DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT OF THE MAIN

Journal of Directive Speech Act of The Main Characters in Divergent Movie

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN DIVERGENT MOVIE Sufil Lailiyah, M.A. ([email protected]) Abstract : This research discussed one of the basic elements in pragmatics. It is speech act theory which focuses on directive speech act of the main characters in Divergent movie. This research classified and described the types and the meanings of directive speech act of the main characters in Divergent movie. The data were collected from the utterances of the main characters in Divergent movie by using participant observation method. Then, the data were analyzed by using contextual method. The results of this study showed that there were three types of directive speech acst; they were direct speech act, indirect speech act, and literal speech act. Then, the meaning of directive speech act could be(1) command, (2) prohibition, (3) requesting, (4) invitation, (5) suggestion, and (6) warning. Keywords: directive, speech act, Divergent

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Volume 5 issue 1st June 2015

1. Introduction Speech act is the basic unit of communication. By doing speech acts, the speaker tries to convey purpose or intention of communication which is understandable by the hearer or addressee. One of the interesting phenomena in speech act is directive speech act. Searle (1969) through (Leech, 1993:64) explains that the directive speech acts are an illocutionary act that aims to produce an effect in the form of the action taken by the addressees. Yule also argues (1996:93) that the directive speech act is a speech act which is used by speakers to get someone else to do something. Syntactically, directive speech act has imperative construction. However, directive speech acts can be performed indirectly by performing another. It means that directive speech acts can be uttered in various forms of sentences, by using imperative sentence, declarative sentenceand interrogative sentence. According to Parker (1986:17) and Wijana (1996:30), there are three types of sentences, namely: (1) a declarative sentence is used to report or state something, (2) an imperative sentence is used to express orders or commands, and (3) an interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. Therefore, it seems that basically directive speech acts can expressed by imperative sentences. However, directive speech acts can also be uttered by using declarative or interrogative sentences. If the utterance in accordance with the function of the sentence, it will form a direct speech act. While the utterance which does not appropriate for the function of the sentence will construct indirect speech acts. Besides, the speakers sometimes mean what they say literally and sometimes not. When the speakers do mean what they say, it would constitute a literal speech act, vice versa. Directive speech act as an act which is used to get someone doing something is not merely giving an order or making a request. According to meaning and context of the utterance, there are a variety of actions that can be performed through directive speech 60 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


act, such as requesting, asking, commanding, suggesting,advising, inviting, and so on. In this research, the researcher selectedDivergent movie. This movie told about Beatrice (Tris) Prior who lived in a futuristic world in which society was divided into five factions, Amity, Abnegation, Candor, Erudite, and Dauntless. As each person entered adulthood, he or she must choose a faction and commit to it for life. Tris chose Dauntless, those who pursued bravery above all else. However, her initiation led to the discovery that she was a Divergent and would never be able to fit into just one faction. If she was discovered, she would be killed. She tried to keep her divergence a secret, but throughout her vigorous training, she revealed to the trainer, Four, her ability to manipulate the test and that she was Divergent. Soon Tris and Four discovered a plot to overthrow the government, killing hundreds in the process, and they might do what they can to stop it. With the power of Divergence, they might just be the only ones able to save their whole world. Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested in studying directive speech acts in Divergent movie. The researcher is excited to examine the utterances of Beatrice(Tris) Prior and Tobias Eaton (Four) asthe main characters of that movie. Therefore, the formulations of the problem proposed in this study are 1) What are the types of directive speech acts of the main characters in Divergent movie? 2) How is the meaning of directive speech acts of the main character in Divergent movie? 2. Literature Review 2.1 Speech Act Austin (1962: 12) states that when people speak or state something, they also do something or make an act, it is called speech acts. According to Yule (1985: 100), speech acts are the types of acts performed by a speaker in uttering a sentence. The fundamental insight of speech acts focuses on how meaning and Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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action are related to language. We can say that speech acts is study of the intended speaker‟s meaning when he/she uses the language performing an act. Austin (as cited in Leech, 1996: 199) distinguishes three kinds of action within utterances: 1) Locutionary actis the act of uttering a sentence with a certain meaning.Renkema (1993: 22) states that locutionary acts is the physical act of producing an utterance. 2) Illocutionary act is the act performed in saying the locution. It contains the intention of the speaker when saying something. 3) Perlocutionary act is the effect of illocutionary act, on the particular occasion of use, has on the hearer. Speech acts theory has been developed bya British philosopher John Searle. He developed speech act theory from a basic belief that language is used to perform actions. Then, John Searle (1969) classifies illocutionary act into five, they are: a) Directives. It is an attempt by speaker to get hearer to do something. The examples of directives are asking, begging, commanding, ordering, requesting, and so on. b) Commisives. Speaker commits himself or herself to the performance of an action. The examples of commisives are offering, promising, swearing, threatening, vowing. c) Assertives. Speaker represents a state of affairs. The utterances may be judged true or false because they aim to describe a state of affairs in the world, for example affirming, reporting, informing, stating, and so on. d) Expressives. Speaker expresses a psychological state about the situation. The examples are welcoming, congratulating, thanking, etc. e) Declaratives. The utterances attempt to change the world by representing it as having been changed, for example naming, sentencing, appointing, etc. 62 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


2.2 Types of Speech Act In general, the syntactic form of an utterance reflects the direct illocutionary act. According to Parker (1986:17; Wijana, 1996:30; Nadar, 2009:17), speech acts can be both direct and indirect speech acts, as well as literal and nonliteral speech acts. Direct speech acts are utterances that match with the function of sentence. On the contrary, indirect speech acts are utterances that do not match with the function of sentence. Literal speech act is a speech act that means the same as the meaning of the words composed. Whereas, nonliteral speech act is a speech act that means the opposite to the meaning of the words that composed. The speaker does not mean what he says. 2.3 Directive Speech Act Directive speech act is a speech act which is intended to make addressee do something or take action as what is meant by the speaker to the addressee. When using directives, the speaker is trying to fit the world to the words. It means that the speaker tries to make the addressee as what the words he/she utters. There are some acts taken by this directive speech acts, including the act of asking, prohibiting, suggesting, requesting, praying, and so forth. Allan (1986: 199) classifies four classes of directives, they are: 1.

Requestives The speaker requests the hearer/addressee to do an act (something). Requestive performatives include: ask, beg, implore, insist, invite, petition, plead, pray, solicit, summon, tell, urge. 2.

Questions It means that the speaker questions the hearer/addressee as to proposition. Questioning performatives include: ask, inquire, query, question, quiz. Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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3.

Requirements It means that the speaker requires the hearer/addressee to do an act. Requiring performatives include: big, charge, command, demand, dictate, instruct, order, prescribe, require. 4.

Prohibitives The speaker prohibits the hearer/addressee from doing an act. Prohibitive performatives include: enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict. Furthermore, Allan (1986: 199) also states that in directive acts there are two kind of interpersonal authoritatives: 1.

Permissive It means that the speaker permits the hearer/addressee to do an act. Permissive performatives include: agree to, allow, authorize, bless, consent to, dismiss, excuse, exempt, forgive, grant leave or permission, license, pardon, permit, release, sanction. 2.

Advisories It means that the speaker advises the hearer/addressee to do an act. The speaker intends the utterance to be taken as sufficient reason for the hearer to do an act. Advisory performatives include: admonish, advise, caution, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest, urge, warn. 3. Research Methods This research used descriptive qualitative method. This research was carried out by collecting the data, analyzing the data and presenting the results of data analysis. In collecting the data used observation method. It means that the researcher played a role as an observer of language who did not engage in dialogue or communication directly. Another technique which used in collecting the data was by making a note. This technique was done by noting, categorizing and classifying the data obtained ( Mahsun , 64 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


2005:91 ). The data of this study wereutterances of Tris and Four as the main characters in Divergent movie which contained directive speech acts. In this case, the data obtained from the dialogue or script of Divergent movie. Furthermore, the data were analyzed used contextual methods (Subroto, 2008: 512). The last, the results of data analysis were presented with an informal presentation method by using words. 3. Finding and Discussion 3.1 Direct Speech acts and Indirect Speech Acts Direct speech act is a speech act in accordance with the sentence mode or in other words having a direct relation between a structure and a function (Parker, 1986:17; Wijana, 1996:30; Yule, 1996:54; Nadar, 2009:18), for example, the an interrogative sentence has a function to inquire, a declarative sentence used to convey or inform something, and imperative sentences used to give an order or command. Thus, a direct speech act has the type of imperative sentence. Here is an example of direct speech acts with the mode of imperative sentence: Datum 1 Four : Tris! Tris : Leave me alone. Four : I‟m sorry about Al. Tris : It‟s my fault that he‟s dead. Context: Al committed suicide after he asked Tris to forgive him, but Tris refused it. So, Tris felt terrible about it and she walked off when Four found her. Tris ignored him and continued to walk off but Four followed her. Then, Tris asked Four to leave her alone. The bold utterance above refers to direct directive speech act since the use of imperative sentence that is indicated by the verb “leave” at the beginning of the sentence. In that utterance, Tris Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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asked Four to leave her alone because she felt terrible after knowing Al committed suicide. She asked Four to not follow her anymore because she wanted to be alone. Unlike a direct speech act, an indirect speech act has the sentence structure which matches to the communication function of the sentence itself. Indirect directive speech acts can be expressed in two modes of sentence, they are declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. Thus, an indirect directive speech act is formed when it is expressed by declarative and interrogative sentences. Nadar (2009:75) states that the declarative sentence in English language is used to convey certain information to the addressee and has constituents at least a subject and a verb, for example: Datum 2 Tris Christina

: They are jumping. : What?

Context: Tris went over to the edge of the train, as the train was still moving she saw the Dauntless faction jumped off onto a rooftop) The utterance of Tris above refers to an indirect speech act because the sentence does not fit to the function of that sentence. That utterance does not only serve to inform about something but also indirectly asks the addressee to do an act. In this case, Tris did not only inform or state that other members of Dauntless jumped off onto a rooftop but also indirectly asked Christina to jump off onto a rooftop with her. In addition, indirect directive speech acts can also be constructed by using an interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentence has a function to ask something. According to Nadar (2009:85), interrogative sentence in English can be classified into interrogative sentence that requires yes or no and interrogative 66 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


sentence that requires an answer in the form of the required information (Wh question). Interrogative sentence with yes/no question is a sentence that is begun with an auxiliary verb followed by the subject. Auxiliary verbs are divided into two types, primary auxiliary verbs like is, am, are, do, does, have/has, had, and another is modal auxiliary verb such as can, could, may, might, shall, should , will, would, must, ought to and used to. For example: Datum 3 Tris: What is it? Tori: Bottoms up. Context: Triswas in the room where she took her aptitude test. This test would assign Tris to one of the factions. Tris was accompanied by Tori who was the administrator of her test. Tori gave Tris a blue liquid to drink. The interrogative sentence above is also an indirect directive speech act in the form of Wh interrogative sentence that uses question word “what”. Theinterrogative sentence was conveyed by Tori not only to ask Tori about the blue liquid she gave, but also indirectly asked Tori to answer or explain about the blue liquid. 3.2 Literal Speech Acts and Nonliteral Speech Acts Literal speech act is a speech act that means the same as the meaning of the words that compose (Parker, 1986:17; Wijana, 1996:32; Nadar, 2009:19). Based on the data obtained, all the data refer to literal speech act, for example: Datum 4 Four : You‟re weak. You have no muscle. You‟re never gonna win, not like that. Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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Tris : That‟s good to know. Four : you have to use your whole body. Keep the tension here. Context: Tris was practicing fighting on a punching bag as everyone else was asleep. Four noticed her as he walked by, then Tris managed to slowly improve during her training and she saw her rank score rise to 26. Although she was still in the red, during combat training as Tris was practicing on a punch bag, Four walked over to her. The bold utterance of Four above is an example of literal speech act because it is in the form of imperative sentence which is indicated by the verb “keep” in the beginning of the utterance. In that utterance, the literal meaning of the words that compose the utterance has the same intention as the speaker‟s wants. Four commanded Tris to keep tension of her midriff. In the contrary, nonliteral speech act is a speech act that does not mean the same as to the meaning of the words that compose (Parker, 1986:19; Wijana, 1996:32). From the data obtained, this speech act did not found in utterances of the main characters in Divergent movie 3.3 The Various meanings of Directive Speech Acts in Divergent Movie Based on the context, the meaning of directive speech act not only means giving order or command but also means another. Other directive speech acts meanings are to encourage, prohibit, suggest, ask, invite, urge, and so forth. From the analysis of the context of the speech event and imperative verbs, it is found some meanings of directive speech act contained in Divergent movie. 3.3.1 Command The utterance can be classified as giving order or command if it is imperative sentence without politeness markers. In addition, 68 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


the classification can also be seen from the basic verb and auxiliary verb of the sentence. Some auxiliary verbs have high levels of commands, such as must and have to. Here is an example of imperative sentence which classified as command: Datum 4 Tris : Will! Will, stop! Stop! Context: Tris and Natalie run off but the Dauntless members chased after them and shot at them, they took cover and shot back when tris noticed Will pointing his gun at them. Tris called him but he did not respond and suddenly shot because he was under the influence of serum, his mind was being controlled by the Erudite. The bold utterance above refers to a directive speech act that intends to order or command because that utterance has appropriate function to give a command. Tris commanded that Will must stop shooting her and her mother, but he did not respond it because he was affected by the serum and being mind controlled. 3.3.2 Prohibition In a directive speech act which intends to prohibit, the speaker forbids or does not allow the addressee doing something. Prohibition in English is usually expressed with a negative marker “not” that is attached to the auxiliary verb. Datum 5 Tris : You don’t have to come with me. Four : You should go easy, you took a beating. Context: Tris joined to the Four‟s Team. They arranged a strategy to find and capture Eric‟s flag. While others were discussing about it, Tris started climbing the Ferris wheel to get a good vantage Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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point to find the flag of another team. Then, Four climbedto follow her because he worried about her after she got beating. The data underlined above is a directive speech act that has a negative imperative sentence form because it is marked by “not”. The utterance delivered to the addressee in order to not do anything like the speaker wants. In other hand, the utterance has a prohibition act. Tris prohibited Four to follow her climbing the Ferris wheel to get a good vantage point to find the flag of another team. 3.3.3 Request Basically, the utterance can be classified to asking or requesting if it uses politeness marker such as “please” in imperative sentences. Besides, the use of modal auxiliary verb whether present or past like “can” and “could” as question word in interrogative sentence also considered as asking/requesting. However, the declarative sentence can also be classified as asking or requesting since it is conveyed indirectly so it refers to the polite asking. Here is an example mean as asking/requesting: Datum 6 Tris : I’d like this one, please. Context: Tris and her friends were at the parlor and she noticed Tori working there. Then, Tris went over to her. Actually, Tris wanted to tell something to Tori but she replied that she was only a tattoos painter. So, Tris said that she wanted to paint a tattoo in her body. The utterance of Tris above is a declarative sentence which has intention to request. That utterance does not have a function to inform or tell about something but also ask the addressee to do an act. In this case, Tris did not only inform that she wanted to have a 70 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


tattoo but she also asked Tori to pain a tattoo which she chose in her body. 3.3.4 Invitation In English, directive speech acts which contain intention to invite use the verb “let‟s”. Invitation here means the speaker invites the addressee to do action. For example: Datum 7 Tris : Okay, let’s go! Context: Tris and her mother, Natalie, were running from a quiet spot where Tris was going to be executed. They run off but the Dauntless members chased after them and shot at them. Tris runout in the street and soon she was noticed by more Dauntless members, they started shooting, Tris shot back with Natalie joining to help her and they managed to cross the street. The utterance underlined above is a directive speech act that intends to invite in the form of imperative sentence. It can be seen from the use of verb “let‟s” as a marker of invitation. Tris intended to invite her mother run together with her to cross the street. They were running from the Dauntless members who wanted to chase them. They were heading to Monroe in the State to meet Tris‟s father. 3.3.5 Suggestion Directive act means to suggest basically is a form of the command to others to do something as the meant of speaker by giving hints or solutions, ways of doing, and so on. Nadar (2009:123) describes the suggestion as an expression of the speakers to make addressee doing something as what the speaker suggests. The meaning of suggestion can be expressed by declarative and imperative sentences. Flor (2005:174-175) explains Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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that the taxonomy of suggestion characterized by the use of modal auxiliary verb “should” and “need to”. Flor (2005) also states that suggestion could use performative verbs like “I suggest that...”, and also in the form of impersonal, such as “it might be better to...”. Some utterances mean suggestion use words perhaps or maybe. For example: Datum 8 Tris : You don‟t have to come with me. Four : You should go easy, you took a beating. Tris : I‟m surprised you noticed. I saw you leave during the fight. Four : Yeah, well. It‟s not something I wanted to watch. Context: Tris joined to the Four‟s Team. They arrangeda strategy to find and capture Eric‟s flag. While others were discussing about it, Tris started climbing the Ferris wheel to get a good vantage point to find the flag of another team. Then, Four climbedto follow her because he worried about her after she got a beating. That bold utterance of Four above refers to declarative sentence which has the meaning of suggestion. It is characterized by the existence of the auxiliary verb “should”. That declarative sentence does not only inform but also suggest addressee to do something like what the speaker suggests. Four suggested that Tris should go climbing easily because she just got a beating. 3.3.6 Warning Nadar (2009:210) explains that statement of warning is the speaker giveswarning to the addressee about the consequences and the risks that will be got ifthe addressee do that action or not. For example: Datum

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Al

: Tris, can I talk to you for a second? Please, I just wanted to say that I‟m sorry. I…I don‟t know what‟s wrong with me. Please, can you ever forgive me? Tris : If you ever come close to me again, I will kill you. Context: Tris, Christina, Will and others were in the Pit having breakfast. Then, a distraught looking Al interrupted them. Al asked Tris to forgive him, but Tris looked at him in anger and shaked her head. The bold utterance above is a speech act which has a meaning of warning. In warning, the speaker says about something that makes the addressee understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially in the future if the addressee does not do what the speaker means. In the utterance, Tris gave a warning that Al was forbidden to come close to her anymore. Tris felt anger to Al because he tried to kill her. Therefore, Tris wanted Al to stay away from her, if not she would kill him. 4. Conclusion From the discussion above, the researcher has arrived at the following concluding points: first, there were three types of directive speech acts; they were direct speech acts, indirect speech acts, and literal speech acts. Direct speech acts used imperative sentence. Whereas indirect speech acts used a declarative sentence and an interrogative sentence. Literal speech act formed when speakers meant the same as the meaning of the words of which it was composed.From the data analyzed, all utterances of the main characters of Divergent movie which contained directive speech acts were considered as literal speech act. Second, there were six meanings of directive speech act, they were; (1) command, found in imperative sentence by using a verb in the beginning of the sentence, (2) prohibition, found in a declarative sentence which was identified by the use of negative marker “not”. (3) Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University

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request,characterized by politeness marker “please”, (4) invitation, found in imperative sentence by using verb “let‟s”, (5) suggestion, found in declarative sentence by using modal “should”, and (6) warning, found in a conditional sentence. REFERENCES Allan, Keith. 1986. Linguistic Meaning (Volume Two). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul plc. Austin, J.L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bricki, Nouria and Judith Green. “A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology”. Accessed on 25 May, 2015. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10144/84230. Cummings, Louise. 1999. Pragmatik Sebuah Perspektif Multidisipliner (diterjemahkan oleh Eti Setiawati, Sunoto, Gatut Susanto, Imam Suyitno, Yusak Hudiono, Suwarna, Sudjalil, Lilik Wahyuni, Eko Suroso, Siti Halidjah, Darmanto, Nuriah Renny H., Mochtar Data, Imam Baehaqi, Aleda Mawene, Taufina Taufik). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Finegan, Edward, Niko Besnier, David Blair, dan Peter Collins. 1992. Language It’s Structure and Use. Marrickville: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Group (Australia) Pty Ltd. Grundy, Peter. 2000. Doing Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Inc. Leech, Geoffrey. 1993. Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik (diterjemahkan oleh M.D.D. Oka dan Setyadi Setyapranata). Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 74 Sufil Lailiyah, M.A : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University


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DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT OF THE MAIN

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