Download Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature. Grice doesn't define the notion of implicature. He assumes we already have at least a rough grip on the distinction between what a speaker says and what she implies (or, as he prefers
Download 481 - Implicature I. 5. Conversational Implicature. • The Cooperative Principle: – Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are en
Download 481 - Implicature I. 5. Conversational Implicature. • The Cooperative Principle: – Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are en
Download 481 - Implicature I. 2. Types of Meaning: Grice. (Levinson). What is Said. Conventionally. Non-Conversationally. Generally. Particularly. Conversationally. Non-Conventionally. What is Implicated. What is Meant ...
Download 2 Apr 2012 ... The goal of this handout is to review the basic Gricean theory of conversational implicature, identifying important consequences, known problems, and useful extensions/modifications. • One of our goals for this seminar is
Download 2 Apr 2012 ... Proposition q is a conversational implicature of utterance U by agent A in context C if, and only if: i. A believes that it is mutual, public knowledge of all the discourse participants in C that A is obeying the cooperative p
Download 481 - Implicature I. 2. Types of Meaning: Grice. (Levinson). What is Said. Conventionally. Non-Conversationally. Generally. Particularly. Conversationally. Non-Conventionally. What is Implicated. What is Meant ...
Download 481 - Implicature I. 2. Types of Meaning: Grice. (Levinson). What is Said. Conventionally. Non-Conversationally. Generally. Particularly. Conversationally. Non-Conventionally. What is Implicated. What is Meant ...
Download 2 Apr 2012 ... Proposition q is a conversational implicature of utterance U by agent A in context C if, and only if: i. A believes that it is mutual, public knowledge of all the discourse participants in C that A is obeying the cooperative p
Download Guiding Questions: 1. Is speaker/utterance meaning the same as sentence meaning? What is conversational implicature? How does it differ from conventional implicature? What are the sub-types of conversational implicature? What are the d
Download Guiding Questions: 1. Is speaker/utterance meaning the same as sentence meaning? What is conversational implicature? How does it differ from conventional implicature? What are the sub-types of conversational implicature? What are the d
Download Guiding Questions: 1. Is speaker/utterance meaning the same as sentence meaning? What is conversational implicature? How does it differ from conventional implicature? What are the sub-types of conversational implicature? What are the d
Download Guiding Questions: 1. Is speaker/utterance meaning the same as sentence meaning? What is conversational implicature? How does it differ from conventional implicature? What are the sub-types of conversational implicature? What are the d
Download Guiding Questions: 1. Is speaker/utterance meaning the same as sentence meaning? What is conversational implicature? How does it differ from conventional implicature? What are the sub-types of conversational implicature? What are the d
Download conversational implicature theory proposed by Grice (1975). The result shows that the presenters tended to use generalized conversational implicature (59, 8 %) rather than the particularized (40,2%). Based on the functions, inferences or
Download 3.0 PRELIMINARIES. This chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the notion of conversational implicature. In the beginning, the chapter focuses on two types of implicature, that is, conventional and conversational implicature, wi
Download 3.0 PRELIMINARIES. This chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the notion of conversational implicature. In the beginning, the chapter focuses on two types of implicature, that is, conventional and conversational implicature, wi
Download The notion of implicature was first introduced by Grice (1967, 1989), who defined it essentially as what is communicated less what is said. This definition contributed in part to the proliferation of a large number of different species o
Download The notion of implicature was first introduced by Grice (1967, 1989), who defined it essentially as what is communicated less what is said. This definition contributed in part to the proliferation of a large number of different species o
Download To work out the conversational implicature of an utterance, one needs to know its conversational meaning and the context in which it is used. In other words, a conversational implicature is the adding up of the conventional meaning and the c
Download Matthew Weiner has recently argued in this journal that not all conversa- tional implicatures are explicitly cancellable and he has inferred from this that Grice's familiar 'cancellability test does not help determine when an imp
Download Matthew Weiner has recently argued in this journal that not all conversa- tional implicatures are explicitly cancellable and he has inferred from this that Grice's familiar 'cancellability test does not help determine when an imp
Download To work out the conversational implicature of an utterance, one needs to know its conversational meaning and the context in which it is used. In other words, a conversational implicature is the adding up of the conventional meaning and the c
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Grice’s Theory of Conversational Implicature Grice doesn’t define the notion of implicature. He assumes we already have at least a rough grip on the distinction between what a speaker says and what she implies (or, as he prefers to say, implicates). (See pp. 24–5.) In this paper, he gives an account of a specific kind of implicature called conversational implicature. Cooperative Principle (CP). Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The CP gives rise to some maxims, which you can think of as rough rules of conduct. (As we’ll see, there are cases where one can violate them and still be following the CP.) Quantity: Give the right amount of information 1. Be as informative as is required. 2. Don’t be more informative than required. Quality: Try not to say what isn’t true. 1. Don’t say what you believe is false. 2. Don’t say things for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation: Be relevant. Manner: Be perspicuous: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Avoid obscurity. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly.
S conversationally implicates that q in saying that p iff 1. 2. 3. 4.
S implicates that q in saying p, S is presumed to be following the maxims, or at least the CP, the supposition that S thinks that q is required to maintain (2) S thinks the hearer will be able to figure out (3). (pp. 30–31)
Examples: 1. A: Smith doesn’t seem to have a girlfriend these days. B: He has been paying a lot of visits to New York lately. 2. A: When does Phil 135 meet? B: In the afternoon. 3. Dear hiring committee: Mr. X is a master of elementary logic and an excellent speller. Signed, 4. Sam is a fine friend.
c 2015 John MacFarlane UCB PHIL 135 Spring 2015
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Generalized conversational implicature 1. Cal has won some of the last six games. 2. Cal has won every game it has played. 3. Smith is teaching a child how to read. Cancellability 1. Cal has won some of the last six games—in fact, it’s won all of them! 2. Mr. X is a great speller. What’s more, he’s a terrific philosopher. 3. Phil 135 meets in the afternoon. I know what hour, but I’m not telling. Schema for derivation (p. 31) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
He has said that p. There is no reason to suppose he isn’t observing the CP. He couldn’t be doing this unless he thought that q. He knows (and knows that I know that he knows) that I can see (3). He has done nothing to stop me from thinking that q. So he intends me to think that q (or is willing to allow me to think this). So he has implicated that q.
Conventional implicature 1. He is an Englishman; he is, therefore, brave. 2. She is blond but intelligent. Logic and conversation 1. Jack drank six beers and drove home. Jack drove home and drank six beers. 2. The president entered and everyone saluted. 3. If you go to class, you will do well. “Material conditional”: “if p then q” (p ⊃ q) is true iff p is false or q is true.