the extract was expressed as mMol Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC) per 100 g of essential oil.
9 10 13 14 15 16 17
Retention Compounds time (min) 7.59 3,7-dimethyl 1,3,6- Octatriene (β-Ocimene) 3,7-dimethyl 2,6 Octadienal (Z) 11.75 (Z-Citral) 12.00 3-Carene 3,7-dimethyl 2,6 Octadienal (E) 12.29 (E-Citral) 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-416.32 methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) Naphthalene 16.88 Neoisolongifolene 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(117.26 methylethyl) Naphthalene 17.35 β-Panasinsene Decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(117.76 methylethylidene) Naphthalene
Molecular Relative conc. Class of compounds formula (%) C10O16 0.83 monoterpene C10H16O 27.37 monoterpene C10H16 C10H16O
5.12 35.92
monoterpene monoterpene
C15H24
1.06
naphthalene
C15H24 C15H24
7.24 1.51
naphthalene naphthalene
C15H24 C15H24
1.27 1.31
naphthalene naphthalene
Bioactive compound identified in essential oil of lemongrass stalk from Tabanan Peak 4 6 9 10 11
Retention Compounds time (min) 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal (Z) 11.59 (Z-Citral) 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal (E) 12.06 (E-Citral) 1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(117.34 methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1α,3aβ,4α,7β)] Azulene 17.39 Patchouli alcohol Decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(117.75 methylethylidene),(4aR-trans) Naphthalene
Molecular formula C10H16O
33.05
Class of compound monoterpene
C10H16O
43.88
monoterpene
C15H24
1.23
naphthalene
C15H26O C15H24
1.28 0.94
alcohol naphthalene
Relative conc. (%)
Antioxidant activity
RESULT
TEAC value of leaf and stalk of lemongrass essential oil (mmol trolox/100 g sample) No
Chemical Composition
1 2
Sample Leaf essential oil Stalk essential oil
Plaga 21.03 10.48
Origin
Tabanan 7.68 6.18
LITERATURE CITED Carbajal D., A. Casaco, L. Arruzazabala, R. Gonzalez, Z. Tolon. 1989. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citrates leaves. J. Eth-nopharmacologyl 25:103-7. Cheel, J., C. Theoduloz, J. Rodriaguez, and G. Schmeda-Hirsch-mann. 2005. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 2511–2517 Jayasinha P. 1999. Lemongrass. Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo. p. 1 - 10 Yen G.C, H.Y. Chen. 1995. Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to Their Antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43(1): 27-32
CONCLUSIONS Bioactive compound identified in essential oil of lemongrass leaf from Plaga Peak
Retention time (min)
Compounds
Molecular formula Relative conc. (%)
Class of compound
6 7
11.61 11.78
Z-Citral 3,7,7-trimethyl Bicyclo hept-3ene (3-Carene)
C10H16O C10H16
32.93 3.82
monoterpene monoterpene
8
12.09
E-Citral
C10H16O
37,85
monoterpene
The dominant compound in lemongrass essential oil was citral. Citral in the oil was exist in either cis form (Z-citral) and trans form (E-citral). in addition to monoterpene, in the essential oil of lemongrass stalk was also identified other compounds belonging to naphthalene, and alcohol. The citral content of essential oil made from leaves was higher than made from stalk. Antioxidant activity of essential oil made from leaves was higher than made from stalk.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the USAID for the financial support through Tropical Plant Curriculum Project DISCLAIMER. This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Texas A&M University and Udayana University as the USAID Tropical Plant Curriculum Project partners and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
