Download involve cell to cell communication, like response of photoreceptor cells in the eye to light. 9. Chapter 16. Cell Signaling. • General feat...
Download involve cell to cell communication, like response of photoreceptor cells in the eye to light. 9. Chapter 16. Cell Signaling. • General features of cell signaling. – The importance of receptors. • Bind signal or intermediate with high spe
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CHAPTER 16 Investments ... 10 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B 4. Describe the use of ... Problem Number Description Difficulty Level Time
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points between two wave sources. ... the only possible phase difference between the ... and wavelength (distance in space corresponding to one complete cycle)
Composite is considered to be any multiphase materials that exhibits a significant proportion of the properties of both constituent phases such
CHAPTER 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN SECTION 1601 GENERAL 1601.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the structural design of buildings, structures and
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Chapter 16 Student Activity Workbook 213 Name _____ Date _____ Class _____ Chapter 16 Chapter 16 Endocrine and Reproductive Health Note Taking Key Concept New
C16Read.pdf 1 Chapter 16: Equilibrium in a Macroeconomic Model Introduction: When famed British economist John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of
Chapter 16 Shell Egg - Program Review Page 2 16.7 PROGRAM REVIEW PROCEDURES 16.7.1 FREQUENCY While program reviews may be organized on a regular basis to ensure
Download 13 Jun 2012 ... pathway in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis,” Journal of. Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 1491–1498, 2011. [15] A. E. Geddis, “ Megakaryopoiesis,” Seminars in Hematology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 212–219, 2010. [ 1
Download 13 Jun 2012 ... pathway in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis,” Journal of. Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 1491–1498, 2011. [15] A. E. Geddis, “ Megakaryopoiesis,” Seminars in Hematology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 212–219, 2010. [ 1
Download Understand main types of signaling mechanisms. • Understand concept of receptor and ligand. • Understand membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. • Brief understanding of steroid hormone pathway. • Brief understanding protein growt
Download Understand main types of signaling mechanisms. • Understand concept of receptor and ligand. • Understand membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. • Brief understanding of steroid hormone pathway. • Brief understanding protein growt
Download Understand main types of signaling mechanisms. • Understand concept of receptor and ligand. • Understand membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. • Brief understanding of steroid hormone pathway. • Brief understanding protein growt
Download Understand main types of signaling mechanisms. • Understand concept of receptor and ligand. • Understand membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. • Brief understanding of steroid hormone pathway. • Brief understanding protein growt
Download Understand main types of signaling mechanisms. • Understand concept of receptor and ligand. • Understand membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. • Brief understanding of steroid hormone pathway. • Brief understanding protein growt
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Download 13 Jun 2012 ... pathway in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis,” Journal of. Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 1491–1498, 2011. [15] A. E. Geddis, “ Megakaryopoiesis,” Seminars in Hematology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 212–219, 2010. [ 1
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling D. discoideum/ D. mucoroides species specific sorting. (D. discoideum: green, D. mucoroides: red)
• An important principle: signal transduction. A signal is often changed from one physical form to another during a response.
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Fig. 16-2
• There are multiple types of signaling processes.
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Fig. 16-3
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
• Of these, the contact dependent cell signaling is the hardest to study. Example: Fig. 16-4 control of nerve cell production.
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• Cell signaling by secreted molecules. – Two aspects of signaling by secreted molecules • The production of signals. (Basically already considered.) • The response to cell signaling. We (and cell biologists generally) will focus on the response part. This also allows us to include responses that do not really involve cell to cell communication, like response of photoreceptor cells in the eye to light.
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
• General features of cell signaling.
• General features of cell signaling.
– The importance of receptors. • Bind signal or intermediate with high specificity and affinity. (Includes some of the highest binding constants in biology) • Signal binding activates receptors.
– Cells will not respond to a signal if they do not have a receptor. – Cells with receptors for a given signal may not always respond the same way. (Fig. 16-5)
• Activated receptors cause change.
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling • General features of cell signaling. – Cells typically respond to combinations of signals. Fig. 16-5 11
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Fig. 16-6
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling
• General features of cell signaling.
• General features of cell signaling. – The importance of signaling cascades. – The 5 critical roles of the signaling cascades. • Transfer the signal (usually across the membrane).
– Often there are multiple steps
• Transform the signal (into a useful form). • Amplify the signal. • Distribute the signal (branching). • Modulate (control) the pathway by other factors.
– A signaling cascade Fig. 16-7
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling • Fast and slow cellular responses to signals.
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Fig. 16-8
Chapter 16. Cell Signaling • As we shall see some signaling processes work primarily by turning on or off important pre-existing proteins in the cell, some work by changing the protein composition of the cell and some signaling processes do both at the same time.
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Fig. 16-23
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Chapter 16. Cell Signaling • The two major divisions of cell signaling. – Signaling by hydrophilic molecules. – Signaling by hydrophobic molecules.
• There are substantial differences in between these two. 18
Fig. 16-9
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Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • The most well understood hydrophobic signals: the steroid hormones.
Fig. 16-11
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Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • The normal mode of action is illustrated by cortisol. (Fig. 16-10)
Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • This process is relatively slow. • Changes can be permanent, example growth hormones, sex hormones. 21
Fig. 16-12
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Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • Sometimes a steroid can generate a secondary response. – Here the product of the gene that is turned on by the primary response is a protein that can in turn activate another set of genes, and result in a whole host of new proteins being made.
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Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • Although the concept of a signaling cascade is most applicable to the hydrophilic signal pathways we will consider shortly.
Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • An interesting question: testosterone has multiple effects on different cells and organs. Are there multiple testosterone receptors?
• Consider how the steroid signaling pathway also shows many of the features of such cascades from pg 539 of your text (fig. 168). 23
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Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • A somewhat bizarre example of a membrane permeable signaling pathway NO.
Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals • Typically NO relaxes smooth muscle cells of blood vessel. – Nitroglycerine can be metabolized to form NO. • Reason for heart pills
– Viagra works via this pathway. • In this pathway, NO leads to an increase in cGMP. Viagra inhibits the degradation of cGMP, and thus amplifies the effect of NO.
Fig. 16-10 25
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Fig. 16-10
Cell Signaling by hydrophilic signals • Hydrophilic signals, cannot diffuse across the membrane. • Therefore the original signal binds to a plasma membrane bound receptor and activates it. • There are 3 major groups of such receptors. (Fig 16-14) 27
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Fig. 16-14
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Fig. 16-14
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Fig. 16-14
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Cell Signaling by Ion-channel-linked receptors • Ion-channel-linked receptors are most important in electrically active cells (nerve and muscle). For the most part, just put together stuff you already know.
Fig. 16-14
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Cell Signaling by G-protein-linked receptors • The structure of the G-protein receptors.
Cell Signaling by G-protein-linked receptors • Mechanism of action (c.f. Fig 16.17, 16.18.)
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Cell Signaling by G-protein-linked receptors • What does the target protein do? Possibility #1 -- modifies channel proteins
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Cell Signaling by G-protein-linked receptors • What does the target protein do? Possibility #2 -modifies enzyme activity 35
Fig. 16-16
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Fig. 16-19
Cell Signaling by G-protein-linked receptors • The concept of secondary (intracellular) messengers. – Messenger generated inside of the cell. – Blocking a secondary messenger, prevents a cellular response even in the presence of the hormone. – Adding the secondary messenger to a cell will mimic the addition of the hormone.
