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Biology 3 Ch 3 Cell Structure and Function
Dr. Terence Lee
Cells
Robert Hooke, a British scientist, mid-1600s
Cell Theory
• Cell = The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning
1
Cell Diversity
• Plant Cells – Cell walls – Both mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cell Diversity
• Animal Cells
Major Cell Types • Prokaryotic Cells – – – –
Bacteria No Nucleus Lacks many other organelles Much smaller than Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells
2
Eukaryotic cells have organelles
3
Cell Membrane •
Every cell of every living organism is enclosed by a plasma membrane,
Plasma Membrane • Also called cell membrane
3.8 Passive transport is the spontaneous diffusion of molecules across a membrane.
There are two types of passive transport: 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis
4
Diffusion and Concentration Gradients • Solutes • Solvents
Diffusion
• Net movement of a molecule from a place where the molecule is in high concentration to a place where that molecule is less concentrated.
Diffusion
• Concentration gradient – Difference in the concentration of molecules over a distance. – Net movement of molecules
5
Osmosis • Net movement of water through a semipermeable membrane. • Water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration. • High water concentration = low solute (salt) concentration
6
Osmosis
A
Water + 10% NaCl
?
Water only
B
Which direction will the water flow (net)? Is side A hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to side B?
Osmosis
A
Water + 50% NaCl
?
Water + 60% NaCl
B
Which direction will the water flow (net)? Is side A hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to side B?
7
Mediated Transport • Active Transport – Requires energy (ATP) – Molecules are moved against their concentration gradients.
Transport of Large Particles
• Endocytosis transports large particles into the cell by wrapping parts of the plasma membrane around them.
Three types of Endocytosis
8
Major Cell Types
Organelle =
3.13 Nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. The
nucleus is the largest and most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells.
The
nucleus has two primary functions:
Chromatin
9
3.14 Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton:
Cilia and Flagella • Flagella are larger and usually found singly
10
Lysosomes
3.17 Endoplasmic reticulum: where cells build proteins and disarm toxins
Endoplasmic Reticulum 1. Also known as the ER 2. Folded tubes and membranes throughout the cell.
11
Ribosome =
3.18 Golgi apparatus: Where the cell processes products for delivery throughout the body
3.19 The cell wall provides additional protection and support for plant cells
12
3.20 Vacuoles: multipurpose storage sacs for cells
Vesicles and Vacuoles
• Vacuoles –
Energy Converters • Mitochondria – Contains enzymes for aerobic cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts
13
Endosymbiosis Mitochondria
may have existed as separate single-celled, bacteria-like organisms billions of years ago.
