Chapter 9 Resource: Energy Sources

Glencoe Science

Chapter Resources

Energy Sources Includes:

Reproducible Student Pages ASSESSMENT

TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES

✔ Chapter Tests

✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities

✔ Chapter Review

✔ Teaching Transparency Activity ✔ Assessment Transparency Activity

HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES ✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity

Teacher Support and Planning

✔ Laboratory Activities

✔ Content Outline for Teaching

✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

✔ Spanish Resources ✔ Teacher Guide and Answers

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery ✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish ✔ Reinforcement ✔ Enrichment ✔ Note-taking Worksheets

Name

Date

Directed Reading for Content Mastery

Class

Overview Energy Sources

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. gravitation

tidal moving water

solar

renewable geothermal

Meeting Individual Needs

Energy sources

can be

nonrenewable

or

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1.

such as

2.

3.

which is caused by

which is caused by

which is produced

5.

6.

magma

hydroelectric

4.

which is from the

Sun

of the

Sun and Moon

Energy Sources

19

Name

Date


Section 1 Section 2

■ ■

Class

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. ______ is not a fossil fuel. a. Coal

b. Wind

2. All fossil fuels are ______. a. nonrenewable

b. renewable

a. oxygen; hydrogen

b. hydrogen; helium

4. About ______ percent of the energy used in the United States comes from burning fossil fuels. a. 50

b. 85

5. The many different compounds that are found in ______ are separated in a process called fractional distillation. a. petroleum

b. natural gas

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write the term that makes the statement true. 6. Nuclear wastes must be disposed of carefully so radiation will not leak into the environment. 7. Fossil fuels form from nuclear chain reactions. 8. Coal has uses other than energy, such as plastics and lubricants. 9. When fossil fuels are burned to produce electricity, more energy is lost in the process than is delivered to homes, schools, and businesses. 10. In a nuclear reactor, the actual fission of the radioactive fuel occurs in the part of the reactor called the control rod.

20 Energy Sources



3. Nuclear fusion converts ______ to ______.

Name

Date


Section 3

Class

Renewable Energy Sources

■

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. batteries

geothermal

windmill

solar energy

tidal energy

radiant

hydroelectric

renewable resource

solar cell

pollution

hydrogen gas

potential energy


1. A _________________________ is replaced nearly as quickly as it is used. 2. A photovoltaic cell converts _________________________ into electricity. 3. A photovoltaic cell is also called a _________________________. 4. Electricity generated by solar cells must be stored in _________________________ for use when the Sun is not shining. 5. If water is retained by a high dam, its gravitational _________________________ is increased. 6. Dams built to generate energy from water are called


_________________________ dams. 7. Only a few places on Earth have large enough tidal differences for _________________________ to be useful. 8. A _________________________ generates electricity when wind spins its propeller, which is connected to an electric generator. 9. At a _________________________ power plant, water pumped into a well in the ground makes contact with hot rock, and rises as steam and is used to rotate turbines that spin electric generators. 10. An alternative fuel that produces only water vapor when it burns and creates no pollution is _________________________. 11. The _________________________ energy from the Sun can be used to heat homes and provide hot water. 12. Hydroelectric power plants are an efficient way to produce electricity with almost no _________________________.

Energy Sources

21

Name

Date


Class

Key Terms Energy Sources

Directions: Match the term in Column I with the definition in Column II by writing the correct letter in the space provided.

1. fossil fuels 2. petroleum


3. nonrenewable resource 4. nuclear reactor 5. nuclear waste 6. renewable resource 7. photovoltaic cell 8. hydroelectricity 9. geothermal energy 10. biomass 11. radiant energy 12. solar cell

Column II a. uses energy from controlled nuclear reactions to generate electricity b. resources that are replaced nearly as quickly as they are used c. thermal energy that is contained in hot magma d. thick, greenish-brown, highly flammable liquid that contains hydrocarbons e. any radioactive by-product that results when radioactive materials are used f. electricity produced from the energy of moving water g. renewable organic matter that can be used to generate thermal energy h. resources that cannot be replaced by natural processes as quickly as they are used i. device that is used to convert solar energy into electricity j. formed from the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals k. another name for a photovoltaic cell l. energy from the Sun that can be used to heat homes and provide hot water

22 Energy Sources


Column I

Name

1

Date

Reinforcement

Class

Fossil Fuels

Directions: Complete the table below by placing a check mark (✓) beneath the headings of the substances that have each characteristic described in the first column. Characteristic

Petroleum

Natural gas

Coal

1. is a fossil fuel


2. forms from plants and animals 3. forms only from plants 4. is a solid 5. is a liquid 6. is a gas 7. is made up of hydrocarbons 8. is a source of energy 9. is a nonrenewable resource


10. is pumped from wells 11. is separated using fractional distillation 12. is also called crude oil 13. is transported long distances through pipes 14. is mined from Earth 15. produces polluting substances when burned 16. produces thermal energy when burned 17. can be used to produce electricity 18. is the least polluting fossil fuel

Energy Sources

27

Name

2

Date

Reinforcement

Class

Nuclear Energy

1. Place the following events describing the production of electrical energy from a nuclear fission reactor in the correct order. Write the numbers 1 (first) through 7 (last) in the spaces provided. ______ a. Steam produced by boiling water causes the blades of a turbine to rotate. ______ b. A neutron bombards a uranium-235 isotope. ______ c. Thermal energy released by the reaction is added to water.

______ e. A uranium-235 atom splits, producing two atoms with smaller nuclei, three neutrons, and thermal energy. ______ f. The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is transferred to an electric generator. ______ g. Superheated water passes through a heat exchanger, where the thermal energy released boils a separate system of water to produce steam.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 2. How does using nuclear energy harm the environment?

3. How is using nuclear energy less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels?

4. How does the half-life of a radioactive waste affect the type of container in which the waste will be stored?

5. Why is nuclear fusion not currently used as an energy source on Earth?

6. How do the products of a fusion reaction differ from the products of a fission reaction?

28 Energy Sources



______ d. Electricity from the generator is carried to the community through wires.

Name

3

Date

Reinforcement

Class


Directions: Provide the information requested for each alternative energy source listed. 1. Solar energy a. What is solar energy?


b. What is a photovoltaic cell?

2. Hydroelectricity a. What is hydroelectricity?

b. What is one economic advantage to hydroelectricity?


3. Tidal energy a. What is tidal energy?

b. Why is tidal energy a limited source of energy?

4. Wind energy a. What device is used to harness the energy in wind and convert it into electricity?

b. Why is the wind an energy source with limited uses?

Energy Sources

29

Name

Enrichment

Class

Oil from the Arctic


Oil is the leading source of energy in the United States. It supplies about 40 percent of our total energy needs. One of our largest domestic sources of crude oil comes from the icy, frigid area of Alaska called the North Slope. Under the North Slope’s frozen ground, called permafrost, lies the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. It is the largest oil deposit ever discovered on the North American continent. It holds over 22 billion barrels of oil. About half of this oil is expected to be recovered by current methods of production.

The Alaskan Pipeline The Alaskan Pipeline was built to carry the oil from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez, Alaska. The pipeline was completed in 1977, cost $8 billion, and took three years to build. The 1,300 km pipeline is 1.25 m in diameter. It has 1.25 cm thick walls designed to withstand the extreme Alaskan environment. The pipe is insulated with 10 cm of fiberglass and jacketed with galvanized steel. It carries 1.6 million barrels of oil per day, about 15 percent of the total United States production.

Above Ground Portions On its way from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, the pipeline crosses three mountain ranges and hundreds of running rivers and streams.

Only half of it is buried. The above-ground portion snakes along on its supports 3 to 4.5 m above the ground. Each support consists of steel posts with a crossbeam between them. The reinforced pipeline rests on the supports with room to sway from side to side in the event of earthquakes or expansions or contractions caused by temperature changes.

The Design of the Pipeline The pipeline wasn’t placed above ground just because it was easier to build that way. The reasons for this related mainly to environmental and safety concerns. Oil travels through the pipeline at about 60°C. In order to prevent the permafrost from thawing, which would make the pipeline unstable, the pipeline was elevated. At points where caribou migration routes would have crossed the elevated pipeline, it has been buried and refrigerated to leave these routes undisturbed. A series of safety valves provides further protection to the environment. These valves close automatically if the oil flow stops or reverses on uphill stretches. It is also possible to shut off whole sections of the line if leaks or spills should occur.

1. Look at a map of Alaska. Find Prudhoe Bay and Valdez. What type of terrain does the Alaskan Pipeline travel through? 2. Many people feared that the Alaskan pipeline would damage the environment that it passed through. What precautions have been taken to protect the environment along its route?

3. Do you think that all of the planning, work, and cost of building the Alaskan pipeline was worth the final product—domestic oil? Explain your answer.

30 Energy Sources


1

Date

Name


Enrichment

Class

Types of Nuclear Waste

The federal government has classified radioactive wastes as follows: 1. Spent fuel consists of fuel exposed to radiation which is removed from a commercial reactor (after three or four years in use) or special fuels from test or research reactors. Spent fuel is highly radioactive and generates a lot of heat. It requires heavy shielding (concrete, water, or lead) and remote handling (no human contact). Most spent fuel is stored in on-site pools at nuclear power plants. 2. High-level waste is generated by the reprocessing of either commercial spent fuel or defense production reactor fuel. It is liquid, but can be chemically treated to make a sludge or solid. It is highly radioactive, generates a lot of heat, and requires shielding and remote handling. 3. Transuranic waste comes from the reprocessing of spent fuel and from the use of plutonium in making nuclear weapons. The Department of Energy defines it as “waste contaminated with alpha-emitting radio nuclides of atomic number greater than 92 and half-lives of greater than 20 years.” It is less radioactive and generates less heat than fission products. It requires long-term isolation, but requires very little or no shielding.

4. Low-level waste is short-lived and has low radioactivity. It is generated by hospitals, laboratories, industrial plants, and nuclear reactors. It comes in a variety of forms which include animal carcasses, medical equipment, contaminated wiping rags, paper towels, protective clothing, hand tools, and old equipment. Radiation can be high enough to require shielding for handling and shipment of this waste. 5. Uranium mill tailings include earthen residues, usually in the form of fine sand, that remain after mining and extraction of uranium from ores. These mill tailings contain low concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials, including thorium-230 and radium-226, which decays to emit the radioactive gas radon-222. 6. Naturally occurring and acceleratorproduced radioactive material includes radium-226 which is found in smoke detectors and watch dials, polonium-210 which is found in industrial gauges, and cobalt-57 which is produced in linear accelerators for making medical instruments. This type of nuclear waste is not regulated.

1. The information on a smoke detector says that it should be returned to the manufacturer and not thrown away in the trash. Why is this so?

2. Compare and contrast the sources of and disposal/storage requirements for high-level waste and transuranic waste.

Energy Sources

31


2

Date

Name

3

Date

Enrichment

Class

Wind Energy Use the library, or sources such as your state’s energy department, NASA, or the American Wind Energy Association to answer the following questions.

1. Where are the best places to put wind turbines to efficiently produce electricity?

2. What does it cost to produce electricity using wind turbines?

3. What are some of the advantages of using wind turbines to produce electricity? 4. What are some of the disadvantages of using wind turbines?

5. What applications, other than producing electricity, can wind turbines be used for?

32 Energy Sources



U.S. federal tax credits supported the early growth of the wind energy industry. The nation’s capacity to produce electricity from wind was only 10,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 1981. That is about enough to provide power for two homes. Despite the 1985 expiration of these tax credits, by 1989 the capacity had increased to more than 2 billion kWh. That is enough to power the residential energy needs of a major city the size of Washington, D.C. or San Francisco. The majority of the growth in wind energy use occurred in California. Over 14,000 privately owned and operated wind turbines are located there. These turbines are located in three mountain passes and make up about 80 percent of the world’s current wind-energy capacity.

Name

Date

Note-taking Worksheet Section 1

Class

Energy Sources

Fossil Fuels

A. Energy cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy, but energy can be __________________ from one form to another. B. _____________________—formed from decaying remains of ancient plants and animals

2. Chemical energy in fossil fuels is more _____________________ that in other fuels such as wood. C. __________________—thick, greenish-brown, highly flammable liquid formed by decayed ancient organisms 1. A process called fractional _____________________ separates the compounds in petroleum. 2. Petroleum is used for _________________, synthetic fabrics, and other products in addition to its use as a fuel. D. ____________________ is also a product of decayed ancient organisms. 1. It contains more _____________ per kilogram than petroleum or coal.


2. It burns more _____________ than other fossil fuels. 3. It provides about one-fourth of the energy consumed in the _____________ _____________. E. _____________—a solid fossil fuel found underground 1. It produces more _____________ when burned than petroleum or natural gas 2. It provides about _____________ of the energy produced in the United States. 3. About 90 percent of coal burned in the United States is used to produce_____________. F. Electricity is generated when _______________ fuels are burned. 1. The burned fuel releases ________________ energy. 2. The thermal energy produces high pressure ______________. 3. The steam spins a ________________. 4. The spinning turbine produces an electric ________________. 5. The electric current is ____________________ through power lines to consumers. G. Only about 35% of the energy in fossil fuel reaches consumers since some energy is _____________ in every stage of the process.

Energy Sources

33


1. Burning fossil fuels converts energy from _________________ bonds to heat and light.

Name

Date

Class

Note-taking Worksheet (continued) H. Fossil fuels have some ____________________ side effects. 1. Fossil fuels ________________ the environment and increase carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. 2. Mining coal can cause _______________ problems for miners. I. Fossil fuels are _______________________________, so it is important to not waste energy.

Section 2

Nuclear Energy

B. _________________________ contain a fuel, rods to control nuclear reactions, and a cooling system. 1. Heat is produced by nuclear ________________—energy is released when U-235 nuclei split in two after being struck by a neutron. 2. Special rods absorb excess _________________ to prevent dangerous chain reactions. C. Nuclear power plants use the heat of nuclear fission to produce ______________. 1. The steam drives a ________________. 2. The turbine rotates an electric __________________. D. Nuclear power plants produce ______________________—radioactive by-products from radioactive materials. 1. __________________ wastes contain only a small amount of radioactive material. 2. ___________________ wastes must be disposed of extremely carefully because they will remain radioactive for tens of thousands of years. E. Nuclear _______________—the joining together of nuclei—is not a practical energy source due to the high temperature fusion requires.

Section 3


A. A ___________________________ can be replaced almost as quickly as it is used. B. Solar energy is converted into electricity by a _____________________ cell or solar cell. 1. A solar cell converts only 15 to 20 percent of the sun’s energy into _____________. 2. Energy produced by solar cells is more __________________ than energy produced with fossil fuels. 3. Energy from solar cells must be _______________ in batteries when the Sun is not shining.

34 Energy Sources



A. About 20% of the electricity in the U.S. comes from ________________ power plants.

Name

Date

Class

Note-taking Worksheet (continued) C. _________________________ is produced by moving water; it is about twice as efficient as fossil fuels or nuclear power. D. _____________________ uses moving water, but it can only be used in places where high and low tides are different enough. E. __________________ can be used to generate electricity, but are useful only when the wind blows consistently.


F. __________________________—thermal energy contained in hot magma; limited to areas where magma is close to the surface


G. Alternative fuels include hydrogen gas and ________________—renewable organic matter such as wood or animal manure

Energy Sources

35

Name

Date

Class

Energy Sources

Chapter Review Part A. Vocabulary Review

Directions: In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write it on the line provided. 1. The place where controlled fission reactions are used to produce electricity is called a nuclear raceort. 2. A method of separating liquid crude oil into its component parts is craftonial distillation. 3. Because they cannot be replaced after they are used, fossil fuels and uranium are nowableneren resources. 4. A liquid fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals is lorpumete. 5. The radioactive by-products of nuclear energy are clearun twases. 6. Thermal energy found in the inner parts of Earth is called rehgotelam energy.

8. Electricity can be produced from solar energy by a device called a oclottphavoi cell.

Assessment


7. Electricity produced from kinetic energy of moving water is itytricyceelhodr.

9. A fossil fuel closely associated with petroleum is taanrlu sag. 10. The generation of electricity from the rising and falling of ocean waters is called laitd energy.

Part B. Concept Review Directions: Determine which of the following statements apply to nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both. Write your answers on the blank lines to the left of the statements. 1. A chain reaction starts when a nuetron bombards a single uranium-235 isotope that spontaneously splits into two parts, releasing three neutrons. 2. The waste products are not radioactive. 3. Hydrogen nuclei are joined together at high temperatures. 4. Large amounts of thermal energy are produced. 5. Control rods are used to absorb some of the neutrons. 6. Reaction can be used to generate electricity. Energy Sources

37

Name

Date

Class

Chapter Review (continued) Directions: Decide whether each statement below describes an advantage of the energy source or a disadvantage of the energy source. If the statement describes an advantage, write A in the blank. If the statement describes a disadvantage, write D in the blank. 7. Passive solar energy does not require the use of fans or other electrical devices and does not pollute the environment. 8. Tidal energy is limited in use to places that are located along coastlines. 9. Wind energy can be used for power only in places where there are consistent winds. 10. A nuclear reactor produces wastes that are radioactive. 11. Energy produced by a fusion reaction is nonpolluting. 12. Nuclear fusion uses hydrogen as a fuel. 13. Like fossil fuels, uranium is a nonrenewable resource. 14. Using alternatives to fossil fuels helps to conserve natural resources. 15. Scientists have not developed the technology to produce sustained nuclear fusion reactions in the laboratory.

Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. Use complete sentences in your answers.

Assessment 17. How is the chemical energy contained in fossil fuels converted to electrical energy in an electric power station? Where is energy lost?

38 Energy Sources


16. How does a nuclear reactor generate energy?

Name

1

Date

Section Focus Transparency Activity

Class

For Peat’s Sake

1. How might peat be used for fuel? Transparency Activities

2. Peat comes from swampy areas called bogs. What do you think peat is composed of? 3. How do people use energy in their everyday lives?

44 Energy Sources


Dried peat has been used as fuel in many parts of the world for hundreds of years. Given enough time and pressure, peat will form a fuel you are probably more familiar with—coal!

Name

2

Date


Class

Atomic Core

1. How might nuclear energy be transformed into electrical energy?

Transparency Activities


The first self-sustaining nuclear reaction was achieved in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. Today, nuclear power plants use the energy released by nuclear reactions to create electricity. The photo below shows the core of a nuclear reactor waiting to be lowered into position underwater.

2. How might nuclear power plants reduce pollution from fossil fuels? Do you think there are any disadvantages to nuclear power?

Energy Sources

45

Name

3

Date


Class

Sun Power!


1. What might be a big difficulty for solar-powered aircraft? What are the advantages? 2. Name some organisms that collect the Sun’s energy. 3. What other uses of solar power can you name?

46 Energy Sources


NASA is developing solar-powered aircraft that have the ability to stay in the air for months at a time! They can be used for studying the atmosphere, storms, crop damage, or fires.

Pump Cooling water

Date


Reactor core

Pump

Boiler Condenser

Low preasure steam

Generator

Teaching Transparency Activity

Pump

Control rod

2

Containment shell High pressure steam Turbine


Name Class

Nuclear Power Plant

Energy Sources

47

Name

Teaching Transparency Activity

Date

Class

(continued)

1. In what part of a nuclear reactor does the fission of radioactive fuel take place?

2. What is the function of the control rods in a nuclear reactor?

4. What happens to the excess thermal energy that is produced by a nuclear reactor?

Transparency Activities 48 Energy Sources


3. Identify the energy transformations that take place from the time a uranium atom is split until electricity is produced.

Name

Date

Assessment Transparency Activity

Class

Energy Sources

Directions: Carefully review the tables and answer the following questions. Group B

Group A

Energy

Energy

Percent of energy consumed in U.S.

Coal

23%

Hydroelectric

Natural gas

23%

Wind

less than 1%

Petroleum

39%

Solar

less than 1%

Geothermal

less than 1%

Biomass

less than 1%

Nuclear

8%

3%

1. The energy sources in Group A are different from the energy sources in Group B because only the energy sources in Group B are ___. A renewable resources C fossil fuels B nonrenewable resources D harmful to the environment 2. According to the tables, which energy source supplies greater than 25% of the energy consumed in the U.S.? F Coal H Nuclear G Hydroelectric J Petroleum



Percent of energy consumed in U.S.

3. According to the tables, what percent of the energy used in the U.S. comes from fossil fuels? A 50% C 85% B 60% D 93%

Energy Sources

49

Chapter 9 Resource: Energy Sources

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