CLDDV 163: October 17, 2011 Observation Video Clip Denver II Overview
Historical Background First published in 1967. Used by health providers to
identify developmental problems in young children.
Has been used and standardized in over 12 countries. Used to screen over 50 million children.
Such worldwide use has lead to the revision resulting in the Denver II tool.
Past Concerns: Additional language items need
(1967 norms not the same norms of 1990)
Difficult to administer and score
Appropriateness for use with ethnic groups, sexes, maternal education levels, and places of residence (significant differences in norms)
Lack of test sensitivity in predicting later school performance
Denver II (1992) Previously the Denver Developmental Screening test, DDST (1967)
Designed for clinician, teacher , or early childhood professionals monitoring the development of infants and preschool age children.
Test is primarily based on examiner’s actual observation rather than parent support.
Used in public health clinics, private practices, and early education programs.
Has been translated in several language
Standardized in over a dozen countries
American Academy of Pediatrics Council with Disabilities has the Denver II on their approved screening tools list.
Past Concerns:
Inaccurate administration and /or interpretation
Changes include: test revision training video emphasis on training and proficiency evaluation in the administration of the test
Overview
Administered to children ages birth to six
Assesses a child’s performance on various ageappropriate tasks
Screens for possible problems Designed to compare a given child’s performance with the performance of other children the same age
Overview: What the Denver is not Not an I.Q. test
not a diagnostic tool
Overview
Consists of 125 tasks, or items. Includes four areas: 1. Personal –Social: Getting along with people and caring for personal needs 2. Fine Motor-Adaptive: Eye hand coordination, manipulation of small objects, and problem solving 3. Language: Hearing, understanding, and using language 4. Gross Motor: sitting, walking, jumping, and overall large muscle movement
Overview:
Includes five “Test Behavior” items to be completed after the test. Subjectively allows screener to assess the child’s overall behavior Designed to be used in a clinical setting by a variety of professionals Must be administered in the standardized manner
Value of the Denver II Provide an organized clinical impression of a child’s
overall development To alert the user to potential developmental difficulties Used to determine how a child compares to other children It is not a predictor of later development
Test Materials:
Red yarn pom-pom (4” in diameter) Raisins or “O” shaped cereal Rattle with narrow handle 10 1” square colored wooden blocks Small, clear glass bottle with a 5/8 inch Small bell Tennis ball Red pencil Small plastic doll with feeding bottle Plastic cup with handle Blank paper
Materials:
Items come in a test kit (except for blank paper) Access to table and chairs (examiner, caregiver and child if appropriate For babies, a blanket or cushioned pad is needed Substituting materials may reduced reliability in comparing a tested child with the norms Children need to be supervised appropriately with test materials to prevent choking or injury
Test Form Locate four sections on far left: Personal –Social, Fine
Motor, Language, and Gross Motor. Locate the age scales on the top of the test form and at the bottom Each mark on the scale from the first mark to the 24 month mark represents one month After 24 months, each mark equals 3 month intervals Some items have a small footnote number on the left end of the bar. This number refers to the numbered instructions on the back of test form
Test Form
Some items have a small footnote number on the left end of the bar. This number refers to the numbered instructions on the back of test form R 1
R = Report Information may be given from parent or caregiver Whenever possible, the examiner should observe what the child can do.
Test Form
Some items under the youngest ages do not have all of the percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th and 90th) Example “Equal Movements” should be passed by all infants. This item occurs at an early age with more than 90% of children performing the task at birth or soon after.
Age Calculations Example:
Year
Month
Day
2011
10 9
17 30 +17= 47
Date of Birth
- 2008
-8
- 20
Age of Child
3
1
27
Date of Test
Adjusting for prematurity: Born more than 2 weeks before
expected delivery date Are less than 2 years of age Age of child
Year
Month
Day
Age of Child
2
19
6 weeks premature
-1
-14
Adjusted age of Child
(30days)
1
(14 days)
5
Test Administration
Should be given with the parent or primary caregiver present Make caregiver and child comfortable to elicit most natural response Remove boots or shoes that might restrict the child motor movements Young child may sit on caregiver’s lap, older child should sit so arms can rest upon the table Elbows should be level with table top Infants may be evaluated on the floor
Test Administration
It should be shared with parent that the tool is to determine the child’s current developmental status and that the child is not expected to pass all of the items.
Allow child to have appropriate item to manipulate while you ask parent the “Report” questions.
Items requiring less active participation should be administered first
Items in Fine Motor-Adaptive next (items that do not require child to speak)
Language items next
and last the Gross Motor items Gross Motor requires more confidence which is gained as test progresses.
Tasks that the child can perform easily should be administered first
Praise child’s efforts even if they fail on an item Items that use the same materials may be administered consecutively. Keeps the flow going.
Keep test kit out of sight of child. Keep only materials being used for current activity on the table
For infants, it is recommended that all items be administered with the baby lying down to be tested together
Testing should begin with items that fall completely to the left of the child’s age line, and continue to the right
Number of Items to be tested
Depends on age and ability of child Step 1: in each sector, administer at least three items nearest to and totally to the left of the age line and every item that is intersected by the age line Step 2: if the child is unable to perform any item in step 1 (fails, refuses, has had no opportunity) administer additional items to left in the appropriate sector until child passes three consecutive items
Continue to administer items to the right of any passes in each sector until three failures are recorded
The child may be given up to three trials to perform each item, when appropriate, before scoring a failure
Ask the caregiver or parent if the results are typical of child’s performance. Consider if the child is ill, hungry, upset, etc.
Rescheduling may be necessary if child is not being cooperative
Scoring:
P = Pass-child successfully performs item, or caregiver reports that child does item
F = Fail-child does not successfully perform item, or report from caregiver is that child does not do item
N O = No Opportunity-the child has not had the chance to perform the item, due to restrictions from the caregiver or other reasons (May only be used on report items) R = For Refusal – the child refuses to attempt the item. You can minimize this by telling the child to do rather than asking. Report items cannot be scored as refusals.
Advanced Item Age Line P
If child passes an item that falls completely to the right of age line, the child’s development is considered advanced. This is an item that most children of that age do not pass until they are older
Advanced items are not considered for overall interpreting of test
Normal Items Age Line F
Age Line R
Child is not expected to pass items on right (not considered for purpose of interpreting)
Caution Item Age Line F
Age Line
C
R
Caution when line falls between 75 and 90 percentile and child fails or refuses
C
Delayed Items Age Line FF
Age Line R
A delay is indicated when a child fails or refuses an item that falls completely to the left of the age line Child has failed an item that that 90% of children in the standardization sample passed at an earlier age. Considered for interpreting overall tests
No Opportunity Item Age Line NO
Age Line NN O
These items are not considered in interpretation of entire test
Interpretation of the Test Normal: No delays and a maximum of 1 caution Suspect: two or more Cautions and /or One or more Delays Rescreen in 1-2 weeks
Untestable: Refusal scores on one or more items completely to the left of the age line or on more than one item intersected by the age line in the area of 75% - 90% area
Referral Considerations
After rescreening, test result is suspect or untestable Number of cautions and delays Clinical history, examination Availability of referral resouces
