Decision Support System Development for Environmental Disaster Risk Reduction: Indonesian Experience
Siti Aini Hanum Environmental Data and Information Ministry of State for Environment Indonesia
Outline
Why DSS for DRR MOE Response to Disaster Management Decision Support Systems Framework Scope of Activities and Locations Case 1: Yogyakarta Case 2: Pangandaran Case 3: Banyumas Case 4: Sidoardjo Post Disaster Environmental Issues: A Summary Recommendations for DRR Collaborative Actions
Why DSS for DRR?
Dynamic spatial change due to continuous pressure which will affect Indonesia’s environmental carrying capacity drastically Indonesia is an earth-quake prone area Advanced development of ICT could facilitate the data and information transaction Governance issue: The rise of civil society roles and participation Decentralization Limited capacity in Decision Support System development.
Geodynamic and Potential Environmental Impacts
MOE Response to Disaster Management 1.
Database Development (1:1.000,1:5.000, 1:25.000) Providing high resolution satellite image (Quick Bird, SPOT, Aster)) Detailed mapping for spatial planning recommendation. Environmental quality mapping (water, soil, debris, waste water treatment, land cover and land use change)
2.
Damage and Risk Assessment Field investigation and mapping affected or contaminated area Potential and prediction of impact Safe location identification Disasters and risk aspects in rehabilitation/reconstruction phase Collecting information about earth-quake proof buildings
MOE Response (2) 3.
Capacity Building for MOE Regional Offices and Environmental Authorities at Provincial and District Levels Environmental quality monitoring and mapping Utilization of ICT (GIS, remote sensing, information networks)
4.
Post Disaster Intervention Post disasters waste management (medical, debris, etc.). Revision of spatial planning with disasters and changing environment consideration Revitalization of EIA in Aceh specially for rehabilitation and reconstruction projects Demo plot for environmental rehabilitation (eco-village, coastal rehabilitation)
Environmental Assessment Methods: Chronological Development
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) to identify, define and prioritize potential impacts following a disaster and serve as a form of “good practice” for disaster situation.
Rapid Environmental Assessment and Actions (REA2), further development of REA by embedding the technical guidelines development and technical assistance. REA2 has been implementing in most recent disaster affected areas, such as Yogjakarta and Merapi, West Java Tsunami. Time Frame:1-2 weeks, Target Groups: Bappenas, Bakornas PB, sectoral and donor agencies.
Environmental Assessment Methods: Chronological Development
Expert Briefing by inviting experts in the field of Geodesy, Geology, Geodynamics, Building and Materials and Socioeconomic to gather comprehensive and objective insights
Comprehensive Environmental Assessment, further development of REA2 for environmental recovery. Time Frame:1-2 months, Target Groups: Bappenas, Bakornas PB, sectoral and provincial and local governments
Program Intervention for Environmental Recovery in the affected areas.
REA2 Report Output 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FINDINGS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT POST DISASTER V 2.1 General 2.1.1 Casualties and physical destruction 2.1.2 Institutional response 2.2 Inundation mapping 2.2.1 Water marks 2.2.2 Vegetation in Flooded area 2.2.3 Building Structure 2.2.4 Water Marks Delineation Boundary Area 2.3 Post Tsunami Coastal Ecosystem 2.3.1 Ciamis District 2.3.2 Tasikmalaya District 2.3.3 Garut District 2.3.4 Conclusion 2.4 Refugees and Environmental Sanitations 2.5 Environmental Quality Mapping and Waste Management 2.5.1 Water Quality (Wells) 2.5.2 River Quality 2.6 Regional Spatial Planning 2.7 Environmental Institutional Capacity
3. POST DISASTER ISSUE 4. ACTION PLAN AND RECOMMENDATION 4.1 Environmental Rehabilitations and Spatial Arrangement Post Disaster 4.2 Follow ups
Annex: 1: Team 2: Respondent List 3: Water Quality Data 4: Tide Observation Data
Decision Support System Framework
DATABASE Spatial non-spatial Referral Metadata
TOOLS GIS and RS Statistical Analysis Modeling Open based Systems
OUTPUT •
State of the Environment Report (SOE)
•
Rapid Environmental Assessment and Action (REA2)
•
Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA)
•
Monitoring and Evaluation
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
POLICY EXERCISE Model Case Studies
INSTITUTIONALISATI ON Technical Capacity Policy Dialogue
NETWORKING DSS Communities
Scope of Activities and Locations Area1
Area 4 Area 2 Area 3 Area 5
Disaster Management NAD dan Nias (Area 1) DI Yogjakarta (Area 2) Pangandaran and suuroundings (Area 3 ) Disaster Preparedness Banyumas (Area 4) Kawasan Merapi (Area 5) Sukabumi and Sunda Strait(Area 6)
Case 1: Yogjakarta •
•
• •
A ‘broad fracture zone’ (BFZ) is identified in Yogyakarta, related to the location of the Opak and Dengken faults and the possibility of earthquakes An indication of vulnerability can be obtained by relating the locations of settled and built-up areas and infrastructure to this zone. Settlements area above and around BFZ is growing in last 6 years (2000-2006). The BFZ has a population density of 60040,000 people/km2, depending on location.
Land Use Change Yogjakarta 110°00' 110
110°20'
110°40'
110°00' 110
LANDCOVER 2000 BROAD SCRUPTURE ZONE DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
110°20'
110°40'
LANDCOVER 2006 BROAD SCRUPTURE ZONE DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA N
N
BOYOLALI
W
BOYOLALI
E
W
10
0
10
S
10
20
0
SUKOHARJO
7°40'
Distric Boundary Forest Mixed Plantation Settlement Swamp Paddy Field Underbrush River/Water Body Opened Land Dry Field Water Body
BANTUL
SLEMAN
10
20
LEGEND : River Road
SUKOHARJO
Distric Boundary Forest Mixed Plantation Settlement Swamp Paddy Field Underbrush River/Water Body Opened Land Dry Field Water Body
KOTA YOGYAKARTA
KULON PROGO
BANTUL
8°00' -8
8°00' -8
GUNUNG KIDUL
KLATEN PURWOREJO
River Road
KOTA YOGYAKARTA
8°00' -8
LEGEND :
8°00' -8
7°40'
SLEMAN
7°40'
7°40'
KLATEN PURWOREJO
S
Kilometers
Kilometers
KULON PROGO
E
MAGELANG
MAGELANG
GUNUNG KIDUL WONOGIRI
WONOGIRI
Prop. DIY
Prop. DIY
Jogyakarta Fault Faultline Estimate Mainrupture
Jogyakarta Fault Faultline Estimate Mainrupture
Source : 1) Topographic Map, 2000, BAKOSURTANAL 2) Danny H. Natawidjaja, 2006, Geoteknologi LIPI
Broad Scrupture Zone
Broad Scrupture Zone 110 110°00'
Source : 1) Topographic Map, 2000, BAKOSURTANAL 2) Danny H. Natawidjaja, 2006, Geoteknologi LIPI 3) ASTER Imagery, November 27, 2006
Comprehensive Environmental Assesment UNEP and MoE Indonesia 2006
110°20'
110 110°00'
Comprehensive Environmental Assesment UNEP and MoE Indonesia 2006
110°20'
110°40'
110°40'
Land Cover Change from 2000 to 2006 in Yogyakarta Province Land cover
2000 extent (ha)
2006 extent (ha)
Area change (ha)
1,318
620
698
down 53%
Mixed plantation
59,789
96,090
36,301
up 61%
Settlement area
54,839
79,327
24,488
up 45%
10
1
9
down 93%
Wet rice fields
85,801
91,709
5,908
up 7%
Underbrush/scrub
26,474
9,399
17,075
down 65%
River/water body
3,051
3,051
0
no change
Open land
3,153
3,985
832
up 26%
83,121
33,374
49,747
down 60%
317,556
317,556
0
no change
Forest
Swamp
Dry cultivation Total
land
Percent change
Environmental quality monitoring results Evaluation of monitoring results is needed to identify the environmental quality post disaster and is classified on several criteria: •
Water quality at up-stream area of several rivers along run off lava from Mount Merapi
•
Ambient air quality surrounding mount Merapi
•
Environmental quality of rivers which crossed Yogyakarta City
•
Environmental quality of Opak fault and surrounding including rivers that meet Kali Opak at downstream and wells, post earthquake – Opak fault.
•
Environmental quality of Dengkeng fault and surrounding including river that meet Bengawan Solo in Solo at downstream and wells, post earthquake – Dengkeng fault
•
Environmental quality in Gunung Kidul and Kulon Progo post earthquake, including river and wells
•
Environmental quality of textile and tannery industries
•
Environmental quality of landfill site including Kali Bedog
Some Examples of Sampling Locations of Environmental Quality Monitoring
Sampling Points of Well and Soil Quality along Opak Fault and Surroundings
Sampling points of River and Sediment Quality near Dengkeng Fault
Case 2 : Pangandaran
Coastal Vegetations
Rice Fields
Coastal Area
Rice Fields
Affected Area (Photo July 2006)
Settlement Area
hotel
Settlement Area
Tourism Coastal Area
Infrastructure Damage (Photo July 2006)
Land Cover Change from 2000 to 2006 in Ciamis District 110°00' 110
110°20'
110°40'
LANDCOVER 2000 CIAMIS DISTRIC & SURROUNDING WEST JAVA
110°00' 110
110°20'
110°40'
LANDCOVER 2006 CIAMIS DISTRIC & SURROUNDING WEST JAVA
N N
W
E W
6
0
6
S
12
6
0
PANGANDARAN
SIKMALAYA
KALIPUCANG
PARIGI
7°40'
River Road
CILACAP SIDANULIH
CIAMIS
Distric Boundary Forest Mixed Plantation Settlement Plantation Swamp Paddy Field Underbrush Fish Pond Opened Land Dry Field Water Body
PANGANDARAN
SIKMALAYA
KALIPUCANG
PARIGI
CIJULANG
8°00' -8
8°00' -8
8°00' -8
CIJULANG
LEGEND :
8°00' -8
CILACAP SIDANULIH
CIAMIS
6
12
Kilometers 7°40'
7°40'
7°40'
Kilometers
E
S
LEGEND : River Road Distric Boundary Forest Mixed Plantation Settlement Plantation Swamp Paddy Field Underbrush Fish Pond Opened Land Dry Field Water Body
CIMERAK
CIMERAK
Lokasi Pangandaran
Lokasi Pangandaran
Source : 1) Topographic Map, 2000, BAKOSURTANAL 2) Danny H. Natawidjaja, 2006, Geoteknologi LIPI 3) ASTER Imagery, November 27, 2006
Source : 1) Topographic Map, 2000, BAKOSURTANAL 2) Danny H. Natawidjaja, 2006, Geoteknologi LIPI
110 110°00'
Comprehensive Environmental Assesment UNEP and MoE Indonesia 2006 110°20'
Comprehensive Environmental Assesment UNEP and MoE Indonesia 2006
110 110°00'
110°20'
110°40'
110°40'
Land Cover Change from 2000 to 2006 in Ciamis District Land cover
2000 extent (ha)
2006 extent (ha)
Area change (ha)
Forest
1,602
960
642
down 40%
Mixed plantation
7,052
11,384
4,332
up 61%
Settlement area
3,521
3,847
326
up 9%
36,425
29,973
6,452
down 18%
Plantation Swamp
Percent change
563
454
109
down 19%
11,322
17,016
5,694
up 50%
7,194
4,849
2,345
down 33%
17
64
47
up 277%
River/water body
898
869
29
down 3%
Open land
386
204
182
down 47%
4,080
3,440
640
down 16%
73,060
73,060
0
no change
Wet rice fields Underbrush/scrub Embankment
Dry cultivation Total
land
WATER QUALITY OF WELLS IN Pangandaran
Water quality of rivers in Pangandaran
REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES
Rehabilitated Area (Photo of 21 dan 22 Mei 2007).
Wave breakers in Pangandaran Eastern Coastal
New houses in Pangandaran Coastal
Photo of May 2007).
Hotels and cottages along Pangandaran Coastal after rehabilitations
Fishermans’ activities
Photo of May 2007
Case Study 3: Environmental Sound Technologies (ESTs) Project OUTPUTS : Database on conditions and trends (social/economy, biophysical) in Policy gap analysis and options ESTs Demonstration Capacity building for related stakeholders in targeted areas Partners : UNEP IETC-Osaka Universitas Jendral Soedirman (UNSOED) SAKANO Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology Financial Support : UNEP (50.000 USD), MOE (inkind) Timeframe: 2005 - 2007
Case Study 4: Environmental Monitoring Sidoarjo Mud Flow • Mud flow volume can not be predict precisely. In early stage (29 Mei 2006) is predicted arround 5.000 m3/day. The trend of mud flows is increased. In few days it increase to 25.000 m3/day, and after several moths the rise is predicted from 50.000 m3/day to 75.000 m3/day.
• Data monitoring from June to December 2006 shows that heavy metal parameters in the mud which have significant concentration are: Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn dan Cd. Parameter Hg dan Ag are observed not significant due to limitation of equipment detection.
Mud monitoring for odor and toxicity parameters Odor parameters No
Location
H2S (ppm)
NH3 (ppm)
Styrene (ppm)
1
Siring Village
0 ,03*
0,025
<0,0002
2
Jatirejo Village
0,036*
<0,02
<0,0002
3
Kedungbendo Village
0,001
0,058
<0,0002
4
Renokenongo Village
0,008
0,012
<0,0002
5
0,005
0,044
<0,0002
6
Permisan Village Pamotan Village
0,022
0,007
<0,0002
7
Snubbing
0,005
0,12
<0,0002
8
Detection Limit
0,0002
0,02
0,0002
0,02
2
0,1
Quality std of Minister Decree no.50,1996 Source: SoER, 2006
Toxicity parameters No
Location
Toluene (mg/M3) Xylena (mg/M3) Phenol (mg/M3)
1
Siring Village
264
<0,001
0,62
2
Jatirejo Village
290
<0,001
3,38
3
Kedungbendo Village
117
<0,001
7,52
4
Renokenongo Village
250
<0,001
2,49
5
Permisan Village
90,3
<0,001
0,81
6
Pamotan Village
586
<0,001
2,59
7
Snubbing
136
<0,001
4,98
8
Detection Limit
0,001
0,001
0,5
Source: SoER, 2006
Post Disaster Environmental Issues
Environmental Information Baseline
Environmental Impact
Woods and other materials (reuse?) “building code”
Post Disaster’s Governance [macro vs. micro]
Waste management (domestic, debris) Environmental rehabilitation and relocation to “safe” area
Reconstruction Materials
Map/satellite images with high resolution (1:5.000) Environmental quality (water, soil, air, waste)
Spatial arrangement (district/city, village) Empowering environmental institutions (Regional offices, provinces and district’s Bapedalda)
Spatial engineered
demo plot “eco-design/development”
Recommendations for Collaborative Actions •
Develop detailed risk and vulnerability maps for hazard-prone areas, using standard methods agreed by all stakeholders and including the systematic acquisition of natural hazard data from multiple sources.
•
Review existing laws, recent developments in National Disaster Reduction mechanisms, and encourage the adoption and enhancement of land use plans, building codes, and ordinances to enhance capacity and reduce vulnerability of areas to natural hazards.
•
Develop an information system through which Indonesians can learn about natural hazards, including an online portal to resources, websites, and data sharing systems.
•
Encourage and enable community-based hazard identification and vulnerability and risk assessment from an all-hazard perspective, and provide support for holistic and ecological approaches to mitigation.
•
Support interdisciplinary research and knowledge transfer to document impacts and costs, thus enhancing understanding of disasters and demonstrating benefits that accrue from disaster mitigation.
•
Ensure that disaster warning systems activate predefined emergency activities, including such measures as ‘safety shutdown’, ‘evacuation’, ‘stop all jetty operations’, and ‘alert emergency response team’.
•
Promote preventive measures, for example in the case of extremely toxic chemicals, by improving storage, relocating storage, using double containment systems, and installing special tsunami impact blocking measures.
•
Develop and implement retrofitting, redevelopment, grant, and abatement programs to help strengthen existing structures in hazard prone areas.
•
Establish expert committees on disaster risk management system at national, provincial and district levels.
MoE Response in providing Information, Communication and Technology Infrastructure Environmental Mobile Information Unit is part of infrastructures system in disaster management for field data acquisitions and provide communication and information network access. This mobile unit will be used in isolated areas which have no telecommunication network access.
