Figure 2. Illustrations of some basic ways for controlling selected risk factor conditions. Raise and tilt the container for easier access and to redu...
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
IOSH
ELEMENTS OF ERGONOMICS PROGRAMS
H
UM
A N S E RVI C
ES
.
M
EN
T OF
HE A LT
A
H
US
&
A Primer based on Workplace Evaluations of Musculoskeletal Disorders
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
DEP AR T
A Pathway to Controlling Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs)
LOOKING FOR SIGNS OF WMSDs
Cues and tip-offs to problems
SETTING THE STAGE FOR ACTION
Management commitment and employee roles
TRAINING—BUILDING IN-HOUSE EXPERTISE
General and specialized training needs and access to resources
GATHERING AND EXAMINING EVIDENCE OF WMSDs
DEVELOPING CONTROLS
Health and risk factor data collection and assessment
Options for reducing risks and evaluating their effectiveness
ESTABLISHING HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT
Duties of health care providers and others
CREATING A PROACTIVE ERGONOMICS PROGRAM
Accent on prevention
vii
Awkward Postures
Overhead Work
Twisting and Carrying Loads
Wrist Deviations
Contact Stress
Poor Shoulder/Wrist Position
Lifting Bulky Loads
Hand - Arm Vibration
Whole Body Vibration
Figure 1. Illustrations of selected risk factor conditions. (Illustrations adapted from UAW-GM Center for Health & Safety [1990]; Putz-Anderson V [1988]; Grant et al. [1995]; Canadian Center of Occupational Safety and Health [1988]; American Meat Institute and Ergo Tech, Inc. [1990].
21
Raise and tilt the container for easier access and to reduce bending and lifting burdens.
Extend and support tool to reduce stress on arm and shoulder.
Use conveyors to reduce twisting and eliminate lifting and carrying.
Use a turntable with fixture to hold the work; select a tool that reduces wrist deviations.
Round or pad edges of guards, containers, or work tables.
Raise worker with platform and use in-line tool to reduce wrist bending.
Use mechanical assist devices for less stressful handling.
Select power tools with anti-vibration properties. Use handle coatings that suppress vibrations; increase coefficient of friction to reduce force requirements.
Use balancers, isolators and damping materials to reduce vibrations at the source or along transmission path. Make driving surface smooth.
Figure 2. Illustrations of some basic ways for controlling selected risk factor conditions.
33
Tray 4–A. Symptoms Survey Form
Symptoms Survey: Ergonomics Program
Date
Plant
Dept #
Shift
Job Name
Hours worked/week
years months Time on THIS Job
Other jobs you have done in the last year (for more than 2 weeks)
Plant
Dept #
Job Name
months weeks Time on THIS Job
Plant
Dept #
Job Name
months weeks Time on THIS Job
(If more than 2 jobs, include those you worked on the most) Have you had any pain or discomfort during the last year? Yes
No (If NO, stop here)
If YES, carefully shade in area of the drawing which bothers you the MOST.
Front
Back (Continued)
87
Tray 4–A (Continued). (Complete a separate page for each area that bothers you) Check Area:
Neck
Shoulder
Upper Back
Elbow/Forearm
Hand/Wrist
Thigh/Knee
Low Back
Fingers
Low Leg
Ankle/Foot
1. Please put a check by the words(s) that best describe your problem Aching
Numbness (asleep)
Tingling
Burning
Pain
Weakness
Cramping
Swelling
Other
Loss of Color
Stiffness
2. When did you first notice the problem?
(month)
(year)
3. How long does each episode last? (Mark an X along the line) 1 hour
1 day
1 week
1 month
6 months
4. How many separate episodes have you had in the last year? 5. What do you think caused the problem? 6. Have you had this problem in the last 7 days?
Yes
No
7. How would you rate this problem? (mark an X on the line) NOW None
Unbearable
When it is the WORST Unbearable
None Yes
8. Have you had medical treatment for this problem?
No
8a. If NO, why not? 8a. If YES, where did you receive treatment? 1. Company Medical
Times in past year
2. Personal doctor
Times in past year
3. Other
Times in past year Did treatment help?
Yes
No
9. How much time have you lost in the last year because of this problem?
days
10. How many days in the last year were you on restricted or light duty because of this problem? days 11. Please comment on what you think would improve your symptoms
Primary and secondary areas for table top work. Optimal work surface height varies with the work performed: Precision work = 31–37 in. Reading/writing = 28–31 in. Typing/light assembly = 21–28 in. Seat and back rest heights should be adjustable as noted in chair requirements below. 5–10
16 8 0
0
8
24 16 INCHES
32
40
SEATED WORK: Work Surface
6"–12" 8"2–12"
Boundaries for vertical reaches for grasping objects.
7" Minimum 2–5
14"–21"
4" ADJ.
STANDING WORK:
Shelf heights to which a freestanding person can reach and place a hand flat on a shelf should not exceed 60 in.
Footrest 25
STANDING WORK:
Workbench heights should be above elbow height for precision work, just below elbow height for light work, and 4–6 in. below elbow height for heavy work.
37"–43"
34"–37"
Precision work
28"–35"
Light work
*Adapted in part from Grandjean E [1982] (Fitting the Task to the Man: An Ergonomic Approach. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.) and UAW-GM [1990] (UAW-GM Ergonomics Handbook. Madison Heights, Michigan: Center for Health & Safety).
