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CONTENTS Chapter Name of the Chapter Page No. Preface (i) Acknowledgment (ii) List of contributors (iii)
Contents 1. Concepts in Nursing
1
Historical Introduction to Nursing 1; Definitions 1; Nursing Education 2; Professional Organizations 3
2. History of Medicine
4
Medicine in Ancient Times 4; Middle Ages (500 AD to 1500 AD) 5; Dawn of Scientific Medicine 6; Current Trends in Medicine 7
3. Historical Development and Current Trends in Surgery
8
In the Primitive Age 8; In the Ancient Age 8; In the Middle Age 8; Influence of Anatomy 9; Pathology and Experimental Surgery 9; Anesthesia and Antisepsis 9; Training of the Surgeon 9; Other Factors 9; Current Trends in Surgery 10
4. History of Nursing
12
Nursing has been Essential to the Preservation of Life from the Dawn of Civilization 12; Prehistoric Age 12; Military Nursing Orders 14; Mendicant and Secular Nursing Orders 14; Secular Nursing Orders 14; Individual Nursing Leaders 15; Organization of Hospital 15; Modern Nursing 15; Some of the Other Developments 16; Current Trends in Medical Surgical Nursing 18
5. Trends and Concepts of Community Health Nursing
21
Objectives 21; Definition 22; Historical Review 22; History of Community Health in India 24; Health in Ninth Five-Year Plan 28; Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) 28; Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) 28; Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–2017) 29; First Referral Unit (Fru) 29; Role of Community Health Nurses 29; Development of Community Health Nursing in India 29; Issues in Community Health Nursing 30; Latest Development in Community Health Nursing 30; Future of Community Health Nursing in India 31
6. Historical Development and Current Trends in Pediatric Nursing
33
Historical Background of the Care of Children 33; Pre-Historic Era (Before 300 BC) 33; Ancient Civilization (3000 BC to 450 AD) 33; Impact of Christianity on Child Care 34; Mankind Over the Child, Best it has to Give 36; Historical Development of Child Care in India 36; Trends in Child Care 37; Clinical Advances 37; Diagnostic Advances 37; Advances in Therapeutic Modalities 37; Advances in Genetics 37; Advances in Science and Technology 37; Behavioral Sciences 37; Programs for Child Welfare 38; Nutritional Programs 38; Prevention and Control of Anemia among Pregnant and Lactating Women 39; Five-Point Unicef Formula for Infant Care 39; Nursing of Children 40; Family Centered Care 40; Standards of Child Nursing 40; Pediatric Nursing—Role of Pediatric Nurse 41
Clinical Nursing: Concepts and Trends
7. Historical Development and Current Trends in Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing
44
Aims of Obstetrics 44; Obstetrics over the Centuries 44; Current Trends in Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing 48; Current Trends in Antenatal Period 48; Contraction Stress Test (Oxytocin Challenge Test) 49; Aids in Obstetrics 50; Recent Advancement in Contraceptive Methods 51; Pomeroy Method 51; Male Sterilization Methods 51; Surrogacy 52; Counseling 52
8. Mental Health Nursing
xiv
54
Meaning of Mental Health Nursing Practice 54; Historical Perspectives 55; Development of Psychiarty in India 60; Mental Health Services in India 60; Attitudes to Mental Health and Illness 62; Mental Illnesses 63; Health Manpower and Facilities for Mental Health 64; Evolution of Psychiatric Nursing 65; Development in Clinical Practice 68; Nursing Process of Psychiatric Nursing Practice 69; Psychiatric History Taking 69; Patient Care Approaches in Psychiatric Nursing 70; Expanded Role/ Settings in Psychiatric Nursing 72; Theory Base for Psychiatric Nursing 72; Trends/Challenges 75; Issues in Mental Health Nursing 76; Predictions for the Future 76
9. Therapeutic Environment
78
Definitions 78; Basic Characteristics of the Therapeutic Environment 79; Indicators of Therapeutic Environment 79; Safety and Security 79; Safety Factors in the Hospital Environment 80; Spread of Infection in Hospital 83; Safety Factors Related to Different Age Groups Development Consideration 84; Factors Influencing a Healthy Community Environment 86; Impact of Safety Dysfunctions on Activities of Daily Living 86; Milieu Therapy (Therapeutic Milieu) 86; Characteristics 87; Nursing Diagnosis 88; Nursing Diagnosis for Safety Risks 89; Planning 89; Implementation 89; Developmental Consideration 89; Environmental Interactions 89; General Preventive Measures 89; Specific Safety Concern 89; Posioning 89
10. Progressive Patient Care
91
Definitions 91; Historical Perspective 91; Objectives 91; Fundamental Principles of Ppc 91; Out-patient Care 97
11. Sensory or Perception Needs
99
Sensory Apparatus and Modalities 99; Types of Stimulation 100; Factors that Influence Sensory Functions 101; Medications 101; Environment 101; Comfort Level 101; Pre-existing Illness 101; Endotracheal Intubations 101; Theories Related to Sensory Perception Alteration 101; Communication Guidelines 104; Patient with Reduced Olfactory Response 105; Sensory Overload 105; Effect of Sensory Overload 105; Methods to Reduce Stimuli 106; Sensory—Perceptual Alteration 106; Principles and Rationale for Nursing Care 107; Pediatric Considerations 107; Nursing Interventions 108; Promote Reorientation 108; Promote Movement 108; Use Measures to Prevent Injury 108; Assistance 108; Gerontologic Considerations 109; Outcome Criteria 109; Care of Patient PostCardiac Surgery 109; Nursing Interventions 109; Expected Outcome 109
12. Conceptual Models and Theories in Nursing
111
Meaning 111; Virginia Henderson—Definition of Nursing 111; Use of Empirical Evidence 111;
Contents Faye Glenn Abdellah – 21 Nursing Problems 113; Lydia E Hall – Core Care and Modern Credentials and Background 115; Dorothea E Orem Self-Care Deficit Theory and Background 116; Evelyn Adam Conceptual Model for Nursing Credentials and Background 118
13. Humanistic Nursing
120
Wholly Compensatory System 120; Master Plan 120; Theory of Hildegard Peplau 120; Major Concepts 121; Nursing Theory by Joyce-Travelbee 121; Nursing Theory by Ida-Jean Orlando (1961) 122; Nursing Theory by Imogene King (Goal Attainment Theory - 1971) 122; Nursing Theory by Dorothy Johnson (1968) 123; Betty Neuman’s Theory (1970) 124; Maturation Process from Conception 124; Characteristics of Growth and Development 125; Laws of Growth 125; Theoretical Approaches to Child Development 125; Periods of Growth 126; Stages of Fetal Growth 127; Parental Influences on Child Development 128; Growth and Development of an Infant 128; Examples of Play Program 132; Evaluation 132; Growth and Development of Toddler 133; Promotion of Development of Toddler 133; Health Promotion of the Toddlers 134
14. Maturation Process in Toddler and Preschooler
135
Definition of Growth 135; Definition of Development 135; Definition of Maturation 135; Stages of Growth and Development 135; Maturation Process in Toddler 136; Overview of Physical Growth and Development 136; Behavioral Characteristics 138; Support of the Toddler during Temper Tantrum 139; Ritualistic Behavior 139; Ambivalence 139; Sexuality during the Toddler Period 139; The Effect of Birth of a Sibling 139; Spiritual Development 140; Preoperational Stage 140; Support and Loud Noise 140; Stage of Birth to 2 Years 140; Language and Speech Development 140; Needs of Toddler 140; Separation Anxiety 141; Discipline Leading to SelfControl 141; Setting of Limits 141; Constructive Discipline 141; Progression to Independence 141; Indication of the Toddler’s Readiness for Training 141; Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion (Growth and Development) 142; Maturation Process—School Age 142; Growth and Development 142; Industry vs Inferiority 143; Psychosexual Development 144; Maturation Process - Adolescence 145; Maturation Growth of Pre-school Children 151; Physical Growth 151; Motor Development 152; Development 152; Sleep and Activity 157
15. Maturation Process: Adolescence and Adulthood
159
Definition 159; Body Proportion and Configuration 159; Physiology of Adolescence 160; Maturational Changes in Body Systems 160; Reproductive Development 160; Sex Hormones 160; Development in the Female Reproductive System 160; Menarche 160; Development in the Male Reproductive System 161; Cardiovascular System 161; Respiratory System 161; Integumentary System 161; Sensory Organs 161; Other Organs 161; Psychosocial or Emotional Development 161; Achievements of Independence Form 162; Emotional and Social Needs 162; Language and Speech Development 162; Play and Recreation 163; Nutritional Requirement 163; Recommended Dietary Allowances of Nutrients for Adolescence 163; Characteristics of Adolescence 163; Intellectual or Cognitive Development 163; Psychosexual Development 163; Masturbation 163; Spiritual Development 163; Moral Development 164; Idealism 164; Developmental Task 164; Developmental Tasks in Adolescence 164; Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance 164; Physical Examination 164; Medical Problems 164; Self-Care 165; Nutrition 165; Dental Health 165;
xv
Clinical Nursing: Concepts and Trends Posture 165; Discipline and Limit Setting 165; Prevention of Accidents 165; Prevention of Addictive Behaviors 165; Sex Education 166; Breast Self-examination (Bse) 166; Testicular Examination 166; Adulthood 166; Cognitive and Perceptual Patterns 166; Psychosocial 166; Developmental Tasks during Adulthood 166; Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance 167; Nutrition 167; Activity and Exercise 167; Sleep and Rest 167; Vocational and Family Adjustment 167; Marital Adjustments 168; Adjustment of Parenthood 168; Success of Adjustment to Adulthood 168; Middle Adult 169; Age and Physical Changes 169; Cardiovascular System 169; Characteristics of Middle Age 169; Developmental Tasks 169; Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance 169; Adjustment to Physical Changes 170; Adjustment to Mental Changes 170; Social Adjustments 170
16. Maturation Process: Adulthood
xvi
172
Division of Adulthood 172; Theories of Adult Personality Development 172; Developmental Tasks 173; Early Adulthood 173; Middle Adulthood 173; Development of Younger and Middle Adulthood 174; Response to Illness and Hospitalization 176; Health Concerns and Nurses Role in Caring for Adult 176; Late Adulthood 180; History 180; Population Characteristics 182; Theories of Aging 182; Psychosocial Theories 184; Maturation Process of Old Age 185; Other Characteristics of Old Age 185; Chronic Illness in Old Age 195; Screening/ Physical Examination Protocols 196; Good Health without Illness 197
17. Nursing Care Delivery System
199
Nursing Care Delivery Systems 199
18. Legal Aspects in Nursing
205
Legal Responsibility 205; Regulation of Nursing Practice in India 206; Legal Liability in Nursing 208; Felony 209; Legal Concepts and Nursing Practice 209; Legal Issues 210; Nursing Roles Related to Legal Practice 212; Consumer’s Rights in Health Care System 214
19. Communication 216 Definition 216; Importance of Communication 216; Communication Process 216; Elements of Communication Process 217; Common Goals of Communication 218; Kinds of Communication 218; Observing and Interpreting 219; One-Way and Two-Way Communication 219; Formal and Informal Communication 220; Grapevine Communication 220; Principles of Communication 220; Theories Related to Communication 221; Factors Influencing Communication Process 221; Levels of Communication 222; Barriers of Communication 223; Methods of Effective Communication 223; Communication in Effective Nurse-Patient Relationship (Therapeutic Communication) 224; Phases of Helping Relationship 224; Termination Phase 225; Separation 225; Principles of Interpersonal Relationship 225; Factors Inhibiting Effective Nurse-Patient Relationship 226; Communicating and Nursing Process 226; Communication and Advanced Information Technology 226
20. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr) 228 Cardiopulmonary Arrest 228; Casuses of Cardiopulmonary Arrest 228; Definition of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr) 229; Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 229;
Contents Management of Cardiopulmonary Arrest 229; Technique of Basic Life Support/Abc’s 230; Bls Algorithm 230; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Infants and Children 231; Main Difference in Cpr Techniques for Children 1–8 Yrs 231; Advanced Cardiac Life Support (Acls) 231; Drugs Used in Arrest/Acls Drugs 232
21. Management of Cardiac Arrest in Mch-Ccu 234 Post-resuscitation 235; Resuscitation Team and Approach 235; Differential Diagnosis 236; Complications of Cpr 236; Organizational Aspects of Cpr 236; Ethical Aspects of Cpr 237; Legal Consideration in Cpr 237; Community Approach Cpr 237; Recent Concept in Cpr 237; Arterial Diastolic Pressure 238; Future Development 238; Nurse’s Role 238; Conclusion 238; Cardiac Monitoring 239; Hemodynamic Monitoring 239; Central Venous Pressure 239; Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring with a Swingman Catheter 239; Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 239; Nursing Diagnosis in Critical Care 240; Controversies Regarding Nursing Diagnosis in Critical Care Independent Versus Collaborative Care 240; Other Nursing Diagnosis Interventions for Patients in Icu in General 241; Crisis Intervention in Critical Care 242; A Model of Crisis Intervention 243; Patient Teaching 243
22. Setting Up of Trauma Care Unit
245
Physical Design 245; Equipment Commonly available within or Near the Trauma Care Unit 245; Supportive Services 246; Staffing 246; Staff of a Major Critical Care Unit 246; Medical Staff 246; Nursing Staff 246; Allied Health 246; Other Staff 247; Assessment of a Patient in Trauma Care Unit 247; Cardiac Monitoring 248; Hemodynamic Monitoring 248; Central Venous Pressure 248; Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 248; Summary Assessment 249; Baseline Assessment 249; Trauma Assessment 249; Psychosocial Interventions in Trauma Care Unit 250; Prevention of Intensive Care Unit Psychosis 250; Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Trauma Patient in General 250; Other Nursing Interventions 250; Nursing Management of Patient with Trauma 251; Principles of Assessment and Emergency Management 251
23. Intensive Care Nursing
253
What is Seriously-Ill Patient? 253; Staff in Icu Unit 254; Characteristics of an Icu Nurse 254; Individual and Family Response to the Critical Care Unit 255; Stressors on Patients and Families 255; Patterns of Adaptation 257; The Nurse Stressors 257; Stress and Coping 258; Alleviation and Prevention of Psychological Stressors 259; Prevention and Alleviation of Social Stressors for Patient and Family 259; Ways to Increase Staff Motivation 260; Transport of the Critically Ill 260; Strategies for Job Satisfactions and a Successful Career 260; Critical Care Scoring 261; Apache Iii Score 263; Other Scoring Systems 263; The Nursing Process in Critical Care 264; Ventilator 264
24. Oxygen Insufficiency
271
Hypoxia 271; Classification 271; Causes of Hypoxia 272; Stagnant Anoxia 272; Causes of Stagnant Hypoxia 273; Histotoxic Anoxia 273; Altitude Anoxia 273; Respiratory Changes in Hypoxia 273; Determining the Presence of Hypoxemia 273; Oxygen Therapy in Anoxia Hypoxia 273; Danger of Oxygen Therapy in Anoxia or Hypoxia 274; Nursing Care Plan 275
Hemorrhage 285; Types of Hemorrhage 285; Effect of Hemorrhage 285; Effect of Unlimited Hemorrhage 285; Diagnosis 285
27. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
xviii
287
Fluid Balance 287; Regulation of Fluid Balance and Electrolyte 288; Aldosterone 288; Fluid Imbalance 289; Signs of Ecf Depletion 290; Signs and Symptoms of Water Deficit 290; Collaborative Care Management 291; Fluid Excess 291; Hyponatremia 292; Hypernatremia 293; Hyperkalemia 293; Hypercalcemia 294; Hypocalcemia 294; Magnesium 295; Phosphate 296; Nursing Management of Persons with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances 297; Promoting Comfort 299; Patient/Family Education 299; Evaluation 299
28. Meeting Nutritional Needs
300
Special Nutritional Consideration during the Life Cycle 300; Special Diets 302; Dietary Regimens in the Health Care Settings 302; Diet before and after Surgery 303; Diet in Management of Obesity 303; Diet in Management of Underweight Individual 304; Diet in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disease 304; Diet in Management of Liver and Gallbladder Disease 304; Diet in the Management of Kidney Disorders 305; Diet in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease 305; Diet in the Causation and Management of Cancer 306; Diet in the Management of Selected Metabolic and Endocrine Disorder 306; Diet in the Management of Special Disease of Infancy and Childhood 307; Nurse’s Role in Nutritional Management 307; Management of People with Special Problem 308; Tips on Planning Special Meals in the Home Setting 308
29. Nursing Care Plans
309
Nursing Care Plan on Psychosomatic Illness 309; Nursing Care Plan on Psychiatric Nursing 314
