Association between spine disc degeneration and type II collagen

ment or disease that could alter bone metabolism. Lateral radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine were obtained in each woman and scored for disc...
30 downloads 434 Views 97KB Size
Download PDF
Love PNG Images
ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM Vol. 50, No. 10, October 2004, pp 3137–3144 DOI 10.1002/art.20493 © 2004, American College of Rheumatology

Association Between Spine Disc Degeneration and Type II Collagen Degradation in Postmenopausal Women The OFELY Study Patrick Garnero,1 Elisabeth Sornay-Rendu,2 Monique Arlot,2 Claus Christiansen,3 and Pierre D. Delmas2 other women (P ⴝ 0.0005), whereas no association was observed with lumbar spine osteophytes. No significant association between thoracic spine DSN or osteophytes and urinary CTX-II levels was observed. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that, after adjustment for age and BMI, lumbar spine DSN (P ⴝ 0.0049), knee OA (P ⴝ 0.0055), and clinical hand OA (P ⴝ 0.0060) were, independently of each other, associated with CTX-II levels. Thus, patients with lumbar spine DSN, knee OA, and clinical hand OA had CTX-II levels 80% higher (P < 0.0001 after adjustment for age and BMI) than those of patients with no lumbar spine DSN, no radiologic knee OA, and no clinical hand OA. Conclusion. Postmenopausal women with lumbar spine disc degeneration are characterized by increased CII degradation. The contribution of lumbar spine DSN to CII degradation was similar to, and independent of, the contribution of radiologic knee OA or clinical hand OA. Lumbar spine disc degeneration in elderly patients should be assessed when analyzing levels of CTX-II in studies of knee, hip, and hand OA.

Objective. To investigate whether radiologic spine disc degeneration is associated with increased type II collagen (CII) degradation products in the urine of postmenopausal women, independently of radiologic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and clinical hand OA. Methods. The study group comprised 324 postmenopausal women ages 58–94 years who had no treatment or disease that could alter bone metabolism. Lateral radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine were obtained in each woman and scored for disc space narrowing (DSN) and osteophytes. Fixed-flexion posteroanterior radiographs of the knee were obtained to assess femorotibial knee OA. In all women, hand OA was assessed by clinical examination, and the level of urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of CII (CTX-II), a biologic marker of CII degradation, was measured. Results. The prevalences of radiographic lumbar and thoracic spine disc degeneration, knee OA, and clinical hand OA were 84%, 88%, 35%, and 58%, respectively. After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI), patients with lumbar spine DSN grade >1 had, on average, 34% higher CTX-II levels compared with the

Spine disc degeneration is very prevalent in elderly persons and is associated with significant morbidity (1,2). Spine disc degeneration is characterized by disc space narrowing (DSN) and the presence of vertebral osteophytes. It remains unclear whether this condition constitutes a form of osteoarthritis (OA) or a different disease, although it is often considered as spinal OA. Several risk factors for the development and progression of knee and hip OA have been reported (2), but little is known about the molecular mechanisms leading to intervertebral disc degeneration in humans (3).

Supported by contract INSERM-MSD Chibret (to the OFELY study). 1 Patrick Garnero, PhD: INSERM Research Unit 403, and Synarc, Lyon, France; 2Elisabeth Sornay-Rendu, MD, Monique Arlot, MD, Pierre D. Delmas, MD, PhD: INSERM Research Unit 403, Lyon France; 3Claus Christiansen, MD: Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Patrick Garnero, PhD, INSERM Unit 403, Ho ˆpital E. Herriot, Pavillion F, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France. E-mail: [email protected]. Submitted for publication January 26, 2004; accepted in revised form June 2, 2004. 3137

3138

GARNERO ET AL

The hallmark of OA is the destruction of articular cartilage, which is believed to result mainly from increased degradation of its matrix components, including type II collagen (CII) (4). CII is also present in spine discs and actually constitutes the most abundant protein of the nucleus pulposus. Using human intervertebral discs, Antoniou et al (5) observed increased denaturation of CII with increasing age and disc degeneration. The rate of cartilage turnover can be assessed noninvasively by measuring cartilage matrix protein or fragments released in the circulation and eventually excreted in the urine during the process of cartilage matrix synthesis or degradation (6–9). Because CII is the most abundant protein of intervertebral discs, and because it is highly specific for cartilage tissue, measurement of CII turnover appears to be the most relevant process to investigate in spinal disc degeneration. To assess CII degradation, immunoassays using antibodies recognizing either neoepitopes generated by denaturation of the triple helix domain of CII (10,11) or crosslinked fragments of the telopeptides (12,13) have been developed recently. Increased levels of CII helix neoepitopes in the urine of patients with OA (14), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (15), or relapsing polychondritis (16) and in the synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory joint diseases (17) have been reported. In previous studies using assays recognizing the C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of CII (CTX-II), increased levels of CTX-II in synovial fluid were demonstrated soon after knee injury (12), and increasing levels of CTX-II that were observed in the urine of patients with RA or with knee or hip OA (18–20) correlated with progression of joint damage. However, no study has yet investigated the relationship between intervertebral disc degeneration and CII degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between radiologic spine disc degeneration and cartilage degradation, as assessed by urinary CTX-II levels, in a large cohort of untreated postmenopausal women participating in the OFELY (Os des Femmes de Lyon) prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients. The study group included postmenopausal French women belonging to a population-based cohort. These women were participants in a prospective investigation of the determinants of bone loss, the OFELY study. At baseline, the cohort comprised 1,039 healthy female volunteers, ages 31–89 years, selected from a large health insurance company (Mutuelle Ge´ne´rale de l’Education Nationale); this cohort has previously been described in detail (21,22). In the present

analysis, we studied the 559 postmenopausal women (menopause was defined as an absence of menses for at least 12 months) after 8 years of followup in the study, when spine disc degeneration, radiographic knee OA, and clinical hand OA were assessed. Of the 559 women, 207 were excluded because of treatment or disease that could influence calcium metabolism, including 156 women who currently used hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which recently has been shown to influence urinary CTX-II levels (23). Among the remaining 352 women, urine specimens were not available for 28. The present study was performed in the 324 untreated postmenopausal women, ages 58–94 years. Spine and knee radiography. Lateral radiographs of the spine and both knees were obtained in all postmenopausal women. Spine films were graded with a standard atlas to document the severity of disc space narrowing (DSN) and osteophyte formation, using the grading system described by Lane et al (24). According to that system, each level of the spine is assessed for osteophytes (the largest one from both the anterior and posterior areas) and DSN; both osteophytes and DSN are given a score from 0 to 3 (with higher numbers indicating increasing severity). An integrated summary grade of 0–2, based on the presence and severity of osteophytes and DSN, is then assigned to each intervertebral disc level, as follows: grade 0 ⫽ normal joint (score of 0 for both osteophytes and DSN); grade 1 ⫽ mild DSN (score of 1) and/or mild osteophytes (score of 1); grade 2 ⫽ moderate-to-severe DNS (score of 2 or 3) and/or moderate-to-severe osteophytes (score of 2 or 3). For the lumbar spine, intervertebral compartments from the first/second lumbar vertebrae to the fourth/fifth lumbar vertebrae are assessed. For the thoracic spine, because of the number of levels to be evaluated, only the 2 intervertebral levels that are most involved, as subjectively determined by the reader, were scored in detail for DSN and osteophytes, as previously described (24). For both the lumbar and thoracic spine, the final grade corresponds to the grade for the intervertebral disc level with the highest score. All spine radiographs were scored by a single trained rheumatologist (ES-R). Both intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of scoring were assessed by the kappa statistic on 32 different radiographs. Kappa values for intraobserver reproducibility for DSN and osteophyte scores, respectively, were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.65–0.95) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.64–0.94) for the lumbar spine, and 0.57 (95% CI 0.31–0.83) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.58–0.93) for the thoracic spine. For interobserver reproducibility, the corresponding values were 0.83 (95% CI 0.69–0.97) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.82) for the lumbar spine and 0.53 (95% CI 0.13–0.93) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.81–1.00) for the thoracic spine. Radiologic evaluation of the knees consisted of bilateral posteroanterior weight-bearing knee radiographs with fixed flexion using the SynaFlex X-ray Positioning Frame (Synarc, San Francisco, CA), as previously described (25). Radiographs were obtained in a single radiography unit by the same staff of 2 technicians using a standardized technique, as follows: 1) for patient positioning, the great toes of both feet are placed in contact with the anterior wall of the frame, under the film; the index foot is fixed in 10° external rotation against the V-shaped support on the base of the frame. Body weight is distributed equally between the 2 legs, and the patient flexes the knees until the knees touch the anterior wall of frame. The

SPINE DISC DEGENERATION AND CARTILAGE DEGRADATION

3139

Table 1. Characteristics of 324 untreated postmenopausal women according to the grade of lumbar and thoracic spine disc degeneration* Lumbar spine disc degeneration

Thoracic spine disc degeneration

Characteristic

Grade 0

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 0

Grade 1

Grade 2

% of women Age, years Weight, kg Height, cm Body mass index, kg/m2 Radiologic knee OA, % Clinical hand OA, %

15.7 67 ⫾ 8 62 ⫾ 10 159 ⫾ 6 24.4 ⫾ 3.8 25.0 52.8

39.6 68 ⫾ 7 62 ⫾ 11 158 ⫾ 6 25.0 ⫾ 4.1 27.0 52.3

44.7 72 ⫾ 8† 64 ⫾ 11 157 ⫾ 6 26.0 ⫾ 4.0‡ 42.8§ 56.9

12.3 70 ⫾ 8 58 ⫾ 8 159 ⫾ 7 23.2 ⫾ 2.5 32.5 53.7

38.1 69 ⫾ 7 60 ⫾ 8 158 ⫾ 6 24.1 ⫾ 3.0 31.7 53.9

49.6 70 ⫾ 8 66 ⫾ 12† 157 ⫾ 6 26.8 ⫾ 4.4† 36.7 56.7

* Except where indicated otherwise, values are the mean ⫾ SD. The grade is the summary radiologic grade, including scores for both disc space narrowing and osteophytes. OA ⫽ osteoarthritis. † P ⬍ 0.001 versus grades 0 and 1. ‡ P ⬍ 0.05 versus grade 0. § P ⬍ 0.01 versus grades 0 and 1.

knees and thighs are pressed directly against the wall of the frame, and the degree of flexion of the knee is fixed; 2) for the radiographic procedure, the x-ray beam is centered on the joint line of the knee of interest, with 10° caudal angulation with a tube-to-film distance of 120 cm. The severity of OA of the lateral and medial femorotibial compartment was evaluated by scoring joint space narrowing (0–3 scale), osteophytes (0–3 scale), and subchondral bone sclerosis (presence/absence) using the grading system described by Altman et al (26). A total score of ⱖ2 in at least 1 compartment was considered as evidence of radiographic knee OA. Bilateral knee OA was defined as a total score of ⱖ2 in at least 1 compartment in both knees. All knee radiographs were scored by a single trained rheumatologist (MA). Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility were assessed by the kappa statistic on 49 radiographs. The values for intraobserver reproducibility for joint space narrowing and the presence of osteophytes, respectively, were 0.86 (95% CI 0.68–1.00) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.22–0.90). For interobserver reproducibility, the corresponding values were 0.87 (95% CI 0.70–1.00) and 0.54 (95% CI 0.10–1.00). Assessment of clinical hand OA. Clinical hand OA was assessed by a trained rheumatologist who systemically evaluated each hand in all subjects for Heberden’s nodes of the distal interphalangeal joints, Bouchard’s nodes of the proximal interphalangeal joints, and swelling of the first carpometacarpal joint. The presence of hand OA was defined by involvement of one of these features (27). Measurement of urinary CTX-II. For each woman, fasting first-void morning urine samples were collected and stored at ⫺80°C until measurement of urinary CTX-II. Urinary CTX-II was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a monoclonal antibody raised against the EKGPDP linear 6–amino acid epitope of the CII C-telopeptide (CartiLaps; Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark). Intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 8% and 10%, respectively (13). Statistical analysis. All data are expressed as the mean ⫾ SD unless otherwise specified. Because urinary CTX-II levels were not normally distributed, data were logarithmically transformed before analyses. Analyses of the differences in CTX-II levels between groups were performed by

multivariate analysis of variance; age and body mass index (BMI) were included as covariates, because they have previously been shown to be associated with both OA and CTX-II levels (23). Relationships between urinary CTX-II levels and age or BMI were assessed by linear regression analyses.

RESULTS In postmenopausal women, urinary CTX-II levels increased slightly, but significantly, with age (r ⫽ 0.18, P ⫽ 0.0009). Urinary CTX-II levels were significantly and positively associated with BMI (r ⫽ 0.17, P ⫽ 0.0014). Women with osteoporosis based on the World Health Organization definition (bone mineral density values below the mean ⫾ 2.5SD for healthy young women) for total hip only (P⫽ 0.75), lumbar spine only (P ⫽ 0.92), or either hip or spine (P ⫽ 0.41) had CTX-II levels similar to those of women without osteoporosis, after adjustment for age and BMI. Consequently, all subsequent analyses were adjusted for age and BMI. As shown in Table 1, 84% and 88% of this population of postmenopausal women had radiographic evidence of lumbar and thoracic spine disc degeneration, respectively, when disc degeneration was defined by the summary grade of ⱖ1. Among women with lumbar spine disc degeneration, those with a grade of 2 were significantly older and had a higher BMI compared with the other women, and a larger proportion of them also had concomitant radiologic knee OA. Among women with thoracic spine disc degeneration, those with a grade of 2 were heavier and had a higher BMI. As shown in Figure 1, after adjustment for age and BMI, a significant increase in urinary CTX-II levels associated with lumbar spine disc degeneration was observed; however, there was no significant difference between the levels in women with grade 1 and grade 2

3140

Figure 1. Association of lumbar and thoracic spine disc degeneration with type II collagen degradation as assessed by urinary levels of C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II). Untreated postmenopausal women were categorized according to the summary grade for spine disc degeneration (range 0–2), which included both disc space narrowing and osteophytes (see Patients and Methods). Bars show the mean and SD level of urinary CTX-II for patients with each grade of spine disc degeneration. ANOVA ⫽ analysis of variance; Cr ⫽ creatinine; ⴱ ⫽ P values derived from post hoc tests and adjusted for age and body mass index; NS ⫽ not significant.

degeneration. In contrast, no significant association was observed between the grade of thoracic spine disc degeneration and urinary CTX-II values after adjustment for age and BMI. We then investigated the association between lumbar spine disc degeneration and CTX-II levels, considering DSN and osteophyte scores separately. As shown in Figure 2, after adjustment for age and BMI, there was a significant association between lumbar spine DSN scores and urinary CTX-II levels, with women with a score of 1 or 2 having 34% higher levels than did women with a score of 0 (P ⫽ 0.0005), although no significant difference was observed between scores of 1 and 2. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between lumbar spine osteophyte scores and CTX-II values. For the thoracic spine, no significant association was observed between urinary CTX-II levels and either DSN or osteophytes, after adjustment for age and BMI (data not shown). Because we found no association between lumbar spine osteophytes, thoracic spine DSN, or osteophytes and CTX-II levels, the following analyses were performed regardless of the presence or absence of alterations at these sites. We investigated whether the association between lumbar spine DSN and urinary CTX-II levels could be

GARNERO ET AL

confounded by the concomitant presence of radiologic knee OA or clinical hand OA. Regardless of the presence of lumbar spine disc degeneration, patients with knee OA had increased CTX-II levels compared with the other individuals (P ⫽ 0.02) after adjustment for age and BMI (Table 2). After adjustment for age and BMI, the 59 patients with unilateral knee OA had increased levels of CTX-II (238 ⫾ 114 ng/mmoles creatinine) compared with the 212 women with no knee OA (210 ⫾ 100 ng/mmoles creatinine; P ⫽ 0.047). The 53 patients with bilateral knee OA had significantly higher urinary CTX-II levels (309 ⫾ 155 ng/mmoles creatinine) than women with no knee OA (P ⬍ 0.0001) and patients with unilateral knee OA (P ⫽ 0.0054) after adjustment for age and BMI. Patients with clinical hand OA had significantly higher CTX-II levels (P ⫽ 0.0002) than did women with no clinical hand OA, after adjustment for age and BMI (Table 2). As shown in Table 2 and Figure 3, women with lumbar spine DSN (score ⱖ1) only, knee OA only, or hand OA only had higher urinary CTX-II levels than did women with no lumbar spine DSN, no knee OA, and no clinical hand OA, although the difference reached statistical significance only for spine DSN after adjustment for age and BMI. Patients with abnormalities in 2 skeletal locations (spine and knee, spine and hand, or knee and hand) had higher CTX-II levels than did patients with only 1 involved joint. Finally, patients presenting with lumbar spine DSN, knee OA, and hand OA had the highest CTX-II levels (80% higher than those of women with no spine DSN, no knee OA, and no clinical hand OA; P ⬍ 0.0001

Figure 2. Association of disc space narrowing (DSN) and osteophyte (OPH) scores for the lumbar spine with type II collagen degradation, as assessed by urinary levels of CTX-II in untreated postmenopausal women. Women were categorized according to their DSN or osteophyte scores for the lumbar spine (range 0–2; see Patients and Methods). Bars show the mean and SD level of urinary CTX-II for patients with each score of DSN or osteophytes. See Figure 1 for other definitions.

SPINE DISC DEGENERATION AND CARTILAGE DEGRADATION

3141

Table 2. Urinary CTX-II level according to location of degenerative joint disease*

Group

CTX-II, ng/mmoles creatinine

P, univariate analysis†

P, multivariate analysis‡

P, interaction§

No lumbar spine DSN, no knee OA, no clinical hand OA (n ⫽ 44) Lumbar spine DSN, no knee OA (n ⫽ 223) Knee OA, no clinical hand OA (n ⫽ 112) Clinical hand OA, no lumbar spine DSN, no knee OA (n ⫽ 189) Lumbar spine DSN only (n ⫽ 49) Knee OA only (n ⫽ 12) Clinical hand OA only (n ⫽ 39) Lumbar spine DSN ⫹ knee OA (n ⫽ 33) Lumbar spine DSN ⫹ hand OA (n ⫽ 71) Knee OA ⫹ hand OA (n ⫽ 7) Lumbar spine DSN ⫹ knee OA ⫹ hand OA (n ⫽ 56)

166 ⫾ 68 254 ⫾ 129 272 ⫾ 139 256 ⫾ 126 205 ⫾ 89 192 ⫾ 62 195 ⫾ 94 256 ⫾ 152 247 ⫾ 117 237 ⫾ 84 299 ⫾ 146

– ⬍0.0001 0.002 0.0002 0.049 0.18 0.20 0.021 0.0009 0.026 ⬍0.0001

– 0.0049 0.0055 0.0060 – – – – – – –

– – – – – – – 0.92 0.74 0.59 0.92

* Values are the mean ⫾ SD. All P values were adjusted for age and body mass index. CTX-II ⫽ C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen; DSN ⫽ disc space narrowing (score ⱖ1); OA ⫽ osteoarthritis. † Women with degenerative disease in ⱖ1 location versus women with no lumbar spine DSN; women with no knee OA; women with no clinical hand OA; and women with no lumbar spine DSN, no knee OA, and no clinical hand OA. ‡ Associations between urinary CTX-II and lumbar spine DSN, knee OA, and clinical hand OA in a model including all 3 skeletal sites together. § Interaction between degenerative diseases in the different skeletal locations on urinary CTX-II levels in a multivariate model.

after adjustment for age and BMI) (Table 2 and Figure 3). There was no significant interaction between lumbar spine DSN, knee OA, and/or clinical hand OA on CTX-II levels (Table 2), indicating that joint abnormalities in these 3 sites contributed independently of each other to increased CTX-II levels. DISCUSSION This study is the first to analyze the relationship between CII degradation and degenerative joint diseases concomitantly in several skeletal locations, including the spine, knees, and hands, in postmenopausal women. We

Figure 3. Association of urinary levels of C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) with radiologic lumbar spine disc degeneration, radiologic knee osteoarthritis (OA), and clinical hand OA in untreated postmenopausal women. Women were categorized according to the presence or absence of lumbar spine disc space narrowing (DSN) and/or radiologic knee OA and/or clinical hand OA. Bars show the mean and SD level of urinary CTX-II in each group.

demonstrated that postmenopausal women with lumbar spine DSN are characterized by an increase in CII degradation products, with levels similar to those observed in patients with knee OA or clinical hand OA, the other most common forms of OA in elderly persons. In our population of postmenopausal women with a mean age of 70 years, radiologic evidence of lumbar or thoracic spine disc degeneration was very common, and the prevalence was similar to that reported in other populations of postmenopausal women of similar age (28–31); however, comparisons between studies are difficult due to differences in the grading systems used. A recent study in postmenopausal women, in which the same grading system used in this study was applied, showed the prevalence of lumbar spine DSN and osteophytes to be 68% and 91%, respectively (32); these values are also similar to our findings. Our primary objective was to analyze the relationship between spine disc degeneration and cartilage degradation. Indeed, although several studies have investigated relationships between biochemical markers of bone and cartilage turnover in patients with knee or hip OA (6–9,11–15,18,19,33), very few studies have analyzed the potential biochemical abnormalities associated with intervertebral disc abnormalities. Two previous reports described decreased levels of serum and urinary biochemical markers of bone formation and bone resorption in patients with spine disc degeneration (28,34). However, circulating and urinary levels of bone markers are more likely to reflect the overall skeletal turnover, which may be influenced by a variety of conditions

3142

including osteoporosis and other bone diseases; thus, their interpretation in spine disc degeneration is unclear. In our study, we chose to investigate specifically CII degradation, because CII is highly specific for cartilage, including the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (5,35). We found that urinary CTX-II levels were strongly associated with spine DSN but not osteophytes. A recent prospective study in postmenopausal women identified clinical risk factors for lumbar spine DSN progression that were different from those of osteophyte progression, suggesting that different pathophysiologic processes may be involved in the individual features of spine disc degeneration (32). The increase in urinary CTX-II levels was already apparent in women with a DSN score of 1, which corresponds to mild involvement. This indicates that increased CII degradation is probably an early process in lumbar spine disc degeneration, which may be detected by measuring urinary CTX-II levels. We could not find a significant association between thoracic spine DSN and CTX-II levels. Although the reasons for this are unclear, the lack of sensitivity in the radiologic assessment of thoracic compared with lumbar spine DSN could be involved. Indeed, using the grading system described by Lane et al (24), 4 intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine are evaluated, whereas only the 2 most involved levels are considered for the thoracic spine. The intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of lumbar spine DSN scoring is higher than that of thoracic spine DSN scoring. However, this lack of association could also be related to a lower total cartilage volume in the thoracic compared with the lumbar spine and/or differences in the rate of CII degradation. We investigated whether the increased CTX-II levels in women with lumbar spine disc degeneration could be confounded by the concomitant presence of knee and/or hand OA. Indeed, among women with a score for lumbar spine DSN of ⱖ1, 43% also had knee OA, and 61% had clinical hand OA. In multivariate analysis, there was no interaction between lumbar spine disc degeneration, knee OA, and hand OA on the CTX-II levels, indicating that these 3 sites contribute independently of each other to CTX-II levels in postmenopausal women. These results indicate, as expected, that urinary levels of CTX-II reflect whole-body cartilage degradation. Our findings may be of relevance for the clinical interpretation of urinary CTX-II levels in relation to aging and OA. It has previously been shown that urinary CTX-II levels were 96% higher in early postmenopausal women (mean age 51 years) than in age-matched pre-

GARNERO ET AL

menopausal women, although OA was not assessed in that report (23). In our study, postmenopausal women with no spine disc degeneration, no radiologic OA, and no clinical hand OA also had, on average, 33% higher CTX-II levels than did the 147 healthy premenopausal women in the same OFELY cohort (data not shown). Thus, menopause appears to induce an increase in CII turnover independently of degenerative joint diseases, probably resulting from estrogen deprivation (23). Although the measurement of urinary CTX-II was able to discriminate groups of women with degenerative joint disease at different locations, clearly the overlap of the distribution is too large to accurately identify individual women with spine DSN, knee OA, or clinical hand OA based on this biochemical marker. In this report, as in previous studies, radiologic OA was frequently combined with prevalence and progression of spine disc degeneration, and there is a possible genetic relationship between generalized OA and spine disc degeneration (32,36). Thus, the association between increased urinary CTX-II levels and a higher rate of progression that we previously reported in patients with knee (18) or hip (19) OA may, in part, be confounded by the higher prevalence of concomitant spine disc degeneration in those patients with the highest CTX-II levels. It should, however, be noted that in patients with knee OA and in those with hip OA, a direct relationship between CTX-II levels and joint space narrowing of the signal joint was demonstrated. Our study has strengths and some limitations. We investigated a large, well-characterized sample of postmenopausal women representative of the general Caucasian population. We assessed degenerative disease at the major skeletal sites, i.e., spine, knees, and hands. We analyzed one of the most specific and sensitive biochemical markers of cartilage degradation. Limitations of our study included its cross-sectional design and the fact that we did not obtain radiographs of the hands and hips, and thus could not adequately assessed OA at these 2 locations. For hands, we performed a careful clinical examination, which, in addition to Heberden’s nodes, included Bouchard’s nodes and swelling of the first carpometacarpal joint. Although this clinical assessment has been shown to correlate with radiologic hand OA (27), agreement between the presence of Heberden’s nodes and radiographic OA is poor (37,38). Consequently, we may have underestimated or overestimated the true association of hand OA with knee OA and spine disc degeneration. Finally, this study was performed in a subset of the original OFELY cohort, mainly because we analyzed only postmenopausal women and excluded

SPINE DISC DEGENERATION AND CARTILAGE DEGRADATION

women receiving HRT, who were an average of 7 years younger. Thus, some of our findings may not apply to younger women or postmenopausal women receiving HRT. In summary, in this large population of untreated postmenopausal women, we observed that lumbar spine DSN is strongly associated with increased CII degradation, independently of age and BMI. Lumbar spine DSN contributed, independently of radiologic knee OA and clinical hand OA, to increased CII degradation in postmenopausal women. These data indicate that using the CTX-II assay, assessment of spine disc degeneration should be performed in studies of knee, hip, and hand OA. The association between urinary CTX-II levels and progression of spine disc degeneration should be further investigated in longitudinal studies. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank O. Borel for excellent technical assistance.

REFERENCES 1. Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative disease of the spine. In: Resnick D, Niwayama G, editors. Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998. p. 1480–561. 2. Dennison E, Cooper C. Osteoarthritis: epidemiology and classification. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS, Weinblatt ME, Weisman MH, editors. Rheumatology. 3rd ed. Edinburg: Mosby; 2003. p. 1781–92. 3. Chung SA, Khan SN, Diwan AD. The molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration. Orthop Clin North Am 2003;34:209–19. 4. Billinghurst RC, Dahlberg L, Ionescu M, Reiner A, Bourne R, Rorabeck C, et al. Enhanced cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in osteoarthritis articular cartilage. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1534–45. 5. Antoniou J, Steffen T, Nelson F, Winterbottom N, Hollander A, Poole RA, et al. The human intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix during growth, maturation, ageing and degeneration. J Clin Invest 1996;98:996–1003. 6. Garnero P, Rousseau J-C, Delmas PD. Molecular basis and clinical use of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovium in joint diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:953–61. 7. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Biomarkers in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003;15:641–6. 8. Poole AR. Can serum biomarker assays measure the progression of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:2549–52. 9. Poole AR. Defining and validating the clinical role of molecular markers in osteoarthritis. In: Brandt KD, Doherty M, Lohmander LS, editors. Osteoarthritis. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. 10. Hollander AP, Heathfield TF, Webber C, Iwata Y, Bourne R, Rorabeck C, et al. Increased damage of type II collagen in osteoarthritic articular cartilage detected by a new immunoassay. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1722–32. 11. Downs JT, Lane CL, Nestor NB, McLellan TJ, Kelly MA, Karam GA, et al. Analysis of collagenase-cleavage of type II collagen using a neoepitope ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2001;247:25–34.

3143

12. Lohmander LS, Atley LM, Pietka TA, Eyre DR. The release of crosslinked peptides from type II collagen into human synovial fluid is increased soon after joint injury and in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3130–9. 13. Christgau S, Garnero P, Fledelius C, Moniz C, Ensig M, Gineyts E, et al. Collagen type II C-telopeptide fragments as an index of cartilage degradation. Bone 2001;29:209–15. 14. Woodworth TG, Otterness IG, Johnson K, Pickering E, Saltarelli MJ. Urinary type II collagen neoepitope (uTIINE) in osteoarthritis (OA) patients is associated with disease severity [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42 Suppl 9:S258. 15. Saltarelli MJ, Johnson KS, Pickering E, Otterness IG, VasquezAbad MD, Woodworth TG. Measurement of urinary type II collagen neoepitope (uTIINE) levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to assess joint status [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42 Suppl 9:S249. 16. Kraus VB, Stabler T, Le ET, Saltarelli M, Allen NB. Urinary type II collagen neoepitope as an outcome measure for relapsing polychondritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2942–8. 17. Fraser A, Fearon U, Billinghurst RC, Ionescu M, Reece R, Barwick T, et al. Turnover of type II collagen and aggrecan in cartilage matrix at the onset of inflammatory arthritis in humans: relationship to mediators of systemic and local inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3085–95. 18. Garnero P, Ayral X, Rousseau JC, Christgau S, Sandell LJ, Dougados M, et al. Uncoupling of type II collagen synthesis and degradation predicts progression of joint damage in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2613–24. 19. Garnero P, Conrozier T, Christgau S, Mathieu P, Delmas PD, Vignon E. Urinary type II collagen C-telopeptide levels are increased in patients with rapidly destructive hip osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:939–43. 20. Garnero P, Landewe´ R, Boers M, Verhoeven A, van der Linden S, Christgau S, et al. Association of baseline levels of markers of bone and cartilage degradation with long-term progression of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: the COBRA study. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2847–56. 21. Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Chapuy MC, Delmas PD. Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:337–49. 22. Garnero P, Mulleman D, Munoz F, Sornay-Rendu E, Delmas PD. Long-term variability of markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women and implications for their clinical use: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1789–94. 23. Mouritzen U, Christgau S, Lehmann H-J, Tanko LB, Christiansen C. Cartilage turnover assessed with a newly developed assay measuring collagen type II degradation products: influence of age, sex, menopause, hormone replacement therapy and body mass index. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:332–6. 24. Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Hochberg MC. Reliability of new indices of radiographic osteoarthritis of the hand and hip and lumbar spine degeneration. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1911–8. 25. Peterfy C, Li J, Zaim S, Duryea J, Lynch J, Miaux Y, et al. Comparison of fixed-flexion positioning with fluoroscopic semiflexed positioning for quantifying radiographic joint-space width in the knee: test-retest reproducibility. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32: 128–32. 26. Altman RD, Hochberg M, Murphy WA Jr, Wolfe F, Lequesne M. Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1995;3 Suppl A:3–70. 27. Hart D, Spector T, Egger P, Coggon D, Cooper C. Defining osteoarthritis of the hand for epidemiological studies: the Chingford study. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:220–3. 28. Peel NF, Barrington NA, Blumsohn A, Colwell A, Hannon R, Eastell R. Bone mineral density and bone turnover in spinal osteoarthritis. Ann Rhem Dis 1995;54:867–71. 29. Jones G, Nguyen T, Sambrook PN, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. A

3144

30.

31.

32. 33.

longitudinal study of the effect of spinal degenerative disease on bone density in the elderly. J Rheumatol 1995;22:932–6. Liu G, Peacock M, Eilam O, Dorulla G, Braunstein E, Johnston CC. Effect of osteoarthritis in the lumbar spine and hip on bone mineral density and diagnosis of osteoporosis in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:564–9. O’Neill TW, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA, Bhalla AK, Reeve J, Reid DM, et al. The distribution, determinants, and clinical correlates of vertebral osteophytosis: a population based survey. J Rheumatol 1999;26:842–8. Hassett G, Hart DJ, Manek NJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Risk factors for progression of lumbar spine disc degeneration: the Chingford study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;11:3112–7. Garnero P, Piperno M, Gineyts E, Christgau S, Delmas PD, Vignon E. Cross sectional evaluation of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue metabolism in patients with knee osteoarthritis: relations with disease activity and joint damage. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:619–26.

GARNERO ET AL

34. El Miedany YM, Mehanna AN, El Baddini MA. Altered bone mineral metabolism in patients with osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2000;67:521–7. 35. Adams P, Eyre DR, Muir H. Biochemical aspects of development and ageing of human intervertebral discs. Rheumatol Rehabil 1977;16:22–9. 36. Bijkerk C, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Valkenburg HA, Meulenbelt I, Hofman A, Breedveld FC, et al. Heritabilities of radiological osteoarthritis in peripheral joints and of disc degeneration of the spine. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1729–35. 37. Cicuttini FM, Baker J, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Relation between Heberden’s nodes and distal interphalangeal joint osteophytes and their role as markers of generalized disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:246–8. 38. Stern AG, Moxley G, Sudha Rao TP, Disler D, McDowell C, Park M, et al. Utility of digital photograph of the hand for assessing the presence of hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12: 360–5.