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Download Error rate - rate at which errors occur (BER) ... Increase in SNR decreases bit error rate. • Increase in data rate .... Note that the energy in one bit of BPSK is Eb.
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Introduction to Modulation: Amplitude Modulation(AM) Sharlene Katz James Flynn
Overview Modulation
Overview Basics of Amplitude Modulation (AM) AM Demonstration GRC Exercise
2
Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Why do we need Modulation/Demodulation? Example: Radio transmission
Voice
Microphone
Transmitter
Electric signal, 20 Hz – 20 KHz
Antenna: Size requirement > 1/10 wavelength
c 3 ×10 8 5 λ = = = 10 = 100km 3 At 3 KHz: f 3 ×10 ⇒ .1λ = 10km 3
Antenna too large! Use modulation to transfer information to a higher frequency
Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Why do we need Modulation/Demodulation? (cont’d)
4
Frequency Assignment Reduction of noise/interference Multiplexing Bandwidth limitations of equipment Frequency characteristics of antennas Atmospheric/cable properties
Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Basic Concept of Modulation The information source
Typically a low frequency signal Referred to as the “baseband signal” x(t)
X(f)
t
f
Carrier
A higher frequency sinusoid Example: cos(2π10000t)
baseband carrier
Modulator
Modulated signal
Modulated Signal
5
Some parameter of the carrier (amplitude, frequency, phase) is varied in accordance with the baseband signal Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Types of Modulation
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation
6
Amplitude Modulation, AM Frequency Modulation, FM Double and Single Sideband, DSB and SSB Phase Shift Keying: BPSK, QPSK, MSK Frequency Shift Keying, FSK Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM
Flynn/Katz
7/8/10
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Block Diagram
x(t)
m
Time Domain
x
xAM(t)=Ac [1+mx(t)]cos wct
+
Ac cos wct
Frequency Domain
XAM(f)
X(f) -fm
7
fm
Signal information is contained in the sidebands
f
f -fc
fc Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Traditional AM Demodulators Synchronous Detector
xAM(t)=Ac [1+mx(t)]cos wct XAM(f)
-fc
fc
f
Envelope Detector
8
Low Pass Filter
x cos wct -2fc
2fc
f
Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
Receiving AM with SDR
USRP and Computer with GNU Radio Software
USRP Basic Rx
64Ms/s
A/D or
256Ks/s FPGA
Shifts by -710KHz
Computer (GNU Radio)
Stored USRP File
9
Flynn/Katz 7/8/10
AM Modulation
Demonstration
Receiving off-air signals Using a captured file source
