BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017

Introduction Group chief executive’s introduction 2016 at a glance Group chief economist’s analysis

Primary energy Consumption Consumption by fuel

Oil Reserves Production and consumption Prices Refining Trade movements

Natural gas Reserves Production and consumption Prices Trade movements

Coal Reserves and prices Production and consumption

Nuclear energy

1 1 2 3

Consumption

Consumption

8 9

Other renewables consumption Biofuels production

12 14 20 22 24

Electricity

26 28 33 34

36

44 44 45

46

Generation

CO2

42 42

Renewable energy

12

26

41

Hydroelectricity

8

41

46

Carbon

47

Carbon dioxide emissions

47

Appendices

48

Approximate conversion factors Definitions More information

48 48 49

36 38

66th edition

For 66 years, the BP Statistical Review of World Energy has provided high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. The review is one of the most widely respected and authoritative publications in the field of energy economics, used for reference by the media, academia, world governments and energy companies. A new edition is published every June. Discover more online All the tables and charts found in the latest printed edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including: • The energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. • Historical data from 1965 for many sections. • Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. • PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook of the data. • Regional and country factsheets. • Videos and speeches. Energy Outlook Watch the BP Energy Outlook 2017 video, containing our projections of long-term energy trends to 2035. Download the booklet and presentation materials at bp.com/energyoutlook Join the conversation #BPstats

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Disclaimer The data series for proved oil and gas reserves in BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance, as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Rather, the data series has been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data.

Group chief executive’s introduction

Welcome to BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy. This is the 66th edition of the Statistical Review and the data and analysis it contains provide a window onto another fascinating year in the world of energy. Global energy markets are in transition. Rapid growth and improving prosperity mean growth in energy demand is increasingly coming from developing economies, particularly within Asia, rather than from traditional markets in the OECD. The relentless drive to improve energy efficiency is causing global energy consumption overall to decelerate. And, of course, the energy mix is shifting towards cleaner, lower carbon fuels, driven by environmental needs and technological advances. BP will play its part in meeting this dual challenge of supplying the energy the world needs to grow and prosper, while also reducing carbon emissions. As well as the increasing pull of this longterm transition, energy markets last year also had to respond to a series of shorter-run factors, most notably in the oil market which continued to adjust to the excess supply that has weighed on prices over the past three years. To understand this mix of short and long-run factors and what they might

imply for the future, we need timely and reliable data. That is where the Statistical Review comes in, providing accurate global data to inform discussion, debate and decision making.

over the next few years is likely to have a major influence on global gas markets, leading to greater integration of markets across the globe and a move towards more flexible, competitive markets.

Looking at the picture overall, energy consumption grew slowly again in 2016 – the third consecutive year in which demand has grown by 1% or less – much weaker than the rates of growth we had become used to over the previous 10 years or so. Moreover, the weak growth in energy demand, combined with a continuing shift towards lower carbon fuels, meant global carbon emissions from energy consumption were estimated to have been essentially flat in 2016 for a third consecutive year – a substantial improvement relative to past trends.

The influence of the energy transition was particularly marked in the contrasting fortunes of coal and renewable energy. Coal consumption fell sharply for the second consecutive year, with its share within primary energy falling to its lowest level since 2004. Indeed, coal production and consumption in the UK completed an entire cycle, falling back to levels last seen almost 200 years ago around the time of the Industrial Revolution, with the UK power sector recording its first ever coal-free day in April of this year. In contrast, renewable energy globally led by wind and solar power grew strongly, helped by continuing technological advances. Although the share of renewable energy within total energy remains small, at around 4%, it accounted for almost a third of the increase in primary energy last year.

From a global level, much of this improvement can be traced back to the pronounced changes in the pace and pattern of economic growth and energy consumption within China. The extent to which these changes will persist as China moves to a more sustainable pattern of growth and how much will unwind as the marked weakness in some of China’s most energy-intensive sectors eases is uncertain. We need to keep up our focus and efforts on reducing carbon emissions. BP supports the aims set out in the COP21 meetings in Paris and is committed to playing its part in helping to achieve them. In terms of individual fuels, 2016 was a year of adjustment for the oil market, with low prices fuelling demand growth and weighing on production, particularly US tight oil which fell back substantially. As a result, the oil market moved broadly into balance in the second half of the year, albeit with inventories remaining at elevated levels. Towards the end of last year, OPEC together with 10 non-OPEC producers announced an agreement to cut output in order to speed up the pace at which oil stocks adjust to more normal levels. The price responsiveness of US tight oil and the actions of OPEC dominated oil markets in 2016 and look set to continue to do so over the next few years. The weak price environment in 2016 was also felt in the natural gas market, where global production was essentially flat. This is the weakest growth in gas output for 34 years, other than in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis. Even so, exports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) increased strongly, as a number of major LNG projects in Australia came onstream. The growth spurt in LNG supplies expected

Our industry has faced some significant challenges in recent years. There are signs in last year’s data that markets are adjusting and some of the near-term pressures may gradually ease. But as we know from history, one set of challenges is likely to be replaced by another, as we learn to operate in ever-changing markets and to harness the opportunities afforded by the transition to a lower carbon environment. That will require understanding and judgement, both of which rely on the kind of robust data and analysis provided by the Statistical Review. I hope you find it a useful resource for your own discussions and deliberations. Let me conclude by thanking BP’s economics team and all those who helped us prepare this Review. The Review relies on the willingness of governments around the world to contribute their official data. Thank you for your continuing co-operation and transparency.

Bob Dudley Group chief executive June 2017

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

1

2016 at a glance Growth in global primary energy consumption remained low in 2016; and the fuel mix shifted away from coal towards lower carbon fuels. Energy developments • Global primary energy consumption increased by just 1% in 2016, following growth of 0.9% in 2015 and 1% in 2014. This compares with the 10-year average of 1.8% a year. • As was the case in 2015, growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. All fuels except oil and nuclear power grew at below-average rates. • Energy consumption in China grew by just 1.3% in 2016. Growth during 2015 and 2016 was the lowest over a two-year period since 1997-98. Despite this, China remained the world’s largest growth market for energy for a 16th consecutive year.

Aerial view of Shanghai highway in China at night. Shanghai has an expansive grade-separated highway and expressway network consisting of 16 municipal express roads, 10 provincial-level expressways and eight national-level expressways.

Carbon emissions

• Production outside the Middle East fell by 1.3 Mb/d, with the largest declines in the US (-400,000 b/d), China (-310,000 b/d) and Nigeria (-280,000 b/d).

• Emissions of CO2 from energy consumption increased by only 0.1% in 2016. During 2014-16, average emissions growth has been the lowest over any three-year period since 1981-83.

• Refinery throughput growth slowed from 1.8 Mb/d in 2015 to 0.6 Mb/d last year. Refining capacity grew by only 440,000 b/d, versus 10-year average growth of 1 Mb/d, causing refinery utilization to rise.

Oil

Natural gas

• The Dated Brent oil price averaged $43.73 per barrel in 2016, down from $52.39 per barrel in 2015 and its lowest (nominal) annual level since 2004.

• World natural gas consumption grew by 63 billion cubic metres (bcm) or 1.5%, slower than the 10-year average of 2.3%.

• Oil remained the world’s leading fuel, accounting for a third of global energy consumption. Oil gained global market share for the second year in a row, following 15 years of declines from 1999 to 2014. • Global oil consumption growth averaged 1.6 million barrels per day (Mb/d), or 1.6%, above its 10-year average (1.2%) for the second successive year. China (400,000 b/d) and India (330,000 b/d) provided the largest increments. • Global oil production in contrast, rose by only 0.4 Mb/d, the slowest growth since 2013. • Production in the Middle East rose by 1.7 Mb/d, driven by growth in Iran (700,000 b/d) Iraq (400,000 b/d) and Saudi Arabia (400,000 b/d).

• EU gas consumption rose sharply by 30 bcm, or 7.1% – the fastest growth since 2010. Russia saw the largest drop in consumption of any country (-12 bcm). • Global natural gas production increased by only 21 bcm, or 0.3%. Declining production in North America (-21 bcm) partially offset strong growth from Australia (19 bcm) and Iran (13 bcm). • Gas trade grew by 4.8%, helped by 6.2% growth in LNG imports/exports. • Most of the net growth in LNG exports came from Australia (19 bcm out of 21). US LNG exports rose from 0.7 bcm in 2015 to 4.4 bcm in 2016.

Coal • Global coal consumption fell by 53 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), or 1.7%, the second successive annual decline.

+1.0% Growth of global primary energy consumption, well below the 10-year average of 1.8%.

2


• The largest declines in coal consumption were seen in the US (-33 mtoe, an 8.8% fall) and China (-26 mtoe, -1.6%). Coal consumption in the UK more than halved (down 52.5%, or 12 mtoe) to its lowest level in our records. • Coal’s share of global primary energy consumption fell to 28.1%, the lowest share since 2004. • World coal production fell by 6.2%, or 231 mtoe, the largest decline on record. China’s production fell by 7.9% or 140 mtoe, also a record decline. US production fell by 19% or 85 mtoe.

Renewables, hydro & nuclear energy • Renewable power (excluding hydro) grew by 14.1% in 2016, below the 10-year average, but the largest increment on record (53 mtoe). • Wind provided more than half of renewables growth, while solar energy contributed almost a third despite accounting for only 18% of the total. • Asia Pacific overtook Europe & Eurasia as the largest producing region of renewable power. China overtook the US to be the largest single renewables producer. • Global nuclear power generation increased by 1.3% in 2016, or 9.3 mtoe. China accounted for all of the net growth, expanding by 24.5%. China’s increment (9.6 mtoe) was the largest of any country since 2004. • Hydroelectric power generation rose by 2.8% in 2016, (27.1 mtoe). China (10.9 mtoe) and the US (3.5 mtoe) provided the largest increments. Venezuela experienced the largest decline (-3.2 mtoe).

Group chief economist’s analysis

Key features of 2016 Primary energy grew by just 1% (171 mtoe) in 2016, almost half the average rate seen over the previous 10 years. Some of this weakness reflected short-run factors: global GDP grew by just 3% last year, its slowest rate since 2002 – other than at the time of the financial crisis – driven in part by a slowdown in industrial production, the most energy-intensive sector of the economy. But the weakness is also indicative of the longerrun trend towards slower energy growth driven by gains in energy efficiency. This is the third consecutive year in which energy consumption has grown by 1% or less, with energy intensity – the average amount of energy needed to produce a unit of GDP – falling at historically unprecedented rates. Growth in energy consumption was again driven by the developing economies. China (1.3%, 47 mtoe) and India (5.4%, 39 mtoe) led the way, contributing almost identical increments, and together accounting for around half of the increase in global demand.

Energy in 2016: short-run adjustments and longrun transition. Stability and energy markets don’t go together – booms and busts; rebounds and reversals are the norm. But the movements and volatility seen last year were particularly interesting since energy markets were buffeted by two separate forces: the continued adjustment to the short-run cyclical shocks that have rocked energy markets in recent years, particularly the oil market; and the growing gravitational pull of the longer-run energy transition that is under way. In recent years the nature of the cyclical adjustments has been increasingly affected by the longer-run transition that is shaping global energy markets. On the demand side: the shift in the centre of gravity to fast-growing developing economies, led by China and India; together with a slowing in overall energy growth as it is used ever more efficiently. And on the supply side, the secular movement towards cleaner, lower carbon energy sources, led by renewable energy, driven by technological advances and environmental needs.

But these similar contributions disguise sharply contrasting trends. India’s energy consumption grew at a similar rate to the recent past, underpinned by solid economic growth. In contrast, China’s energy consumption grew at less than a quarter of the rate seen over the previous 10 years. This brake in China’s energy consumption partly reflects the gradual slowing in economic growth, but it has been greatly compounded by pronounced weakness in China’s most energyintensive sectors, particularly iron, steel and cement, which together account for around a quarter of China’s total energy consumption. Some of the weakness in these sectors, which drove China’s rapid growth and industrialization over much of the past 15 years, reflects the structural rebalancing of the economy towards more consumer and service facing sectors. But the scale of the slowdown – with output in iron, steel and cement below 2014 levels – suggests that some bounce-back is perhaps likely.

Energy consumption growth Contributions to annual growth, % 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5

1985-95

1995-05

Other India

China OECD

2005-15

2016

Short-run adjustments and long-run transition. The story in terms of individual fuels also reflects a mix of these two forces. Renewable energy (including biofuels) (12%, 55 mtoe) was again the fastest growing energy source, accounting for almost a third of the increase in primary energy, despite having a share of only 4%. That said, oil (1.5%, 75 mtoe) actually provided the largest contribution to growth, with the low level of oil prices boosting demand. Natural gas (1.5%, 57 mtoe) grew at the same rate as oil, although for gas this was considerably slower than its 10-year average. Perhaps the most striking feature across the different fuels was the continuing rapid descent of coal, with consumption (-1.7%, -53 mtoe) falling sharply for the second consecutive year and the share of coal within primary energy declining to its lowest level since 2004. The turnaround in the fortunes of coal over the past few years is stark: it is only four years ago that coal was the largest source of energy demand growth. There may be further ups and downs in the fortunes of coal over coming years, but the weakness in recent years does seem to signal a fairly decisive break from the past.

2016 was a year of both short-run adjustments and long-run transition, and this year’s Statistical Review shines a light on both influences.

+1.3% Growth of primary energy consumption in China, a quarter of its 10-year average.

The Beijing central business district is the primary area of finance, media, and business services in Beijing, China.


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Oil Two years ago, 2015 was a year of thwarted adjustment for oil: strong growth in OPEC production outweighed the responses of both demand and non-OPEC production to lower prices. In contrast, 2016 was a year of adjustment for the oil market, with oil demand again increasing robustly and production growing by less than a quarter (0.4 Mb/d) of that seen in 2015. Global oil demand grew by 1.6 Mb/d last year. As in 2015, this strength was almost entirely due to oil importers, with both India (0.3 Mb/d) and Europe (0.3 Mb/d) posting unusually strong increases. Although, growth in China (0.4 Mb/d) and the US (0.1 Mb/d) was more subdued. As in 2015, the strength in oil demand was most pronounced in consumer-led fuels, such as gasoline, buoyed by low prices. In contrast, diesel demand, which was more exposed to the industrial slowdown, including in the US and China, declined for the first time since 2009. The weakness on the supply side was driven by non-OPEC production which fell by 0.8 Mb/d, its largest decline for almost 25 years. This fall was led by US tight oil, whose production fell 0.3 Mb/d, a swing of almost 1 Mb/d relative to growth in 2015. China also experienced its largest ever decline in oil production (-0.3 Mb/d). In contrast, OPEC production recorded another year of solid growth (1.2 Mb/d), with Iran (0.7 Mb/d), Iraq (0.4 Mb/d) and Saudi Arabia (0.4 Mb/d) more than accounting for the increase. Iran’s production and its share of OPEC output are now both back around pre-sanction levels. The combination of strong demand and weak supply was sufficient to move the oil market broadly back into balance by the middle of the year. But this was not before inventories had increased even further from their already excessive levels, such that the level of OECD inventories by the end of 2016 was around 300 Mbbls above their five-year average. The drama and intrigue that has characterized oil markets since the price collapse in 2014 have been dominated by two principal actors: US tight oil and OPEC. What have we learnt about the behaviour of both during this cycle?

Oil market in 2015 and 2016

Consumption Annual change, Mb/d

Production

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.0

Global growth

2.0

1.0

Exporters

1.0

OPEC

0.5

Importers

0.5

NonOPEC

1.5

1.5

0.0

0.0

-0.5

-0.5 2005-15

2015

2005-15

2016

So that is the backstory on one of the principal actors, what about the other: OPEC?

Notwithstanding that, the short-cycle nature of fracking meant activity related to US tight oil did respond far more quickly to price signals than conventional oil and, in so doing, dampened price volatility. Rigs started to fall around four to six months after oil prices peaked in June 2014 and picked up even more quickly – within three or four months – once prices started to turn at the beginning of last year.

As with many great characters in literature, OPEC took some decisive actions which caught many observers by surprise and dramatically changed the course of events. First, by not cutting production in November 2014, triggering a collapse in prices, and then last November agreeing, along with 10 non-OPEC producers, to a production cut totalling 1.8 Mb/d.

And this lower activity fed through into slower output growth. In the first half of 2015 – so less than a year after the peak in oil prices – tight oil production grew by just 0.1 Mb/d, compared with over 0.5 Mb/d in the same period a year earlier – a swing in annualized terms of 0.8 Mb/d. Similarly, US tight oil has grown solidly in the first half of this year, following the trough in prices in the spring of 2016. The final point to note about US tight oil is that productivity continued to rise rapidly through the cycle, with new well production per rig increasing by around 40% per year in both 2015 and 2016. Despite rigs in the Permian falling by over 75%, output continued to grow. Put differently, a rig operating in the Permian today is equivalent to more than three rigs at the end of 2014.

How should we think about these actions? For me, the clearest explanation of these actions was given by HE Khalid Al-Falih, the Saudi Arabian minister for energy, industry and mineral resources at CERAWeek in March. To quote minister Al-Falih: “OPEC remains an important catalyst to the stability and sustainability of the market…. but history has also demonstrated that intervention in response to structural shifts is largely ineffective… that’s why Saudi Arabia does not support OPEC intervening to alleviate the impacts of long-term structural imbalances, as opposed to addressing short-term aberrations….”

Perhaps the most important thing is that there is no such thing as the behaviour of ‘US tight oil’: the

-0.8 Mb/d 4


2016

Permian is very different to Eagle Ford which is different to Bakken. So beware generalizations.

Consider first US tight oil, which didn’t exist during the last oil price cycle, and so we are learning about it in real time.

Decline in non-OPEC oil production.

2015

On board BP’s Thunder Horse platform in the Gulf of Mexico, USA.

To unpack this a bit: OPEC’s power stems from its ability to shift oil production from one period to another. As such, it has the ability to smooth through the effects of temporary shocks to the oil market, lowering or raising production until the shock subsides. But its ability to respond to permanent shocks is far more limited: shifting supply from one period to another makes little difference if the underlying shock persists. Consider, for example, the unsuccessful attempts by OPEC to support the oil market in the first half of the 1980s as new structural sources of production from the North Sea and Alaska came onstream.

China coal production and prices China coal production growth

China coal prices

Annual change, %

$/tonne

Qinhuangdao steam coal (5500 kcal/kg)

120

20 15

100 10 80

5 0

60 -5 -10 1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2011

2016

40

Jan 13

Jan 14

Jan 15

Jan 16

Jan 17

The underlying source of the supply imbalance that emerged in 2014 was the growth of US tight oil. To use the Minister’s words, this was not a short-term aberration; it was the emergence of a new source of intra-marginal supply. In contrast, the focus now is on increasing the pace at which the huge overhang of oil stocks is drawn down to more normal levels. This is exactly the type of temporary adjustment in which OPEC intervention can be effective – reducing supply until stocks have adjusted.

Refining capacity expanded by just 0.4 Mb/d, less than half its 10-year average. This was the second successive year of weak growth in refining capacity, much of which can be attributed to actions by China to limit the build-up of domestic spare refining capacity.

So perhaps like all the best stories, the actions of the main characters make perfect sense when seen in the right context. OPEC remains a central force, able to manage and stabilize the oil market, but the nature of that power means it is effective for short-term aberrations, not structural shifts.

Coal

Finally for oil, what has all this meant for prices? The persistent supply imbalance and growing inventory levels caused prices to fall towards the end of 2015 and into 2016. Prices stabilized through the middle of the year as the market moved into balance and inventories levelled off, before firming somewhat towards the end of the year in the wake of the OPEC/non-OPEC agreement. Dated Brent averaged $44 per barrel in 2016, down from $52 in 2015, its lowest (nominal) average since 2004. So far, this year, prices have averaged about $53 as the OPEC cuts have started to take effect, albeit partially offset by the strong recovery in US tight oil.

Refining

The fortunes of coal appear to have taken a decisive break from the past. This shift largely reflects structural factors: the increasing availability and competitiveness of natural gas and renewables, combined with government and societal pressure to shift towards cleaner, lower carbon fuels. These long-term forces in turn have given rise to near-term tensions and dynamics. This was particularly the case in China, which at the beginning of the year introduced a series of measures to reduce the scale of excess capacity in the domestic coal sector and improve the productivity and profitability of the remaining mines. These measures were focused on reducing capacity amongst the smallest, least productive mines and encouraging greater consolidation. In addition, the government further constrained production by restricting coal mines to operate for

a maximum of 276 days, down from 330 days. The impact of these measures was dramatic: domestic coal production fell sharply and prices jumped sharply higher. For 2016 as a whole, Chinese coal production fell by 7.9% (-140 mtoe), by far the largest decline on record, and through the year the price of steam coal increased by over 60%. Coal consumption also declined (-1.6%, -26 mtoe) for the third consecutive year, although by less than production, with China resuming its position as the world’s largest importer of coal. The events in China spilled over into global coal markets, with world prices taking their cue from China. This rise in global coal prices further depressed global coal demand, particularly in power sector around the globe, with natural gas and renewable energy the main beneficiaries. Global coal consumption fell by 53 mtoe (-1.7%) and global production by a whopping 231 mtoe (-6.2%), with US production registering a second consecutive substantial fall (-19.0%, -85 mtoe). A particularly striking example of this long-run movement away from coal was here in the UK, where the hike in global coal prices was amplified by the increase in the UK’s Carbon Price Floor in 2015. As a result, the UK’s relationship with coal almost completed an entire cycle: with the UK’s last three underground coal mines closing,

Back in 2015, refiners responded to near-record high margins by increasing refinery throughput by 1.8 Mb/d, triple its 10-year average. That led to a build-up of product inventories that dampened margins in 2016, causing refineries to reduce the growth in crude runs to just 0.6 Mb/d. After strong growth in 2015, European refiners reduced runs by 0.2 Mb/d, while runs in Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil fell by a combined 0.4 Mb/d due to multiple refinery shutdowns.

$44/bbl Price of Dated Brent crude oil.

Surface coal mine in England.


5

consumption falling back to where it was roughly 200 years ago around the time of the industrial revolution, and the UK power sector recording its first-ever coal-free day in April of this year.

Natural gas Global consumption increased by 1.5% (63 bcm), quite a bit weaker than its 10-year average (2.3%); while global gas production was essentially flat (0.3%, 21 bcm), the weakest growth in gas output for 34 years, other than in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis. This sub-par growth went hand-in-hand with falling gas prices – Henry Hub prices were 5% lower than in 2015, European and Asian gas markers were down 20-30% as prices continued to adjust to increased LNG supplies. Much of the lacklustre performance can be traced back to the US, particularly on the supply side where falls in gas (and oil) prices caused US gas production (-17 bcm, -2.5%) to fall for the first time since the US shale gas revolution started in earnest in the mid-2000s. Outside of the US, on the demand side, gas consumption in Europe rose strongly (6%, 28 bcm) helped by both the increasing competitiveness of gas relative to coal and weakness in European nuclear and renewable energy. The Middle East (3.5%, 19 bcm) and China (16 bcm, 7.7%) both also recorded strong increases aided by improving infrastructure and availability of gas. The largest falls were in Russia (-12 bcm, -3.2%) and Brazil (-5 bcm, -12.5%) both of which benefited from strong increases in hydropower. On the supply side, Australian production (19 bcm, 25.2%) was the standout performer as several new LNG facilities came onstream. Looking at the growing market for LNG, although China continued to provide the main source of growth, it’s striking that the increasing availability of supplies has prompted a number of new countries, including Egypt, Pakistan and Poland, to enter the market in the last year or two. These new entrants were helped by the increased flexibility afforded by plentiful supplies of FSRUs (floating storage and regasification units).

LNG supply and demand Supply

Annual change, bcm

Demand Other

Australia

Annual change, bcm

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

5-year average

2016

0

5-year average

Other

New markets*

2016

*Includes Egypt, Pakistan, Poland, Jamaica, Colombia and Lithuania

Alongside increasing market integration, we are likely to see a shift towards a more flexible style of trading, supported by a deeper, more competitive market structure. Indeed, this shift is already apparent, with a move towards smaller and shorter contracts and an increase in the proportion of LNG trade which is not contracted and is freely traded. A particularly interesting market in the context of the growing LNG supplies is Europe. On the one hand, Europe’s large and increasing need for imported gas, combined with its relatively central location amongst several major LNG suppliers, means Europe is often highlighted as a natural growth market for LNG. On the other hand, Europe’s access to plentiful supplies of pipeline gas, particularly from Russia, means LNG imports are likely to face stiff competition. In terms of this battle of competing supplies, Round 1 went to pipeline gas. Europe’s gas imports increased markedly last year, reflecting the strong increase in demand, together with weakness in the domestic production of natural gas. But virtually the entire rise in European imports was met by pipeline gas, from a combination of Algerian and Russian supplies, with imports of LNG barely increasing.

The economic incentives in this battle of competing supplies are clear: just as with OPEC’s response to the emergence of US tight oil, Russia has a strong incentive to compete to maintain its market share in the face of growing competition from LNG supplies. But this competitive process is complicated by possible concerns about Europe being overly dependent on a single source of supply and the energy security issues this might raise. The interesting question is whether the growth of global LNG trade, by fostering a more globallyintegrated gas market, with the optionality of being able to turn to LNG should the need arise, might mitigate those concerns. Europe doesn’t need to consume large amounts of LNG imports in ‘normal’ times, but it has the option of doing so if the need arises.

Non-fossil fuels The leading light of the energy transition is, of course, renewable power which continued to grow rapidly last year, led by wind (15.6%, 131 TWh) and solar (29.6%,77 TWh). Although the share of renewable power within primary energy edged up only slightly to 3.2%, its strong growth meant it accounted for over 30% of the increase in primary energy.

2016 was the first year of the growth spurt we expect to see in LNG, with global supplies set to increase by around a further 30% by 2020. That is equivalent to a new LNG train coming onstream every two-to-three months for the next four years – quite astonishing growth. As the importance of LNG trade grows, global gas markets are likely to evolve quite materially.

25.2% Increase in Australian natural gas production as new LNG facilities came onstream.

6


The Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline in Turkey, a central part of the Southern Gas Corridor pipeline system.

China continued to dominate renewables growth, contributing over 40% of global growth – more than the entire OECD – and surpassing the US to become the largest producer of renewable power. One noticeable weak spot last year was the EU, where renewable power barely grew as load factors fell back from unusually high levels in 2015. This is a reminder of the variability that weather conditions can inject into renewable generation from year to year. For example, the decline in Denmark’s wind power last year was almost 5% of its total power generation. Although wind continued to provide the lion’s share of the increase in renewable power, solar is catching up fast. The right-hand chart considers the 67 countries that are separately tracked in the Statistical Review and records the share of those countries that, in any given year, produced a material amount of different energies. It took around 20 years for the share of countries producing a sizeable amount of wind power to increase from 15% to 75%; solar achieved the same degree of diffusion in less than half that time. In sharp contrast, nuclear energy plateaued at less than half the number of countries. These different rates of diffusion reflect the different characteristics of the technologies: the more modular nature of solar power, together with its steeper learning curve has allowed it to spread more quickly. Moreover, the fact that the transfer of wind and solar technology is not subject to onerous security restrictions has helped their rapid diffusion relative to nuclear power. In terms of other non-fossil fuels: China provided the main source of world growth for both hydro (2.8%, 120 TWh) and nuclear (1.3%, 41 TWh) power. Growth in China’s hydro power has slowed sharply in recent years from the rapid rates of expansion that characterized the first part of the 2000s. In contrast, China’s nuclear programme is just beginning to ramp up: it brought on five new reactors last year – the largest ever annual increase in China’s nuclear history – and has more than 20 reactors currently under construction.

Growth and diffusion of renewables Growth by country

Diffusion of power technologies

Annual change, TWh

Share of countries*, %

250

80

200

60

150 40 100 20

50 0

2010-15 Other Japan

2016 US China

EU

0

1965 Wind Solar

1982

1999

2016

Nuclear

*The proportion of the 67 countries that are individually listed in the Statistical Review with power generation of at least 50 GWh from the specified technology.

2.5% per year. Some of this slowdown reflects weaker GDP growth, but the majority reflects faster declines in the carbon intensity of GDP – the average amount of carbon emitted per unit of GDP – driven by accelerating improvements in both energy efficiency and the fuel mix. The key question this raises is whether the experience of the past three years signals a decisive break from the past and a significant step towards the goals of Paris or was it largely driven by cyclical factors which are likely to unwind over time?

structural factors that are likely to persist: slower economic growth; a shift in the composition of growth towards less energy-intensive sectors, and a movement away from coal. But some probably reflects cyclical factors, particularly the contractions in some of China’s most energyintensive sectors, which are unlikely to keep being repeated and may well unwind in future years. The juxtaposition of short-run adjustments and long-run transition is likely to be a feature of energy markets for many years to come.

Long-run transition or short-run adjustment? Looking at the factors driving this improvement, the key difference is China. China’s carbon emissions are estimated to have actually fallen over the past two years, after growing by more than 75% in the previous 10 years. As mentioned earlier in the context of the slowdown in China’s energy consumption, there are good reasons for thinking that some of this improvement in China’s carbon emissions reflects

Spencer Dale Group chief economist June 2017 This is a shortened version of the presentation given at the launch of BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy in London on 13 June 2017.

Carbon emissions Turning finally to carbon emissions. The good news is that carbon emissions were essentially flat in 2016. This is the third consecutive year in which we have seen little or no growth in carbon emissions – in sharp contrast to the 10 years before that, in which emissions grew by almost

In detail Additional information – including historical time series for the fuels reported in this review; further detail on renewable forms of energy; oil consumption by product – together with the full version of Spencer Dale’s presentation is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

Aerial view of a field of solar panels in Italy.

Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many contacts worldwide who provide the publicly available data for this publication, and to the researchers at the Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy, Heriot-Watt University who assist in the data compilation.


7

Primary energy Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Israel Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2016

2016

2005-15

2331.6 2370.2 2318.8 2205.1 2284.1 2264.5 2209.3 2270.6 2296.5 2275.9 2272.7 329.7 319.5 325.4 326.0 310.5 315.5 327.6 326.5 336.1 334.3 327.7 186.5 172.9 170.8 174.3 174.1 178.3 186.5 188.5 189.1 190.4 188.8 2824.1 2866.5 2819.2 2689.7 2777.8 2778.6 2724.3 2795.9 2821.2 2792.4 2788.9 88.9 72.5 75.6 76.8 74.8 79.7 81.4 83.4 86.5 86.7 88.7 297.8 216.8 231.8 243.9 243.0 267.6 279.7 284.8 296.8 304.9 302.6 36.8 30.6 31.5 31.2 30.9 30.4 33.7 34.1 34.4 35.4 35.9 41.1 30.7 30.8 34.0 32.0 34.2 35.7 38.4 38.2 40.3 41.0 15.3 10.3 11.0 11.7 11.5 12.7 13.5 14.3 14.7 15.5 15.5 25.3 13.8 15.1 16.4 16.7 18.5 20.3 21.2 21.7 22.4 23.7 19.4 20.9 21.8 21.4 22.1 23.1 23.1 22.0 22.4 21.9 21.6 74.6 78.5 81.2 84.4 82.9 80.7 80.3 84.1 83.3 78.1 78.8 106.2 93.8 95.1 93.4 92.2 94.8 97.8 98.7 98.7 98.9 102.6 705.3 567.8 593.9 613.2 606.0 641.7 665.4 680.9 696.7 704.1 710.4 35.1 35.8 35.0 35.7 34.6 35.9 33.8 35.4 35.1 33.8 33.9 14.5 13.6 12.3 12.3 10.9 10.7 11.9 12.3 12.6 13.2 14.5 23.7 26.3 25.7 25.9 24.4 25.9 25.9 27.9 24.7 25.5 22.4 61.7 65.0 65.6 66.6 61.7 65.8 61.0 58.7 60.0 55.8 56.9 18.1 20.1 19.6 19.5 17.1 17.8 19.1 18.1 16.7 17.9 19.0 39.9 45.1 44.9 43.6 41.2 43.2 42.4 41.9 41.8 40.2 40.2 17.1 21.6 20.5 19.8 18.5 19.5 18.4 17.1 17.9 17.4 16.9 27.1 32.2 32.2 31.1 28.9 31.6 29.1 28.1 27.7 26.7 26.7 235.9 261.2 257.5 259.1 245.4 253.4 244.7 244.8 247.2 237.6 239.4 322.5 341.3 327.2 330.7 310.2 323.6 312.1 316.4 325.5 312.1 317.8 25.9 34.3 34.6 33.5 32.7 31.5 30.7 29.3 27.9 26.3 26.4 21.9 25.7 25.3 25.0 22.9 23.5 22.6 21.1 20.1 20.0 21.2 15.2 16.2 16.7 16.6 15.2 15.2 14.1 14.0 13.7 13.7 14.5 151.3 184.9 181.0 179.2 167.1 172.2 168.5 162.2 155.7 146.9 149.9 63.0 47.4 52.7 55.0 49.2 53.1 58.6 59.4 60.2 66.4 62.7 5.5 7.6 8.3 8.2 7.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.4 84.5 95.3 95.0 92.9 91.8 96.1 91.5 88.1 85.9 80.9 82.1 48.6 42.3 45.7 46.7 43.6 41.9 43.0 47.8 45.0 46.4 47.2 96.7 94.1 93.7 95.4 92.0 98.2 98.7 95.7 96.0 92.4 93.4 26.0 25.1 25.2 24.2 24.4 25.6 24.5 22.4 24.5 24.6 24.6 33.1 39.6 38.6 39.0 33.5 33.8 34.7 34.0 31.5 32.5 32.6 673.9 676.1 680.5 683.5 648.0 673.3 694.9 695.2 686.8 689.2 681.7 15.9 18.4 17.3 17.9 16.3 17.4 16.8 16.2 16.8 15.5 15.7 135.0 154.1 158.0 153.7 142.8 146.2 143.1 142.4 134.2 132.2 134.4 52.2 52.0 53.1 52.8 48.1 51.8 51.3 54.5 51.3 51.4 52.9 26.4 28.7 28.4 29.4 29.4 28.7 27.2 28.8 29.7 28.5 27.9 137.9 95.8 102.8 103.3 104.3 111.0 114.9 120.1 118.5 122.6 131.9 33.2 21.4 24.2 24.5 22.7 25.9 27.0 29.7 26.8 29.5 33.1 87.0 137.7 134.4 132.9 112.9 121.0 125.7 122.6 114.7 101.2 83.9 188.1 226.3 219.7 216.4 205.2 210.5 198.8 202.1 200.9 188.6 190.9 52.7 45.7 48.4 52.0 43.3 43.8 49.7 49.2 48.7 50.5 51.7 97.6 92.8 93.8 95.6 93.7 99.0 97.3 95.0 97.0 93.6 94.8 3023.5 3017.7 3022.2 2839.8 2952.6 2937.9 2936.3 2900.6 2838.3 2846.6 2867.1 270.7 194.2 208.2 215.9 223.5 224.6 234.6 235.2 246.0 261.9 262.8 26.4 21.7 22.8 23.3 22.3 23.8 24.3 25.2 25.2 24.5 26.0 41.7 28.9 28.8 30.5 31.6 34.0 35.4 41.0 39.5 37.6 41.5 49.2 21.9 26.4 23.6 24.8 33.3 25.7 29.3 43.4 42.5 50.2 266.5 164.5 171.4 186.9 196.5 216.1 222.2 235.7 237.4 252.1 260.8 113.8 66.2 73.1 84.0 82.6 86.2 91.5 95.8 97.2 99.5 108.6 126.8 94.8 94.8 103.5 109.0 116.2 116.6 118.7 123.6 121.9 124.7 895.1 592.2 625.6 667.6 690.3 734.2 750.3 780.8 812.4 840.0 874.6 55.1 33.8 35.6 37.7 39.9 38.9 41.3 45.1 47.8 51.6 55.1 91.0 65.4 69.6 73.6 76.5 80.7 82.1 86.5 85.7 85.4 86.7 122.3 113.2 115.4 124.4 124.3 125.3 123.6 121.9 123.6 125.2 120.1 171.8 122.3 127.4 133.8 132.7 144.1 141.1 149.3 158.3 165.6 171.7 440.1 334.8 347.9 369.5 373.4 388.9 388.0 402.9 415.4 427.9 433.5 138.0 123.4 125.1 127.4 127.4 126.1 131.7 130.3 131.2 132.6 138.5 32.4 18.0 18.8 19.9 21.9 22.9 24.3 26.5 27.0 28.2 31.3 1974.7 2147.8 2229.0 2328.1 2491.1 2690.3 2797.4 2905.3 2970.6 3005.9 3053.0 28.6 24.7 26.3 24.6 26.8 27.5 28.1 27.0 27.8 27.1 27.9 723.9 414.0 450.2 475.7 513.2 537.1 568.7 598.3 621.5 663.6 685.1 175.0 123.9 132.9 131.3 136.0 149.3 162.8 170.5 174.2 162.9 164.8 445.3 520.4 516.0 509.3 467.2 496.0 470.4 467.7 464.0 452.3 445.8 99.5 69.4 72.9 76.3 73.6 72.4 79.8 83.2 89.2 91.5 93.8 21.4 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.1 19.7 19.6 19.7 19.9 20.9 21.0 83.2 64.9 68.7 69.2 70.1 70.5 70.6 71.4 71.7 73.5 77.1 42.1 25.6 26.7 27.6 28.0 28.8 29.5 30.5 32.5 34.4 37.7 84.1 52.3 56.1 59.8 64.3 69.0 71.7 72.0 74.1 76.2 81.0 286.2 222.9 231.9 236.4 237.3 255.0 268.9 271.8 272.2 274.9 280.2 112.1 105.6 110.3 104.2 102.4 108.6 108.7 108.4 109.9 112.1 111.1 123.8 87.2 92.1 93.3 95.9 102.4 106.4 113.7 115.7 119.1 121.8 64.8 28.1 30.6 38.2 39.3 44.3 50.3 52.5 54.8 59.8 63.7 66.3 50.1 49.3 50.7 51.4 53.9 53.3 54.3 54.1 57.5 60.7 3924.3 4175.0 4292.1 4402.2 4674.7 4935.1 5095.5 5245.0 5357.2 5447.4 5579.7 11266.7 11626.6 11783.8 11601.5 12170.0 12455.3 12620.7 12866.0 12988.8 13105.0 13276.3 5677.4 5713.2 5662.2 5391.6 5593.8 5536.3 5481.8 5540.4 5497.6 5505.5 5529.1 5589.3 5913.4 6121.7 6209.9 6576.2 6919.0 7138.9 7325.6 7491.3 7599.5 7747.2 1830.2 1804.2 1796.7 1691.3 1754.5 1695.9 1681.2 1669.3 1605.0 1626.7 1642.0 965.6 983.6 994.6 1002.1 926.8 969.5 1010.6 1014.6 991.9 993.2 967.4

-0.4% 0.3% -1.5% -0.4% -0.1% -1.8% 2.0%

-0.3% 0.2% 1.2% -0.2% 2.5% 3.7% 2.4% 4.2% 4.7% 5.7% 2.8% 1.1% 1.2% 2.8% -0.6% 0.5% -1.0% -1.3% -0.3% -0.9% -1.5% -1.2% -0.9% -0.4% -2.2% -2.0% -0.9% -2.1% 3.5% -3.7% -1.6% 0.3% 0.3% -0.3% -1.8% 0.5% -1.9% -1.2% -0.5% 0.2% 4.4% 5.4% -4.7% -1.8% 1.1% 0.6% -0.4% 4.0% 1.9% 3.1% 9.5% 5.1% 5.6% 2.9% 4.5% 5.4% 3.4% 0.8% 3.5% 2.8% 1.8% 6.3% 5.3% 1.8% 5.7% 3.0% -1.6% 3.3% 1.1% 2.3% 3.6% 5.5% 2.4% 0.7% 3.5% 7.5% 2.4% 3.9% 1.8% -0.3% 3.7% -1.1% 0.2%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

*In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity. ◆Less

than 0.05%. Notes: Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

8


2014

2015

◆

-1.3% 6.3% -10.7% -5.5% 3.3% -1.0% 3.3% -0.4% 5.4% 8.1% -5.2% -1.0% 1.1% 1.4% -1.7% 1.2% -2.2% 3.2% 4.1% 0.7% 0.3% 0.9% 2.6% 2.7% 3.2% 5.5% 1.2% -1.4% 1.4% 0.2% -1.7% -5.5% 4.2% 0.2% 3.4% -1.7% 1.5% 2.6% 0.4% 2.7% 1.5% 0.3% -2.3% 1.9% 4.5% 1.4% 2.1% -0.3% 4.7% 1.5% -0.2% 1.2% -0.6% 3.2% 1.3% 2.3% 5.4% 5.9% -0.4% 5.7% 1.8% 7.6% 11.3% 3.5% 1.9% 0.6% 1.4% 1.5% 8.9% 2.1% 1.0% 0.2% 1.7% 0.7% -0.5%

Share 2016

17.1% 2.5% 1.4% 21.0% 0.7% 2.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.6% 0.8% 5.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 1.8% 2.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 1.1% 0.5%

◆

0.6% 0.4% 0.7% 0.2% 0.2% 5.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.4% 0.2% 1.0% 0.3% 0.7% 1.4% 0.4% 0.7% 21.6% 2.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 2.0% 0.9% 1.0% 6.7% 0.4% 0.7% 0.9% 1.3% 3.3% 1.0% 0.2% 23.0% 0.2% 5.5% 1.3% 3.4% 0.7% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.6% 2.2% 0.8% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% 42.0% 100.0% 41.6% 58.4% 12.4% 7.3%

Primary energy: Consumption by fuel* 2015 Million tonnes oil equivalent


Oil

Natural gas

Coal

856.5 99.1 84.4 1040.0 32.2 146.6 17.6 15.6 11.8 10.7 2.2 30.2 67.5 334.4 12.5 4.5 7.7 31.0 4.4 8.9 8.0 8.7 76.8 110.0 14.9 7.0 6.8 57.6 13.2 2.8 38.7 10.3 24.9 11.5 9.2 144.2 3.7 61.2 14.1 10.7 38.9 6.6 9.2 71.8 2.7 33.3 865.9 84.5 11.4 22.3 10.7 166.6 40.9 76.5 412.8 19.5 39.6 27.9 95.1 182.1 47.9 6.2 561.8 18.3 195.8 71.8 189.0 35.5 7.5 24.6 18.3 69.4 113.8 46.5 57.3 18.8 23.2 1505.8 4341.0 2062.4 2278.5 600.6 191.6

710.5 92.2 78.4 881.2 43.4 37.5 3.7 9.6 0.6 6.4 19.4 31.1 6.6 158.3 7.5 9.6 14.0 13.6 2.6 6.5 2.8 2.0 35.1 66.2 2.5 7.5 3.8 55.3 11.6 2.1 28.3 4.4 14.7 4.3 9.0 362.5 3.9 24.6 0.8 2.6 39.2 26.5 25.9 61.3 45.2 13.6 909.2 171.7 7.6 19.2 39.5 94.0 66.4 45.9 444.3 35.5 43.0 4.6 39.2 122.2 38.6 24.2 175.3 2.9 41.2 36.4 102.1 37.6 4.0 39.2 3.0 11.0 39.3 16.5 43.8 9.6 7.0 631.6 3146.7 1464.9 1681.8 359.2 499.8

391.8 19.6 12.7 424.2 1.4 17.7 7.3 5.3 – 0.8 – 0.2 3.2 35.9 3.2 † 0.7 3.2 6.6 16.6 1.7 3.8 8.4 78.5 5.6 2.4 2.2 12.3 35.8 0.2 11.0 0.8 48.7 3.3 5.9 92.2 3.3 13.7 2.1 0.1 34.7 – 27.3 23.0 1.1 23.0 471.3 1.6 6.7 – – 0.1 1.3 0.5 10.2 0.1 0.4 83.4 11.4 95.3 44.1 0.7 1913.6 6.7 396.6 51.2 119.9 16.9 1.4 4.7 11.6 0.4 85.5 37.8 17.6 22.3 16.9 2747.7 3784.7 972.7 2812.0 261.1 158.9

2016

Nuclear Hydroenergy electricity

189.9 22.8 2.6 215.3 1.6 3.3 – – – – – – – 5.0 – – – 5.9 3.5 6.1 – 5.3 99.0 20.8 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 44.2 3.4 13.0 12.8 5.3 – – 19.8 15.9 – 1.9 263.9 0.8 – – – – – – 0.8 – – 2.8 – 2.8 – – 38.6 – 8.7 – 1.0 – – 1.1 – – 37.3 8.3 – – – 95.0 582.7 446.7 136.0 194.0 64.7

55.8 85.4 7.0 148.2 9.6 81.4 5.4 10.1 3.0 5.4 – 17.3 20.8 152.9 8.4 0.4 † 0.1 1.3 0.4 † 3.8 12.3 4.3 1.4 0.1 0.2 10.3 2.1 0.1 † 31.1 0.4 2.0 3.8 38.5 0.9 6.3 17.0 8.5 15.2 – 1.2 1.4 2.7 20.7 194.7 4.1 † – – – – 1.8 5.9 † 3.2 0.2 23.5 26.9 3.2 0.2 252.2 – 30.2 3.1 19.0 3.5 5.6 7.3 2.0 – 0.5 1.0 0.9 12.9 13.3 354.7 883.2 309.9 573.4 77.2 51.7

Renewables

Total

Oil

Natural gas

71.5 2275.9 8.5 327.7 3.7 188.8 83.6 2792.4 0.6 88.7 16.0 302.6 1.9 35.9 0.4 41.0 0.1 15.5 0.4 23.7 † 21.6 † 78.8 4.5 102.6 24.0 710.4 2.3 33.9 † 14.5 † 22.4 3.2 56.9 0.7 19.0 1.7 40.2 4.3 16.9 3.1 26.7 7.9 239.4 38.1 317.8 2.0 26.4 0.7 21.2 1.6 14.5 14.3 149.9 † 62.7 0.3 5.4 3.1 82.1 0.6 47.2 4.7 93.4 3.6 24.6 2.2 32.6 0.2 681.7 0.5 15.7 15.6 134.4 6.1 52.9 0.7 27.9 3.9 131.9 † 33.1 0.4 83.9 17.5 190.9 † 51.7 2.3 94.8 141.6 2846.6 0.1 262.8 0.3 26.0 † 41.5 † 50.2 † 260.8 0.1 108.6 0.1 124.7 0.5 874.6 † 55.1 0.4 86.7 1.4 120.1 2.4 171.7 4.2 433.5 4.8 138.5 † 31.3 64.4 3005.9 † 27.9 12.7 685.1 2.4 164.8 14.8 445.8 0.3 93.8 2.4 21.0 0.3 77.1 2.8 37.7 0.2 81.0 3.9 280.2 1.0 111.1 2.3 121.8 † 63.7 0.3 60.7 112.7 5447.4 366.7 13105.0 248.9 5505.5 117.8 7599.5 134.6 1626.7 0.6 967.4

863.1 100.9 82.8 1046.9 31.9 138.8 17.8 15.9 11.0 11.4 2.2 28.7 68.5 326.2 12.7 4.6 7.5 31.8 4.5 8.4 8.0 9.0 76.4 113.0 15.4 7.1 7.0 58.1 13.2 3.0 39.9 10.4 27.2 11.2 9.5 148.0 4.0 62.5 14.7 10.2 41.2 6.7 9.1 73.1 2.8 34.5 884.6 83.8 11.6 22.0 11.7 167.9 43.5 77.3 417.8 18.9 40.6 26.9 98.9 185.4 47.8 6.6 578.7 18.9 212.7 72.6 184.3 36.3 7.7 27.5 19.9 72.2 122.1 46.7 59.0 20.1 24.4 1557.3 4418.2 2086.8 2331.4 613.3 195.5

716.3 89.9 80.6 886.8 44.6 32.9 4.1 9.5 0.6 7.1 17.2 32.0 6.7 154.7 7.9 9.4 15.3 13.9 2.7 7.0 2.9 1.8 38.3 72.4 2.6 8.0 4.3 58.1 12.0 1.8 30.2 4.4 15.6 4.6 9.5 351.8 4.0 25.2 0.8 2.7 37.9 26.6 26.1 69.0 46.2 13.9 926.9 180.7 8.7 19.7 37.5 98.4 69.0 47.1 461.1 36.0 46.1 4.6 37.6 124.3 37.0 24.8 189.3 3.0 45.1 33.9 100.1 38.7 4.2 40.9 3.4 11.3 40.9 17.2 43.5 9.6 7.2 650.3 3204.1 1495.2 1708.9 385.9 492.0

Coal

358.4 18.7 9.8 386.9 1.1 16.5 8.2 4.6 – 0.8 – 0.1 3.4 34.7 3.2 † 0.8 3.0 5.7 16.9 2.1 4.1 8.3 75.3 4.7 2.3 2.2 10.9 35.6 0.2 10.3 0.8 48.8 2.9 5.4 87.3 3.1 10.4 2.2 0.1 38.4 – 31.5 11.0 1.0 23.0 451.6 1.7 5.7 – – 0.1 1.3 0.5 9.3 0.1 0.4 85.1 10.3 95.9 43.8 0.8 1887.6 6.7 411.9 62.7 119.9 19.9 1.2 5.4 13.5 0.4 81.6 38.6 17.7 21.3 20.6 2753.6 3732.0 913.3 2818.7 238.4 157.9

Nuclear Hydroenergy electricity

191.8 23.2 2.4 217.4 1.9 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.5 – – – 9.8 3.6 5.5 – 5.3 91.2 19.1 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 44.5 3.3 13.3 14.2 4.8 – – 18.3 16.2 – 1.8 258.2 1.4 – – – – – – 1.4 – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 48.2 – 8.6 – 4.0 – – 1.3 – – 36.7 7.2 – – – 105.9 592.1 446.8 145.2 190.0 63.3

59.2 87.8 6.8 153.9 8.7 86.9 4.4 10.6 3.5 5.4 – 13.9 22.5 156.0 9.0 0.4 † 0.1 0.9 0.5 † 3.6 13.5 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.2 9.3 2.1 0.1 † 32.4 0.5 3.6 4.1 42.2 1.0 8.1 14.1 7.8 15.2 – 1.6 1.2 2.7 21.7 201.8 2.9 † – – – – 1.8 4.7 † 3.2 0.2 22.4 25.8 4.0 0.2 263.1 – 29.1 3.3 18.1 4.2 5.9 7.7 2.1 – 0.6 1.5 0.8 13.7 13.8 368.1 910.3 316.8 593.4 78.7 56.2

Renewables

Total

83.8 2272.7 329.7 9.2 186.5 4.1 97.1 2788.9 88.9 0.7 297.8 19.0 36.8 2.3 41.1 0.5 15.3 0.1 25.3 0.6 19.4 † 74.6 † 106.2 5.1 705.3 28.2 35.1 2.4 14.5 † 23.7 0.1 61.7 3.2 18.1 0.7 39.9 1.7 17.1 4.1 27.1 3.4 235.9 8.2 322.5 37.9 25.9 2.1 21.9 0.8 15.2 1.5 151.3 15.0 63.0 0.1 5.5 0.4 84.5 3.1 48.6 0.5 96.7 4.6 26.0 3.7 33.1 2.0 673.9 0.2 15.9 0.5 135.0 15.5 52.2 6.1 26.4 0.8 137.9 5.2 33.2 † 87.0 0.3 188.1 17.5 52.7 † 97.6 2.5 144.0 2867.1 270.7 0.1 26.4 0.4 41.7 † 49.2 † 266.5 † 113.8 0.1 126.8 0.2 895.1 0.7 55.1 0.1 91.0 0.6 122.3 1.8 171.8 2.6 440.1 5.0 138.0 5.4 32.4 † 86.1 3053.0 28.6 † 723.9 16.5 175.0 2.6 445.3 18.8 99.5 0.3 21.4 2.4 83.2 0.4 42.1 3.1 84.1 0.2 286.2 4.3 112.1 1.0 123.8 2.8 64.8 0.1 66.3 0.3 144.5 5579.7 419.6 13276.3 270.1 5529.1 149.5 7747.2 135.6 1642.0 965.6 0.7

*In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity. †Less than 0.05. Note: Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil equivalent.


9

World consumption Million tonnes oil equivalent 14000

Coal Renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil

13000 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

0

World primary energy consumption grew by 1.0% in 2016, well below the 10-year average of 1.8% and the third consecutive year at or below 1%. As was the case in 2015, growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. All fuels except oil and nuclear power grew at below-average rates. Oil provided the largest increment to energy consumption at 77 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), followed by natural gas (57 mtoe) and renewable power (53 mtoe).

Regional consumption by fuel 2016 Percentage

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia Pacific

Oil remains the dominant fuel in Africa and the Americas, while natural gas dominates in Europe & Eurasia and the Middle East. Coal is the dominant fuel in the Asia Pacific region, accounting for 49% of regional energy consumption. In 2016, coal’s share of primary energy fell to its lowest level in our data series in North America, Europe & Eurasia and Africa.

10


0

Fuel consumption by region 2016 Percentage

Asia Pacific Africa Middle East

Europe & Eurasia S. & Cent. America North America 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear energy

Hydroelectricity

Renewables

0

Asia is the leading consumer of oil, coal, hydroelectricity and for the first time in 2016, the leading consumer of renewables in power generation, overtaking Europe & Eurasia. Europe & Eurasia remains the leading consumer of natural gas and nuclear power. Asia dominates global coal consumption, accounting for almost three quarters of global consumption (73.8%).

Shares of global primary energy consumption Percentage 50

Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Renewables

Oil Coal Natural gas

40

30

20

10

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

0

Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, making up roughly a third of all energy consumed. In 2016 oil gained global market share for the second year in a row, following 15 years of declines from 1999 to 2014. Coal’s market share fell to 28.1%, the lowest level since 2004. Renewables in power generation accounted for a record 3.2% of global primary energy consumption.


11

Oil Total proved reserves

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Italy Kazakhstan Norway Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union# CIS Canadian oil sands: Total of which: Under active development Venezuela: Orinoco Belt

At end 1996 Thousand million barrels



Thousand million barrels

29.8 48.9 48.5 127.3 2.6 6.7 2.8 3.5 0.8 0.7 72.7 1.0 90.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 5.3 11.7 1.0 113.6 0.5 5.0 0.6 2.4 142.8 92.6 112.0 96.5 5.3 3.7 261.4 2.5 97.8 2.0 0.2 674.0 10.8 3.7 – 1.6 3.8 0.6 2.8 29.5 20.8 n/a 0.3 0.3 0.7 74.9 3.8 1.1 16.4 5.5 4.7 5.0 0.2 0.9 1.3 39.0 1148.8 151.0 997.8 805.0 343.8 8.7 121.9 42.1 4.2 –

29.4 179.4 12.8 221.7 2.6 12.2 1.5 4.5 1.1 0.8 87.3 0.8 110.8 7.0 1.2 0.5 9.0 8.5 0.5 104.0 0.6 3.6 0.6 2.2 137.6 138.4 115.0 101.5 5.6 27.4 264.3 3.0 97.8 2.8 0.1 755.9 12.3 9.0 1.5 1.6 3.7 1.8 2.2 41.5 37.2 n/a 5.0 0.6 0.7 116.9 3.5 1.2 20.2 5.7 4.4 5.4 0.5 3.3 1.4 45.5 1388.3 240.2 1148.1 936.1 452.2 6.6 121.9 173.1 21.0 7.6

48.0 171.5 8.0 227.5 2.4 13.0 2.3 8.0 1.2 0.7 300.9 0.5 329.0 7.0 0.5 0.6 30.0 8.0 0.6 102.4 0.6 2.5 0.6 2.1 154.9 158.4 142.5 101.5 5.3 25.2 266.6 2.5 97.8 3.0 0.2 803.0 12.2 11.8 1.5 1.6 3.5 1.1 2.0 48.4 37.1 3.5 1.5 0.4 3.7 128.2 4.0 1.1 25.7 4.8 3.6 3.6 0.4 4.4 1.3 48.8 1691.5 244.5 1447.0 1210.3 481.1 5.2 141.1 165.3 24.0 222.3

48.0 171.5 8.0 227.5 2.4 12.6 2.0 8.0 1.2 0.2 300.9 0.5 327.9 7.0 0.4 0.5 30.0 7.6 0.6 109.5 0.6 2.5 0.6 2.1 161.5 158.4 153.0 101.5 5.4 25.2 266.5 2.5 97.8 3.0 0.2 813.5 12.2 11.6 1.5 1.6 3.5 1.1 2.0 48.4 37.1 3.5 1.5 0.4 3.7 128.0 4.0 1.1 25.7 4.7 3.3 3.6 0.4 4.4 1.3 48.4 1706.7 244.0 1462.7 1220.5 486.2 5.1 148.2 165.3 24.0 222.3

At end 2016 Thousand million Share tonnes of total

5.8 27.6 1.1 34.5 0.3 1.8 0.3 1.2 0.1 † 47.0 0.1 50.8 1.0 0.1 0.1 3.9 0.9 0.1 15.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 21.8 21.8 20.6 14.0 0.7 2.6 36.6 0.3 13.0 0.4 † 110.1 1.5 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 6.3 5.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 16.9 0.4 0.1 3.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 † 0.6 0.2 6.4 240.7 36.6 204.1 171.2 69.6 0.7 20.1 26.9 3.9 35.7

2.8% 10.0% 0.5% 13.3% 0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1%

◆

17.6% ◆

19.2% 0.4% ◆ ◆

1.8% 0.4% ◆

6.4% ◆

0.1% ◆

0.1% 9.5% 9.3% 9.0% 5.9% 0.3% 1.5% 15.6% 0.1% 5.7% 0.2% ◆

47.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 2.8% 2.2% 0.2% 0.1% ◆

0.2% 7.5% 0.2% 0.1% 1.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% ◆

0.3% 0.1% 2.8% 100.0% 14.3% 85.7% 71.5% 28.5% 0.3% 8.7%

R/P ratio

10.6 105.1 8.9 32.3 10.6 13.3 5.9 40.1 24.0 6.9 341.1 10.3 119.9 23.1 8.5 18.8 49.0 10.4 20.7 26.6 6.3 6.9 29.3 15.6 24.9 94.1 93.6 88.0 14.6 36.3 59.0 273.2 65.6 * 2.6 69.9 21.1 17.5 56.1 18.4 13.7 10.7 24.1 310.1 49.3 80.9 39.6 18.4 43.2 44.3 30.3 24.9 17.5 14.9 10.3 14.0 2.3 36.2 12.5 16.5 50.6 28.8 57.9 84.7 25.2 9.3 28.6

*More than 500 years.

†Less than 0.05.

Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. #Excludes Estonia and Latvia in 2006. Notes: Total proved reserves of oil – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved oil does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Source of data – The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources, third-party data from the OPEC Secretariat, World Oil, Oil & Gas Journal and independent estimates of Russian reserves based on official data and Chinese reserves based on information in the public domain. Canadian oil sands ‘under active development’ are an official estimate. Venezuelan Orinoco Belt reserves are based on the OPEC Secretariat and government announcements. Reserves include gas condensate and natural gas liquids (NGLs) as well as crude oil. Shares of total and R/P ratios are calculated using thousand million barrels figures. ◆

12


Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years

2016 by region

History 150

160

North America S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Middle East Africa Asia Pacific World

120

140

120

100

90

80

60

60

40 30 20

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia Pacific

0

86

91

96

01

06

11

16

0

Global proved oil reserves in 2016 rose by 15 billion barrels (0.9%) to 1707 billion barrels, which would be sufficient to meet 50.6 years of global production at 2016 levels. The increase came largely from Iraq (10 billion barrels) and Russia (7 billion barrels), with small declines (<1 billion barrels) spread across a number of countries and regions. OPEC countries currently hold 71.5% of global proved reserves. N.B. lags in reporting official data mean that 2016 figures for many countries are not yet available.

Distribution of proved reserves in 1996, 2006 and 2016 Percentage

Middle East S. & Cent. America North America Europe & Eurasia Africa Asia Pacific

2.8

47.7

7.5

3.3 54.4 9.5

8.4

6.5

12.4

3.4 58.7

2006 Total 1388.3 thousand million barrels


11.1


9.9

13.3

16.0 7.9 8.0

19.2


13

Oil: Production in thousands of barrels per day* Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Italy Kazakhstan Norway Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

6825 3208 3689 13722 852 1806 529 538 118 177 3340 138 7498 646 346 120 1370 2772 105 9819 187 1659 114 445 17582 4293 1999 2735 738 1241 10671 421 3098 387 182 25765 1979 1432 153 278 679 342 242 1815 2433 n/a 356 77 227 10014 532 221 3711 760 1018 713 326 354 304 7938 82519 19447 63072 35574 46945 2464 12281

6860 3290 3479 13628 815 1831 531 513 117 154 3233 139 7334 856 311 122 1415 2551 100 10044 199 1651 104 442 17795 4359 2143 2660 710 1267 10268 404 3002 341 194 25348 1992 1699 144 224 698 350 246 1820 2314 n/a 483 106 191 10268 549 194 3742 768 972 742 343 334 319 7962 82334 19131 63203 35269 47065 2418 12761

6784 3207 3165 13156 803 1897 588 507 122 152 3222 138 7430 895 287 108 1485 2466 99 9951 211 1549 102 420 17574 4421 2428 2784 757 1438 10663 406 3027 315 193 26430 1969 1916 127 237 715 347 240 1820 2109 n/a 457 98 184 10218 538 175 3814 803 1006 741 360 309 340 8086 82894 18425 64469 36303 46591 2258 12783

7263 3202 2978 13444 729 2029 671 488 147 151 3042 129 7384 1014 265 95 1609 2349 94 10140 214 1469 95 409 17754 4292 2452 2498 813 1421 9663 401 2725 307 192 24765 1775 1804 118 276 730 307 241 1651 2185 n/a 475 93 181 9838 507 168 3805 816 994 701 374 341 330 8038 81222 18432 62790 33997 47225 2119 13215

7549 3332 2959 13841 715 2137 786 488 158 145 2842 134 7404 1023 249 106 1676 2136 90 10367 220 1356 78 394 17694 4417 2490 2560 865 1638 10075 385 2895 306 192 25822 1689 1863 122 314 725 274 249 1658 2471 n/a 462 85 152 10065 548 172 4077 882 1003 717 389 322 315 8426 83251 18527 64724 35086 48166 1981 13496

7862 3515 2940 14317 660 2179 915 501 153 137 2755 137 7436 919 225 110 1684 2040 89 10519 220 1112 77 394 17387 4465 2801 2913 885 1834 11144 353 3320 219 201 28136 1642 1726 114 301 714 252 251 479 2408 n/a 291 78 209 8464 483 165 4074 916 952 650 419 326 299 8285 84026 18574 65452 35988 48038 1720 13544

8894 3740 2911 15545 664 2145 944 505 154 117 2704 143 7376 872 204 112 1664 1917 83 10642 229 946 68 390 17127 3819 3116 3169 918 1931 11635 171 3401 174 184 28518 1537 1784 101 281 715 272 253 1510 2370 31 103 84 205 9247 479 159 4155 906 918 654 458 357 287 8372 86183 19482 66701 37480 48703 1526 13597

10073 4000 2875 16948 655 2110 1004 527 167 115 2680 148 7407 877 178 116 1737 1838 86 10780 240 864 61 397 17174 3615 3141 3129 942 1906 11393 59 3627 193 209 28213 1485 1799 83 250 710 267 232 988 2270 100 118 78 231 8612 407 135 4216 906 882 621 452 361 272 8252 86606 20635 65971 36561 50045 1434 13810

11779 4271 2784 18833 641 2341 990 557 169 114 2692 154 7659 849 167 121 1710 1889 84 10838 249 852 59 388 17206 3725 3285 3101 943 1886 11505 33 3674 147 214 28515 1589 1712 82 266 714 281 232 498 2347 155 120 73 236 8307 436 126 4246 887 852 645 450 373 291 8307 88826 22588 66238 36573 52254 1412 13810

12757 4389 2587 19733 641 2525 1006 543 145 109 2644 149 7761 840 158 115 1695 1948 83 10981 261 963 57 379 17479 3897 4031 3068 981 1890 11986 27 3928 44 213 30065 1558 1826 73 257 726 289 230 432 2329 148 109 65 255 8297 393 127 4309 876 841 699 468 362 295 8369 91704 23596 68108 38133 53572 1506 13932

12354 4460 2456 19270 619 2605 924 545 135 96 2410 138 7474 826 142 79 1672 1995 79 11227 261 1013 55 367 17716 4600 4465 3151 1004 1899 12349 25 4073 16 205 31789 1579 1807 73 238 691 280 227 426 2053 118 104 63 233 7892 359 121 3999 856 881 705 479 333 278 8010 92150 23122 69028 39358 52792 1488 14141

-3.2% 1.6% -5.1% -2.3% -3.3% 3.2% -8.1% 0.4% -6.6% -11.2% -8.9% -7.5% -3.7% -1.6% -10.2% -31.3% -1.4% 2.4% -5.0% 2.2%

6.3% 3.7% -3.7% 3.7% -2.7% 4.0% 6.7% 0.2% 2.6% -4.4% -2.2% 0.3% 0.6% 6.6% -8.4% -1.0% 2.7% -4.1% -3.1% 1.4% 3.1% -6.2% -6.7% -1.8%

◆

5.1% -3.1% -3.0% 1.4% 18.0% 10.8% 2.7% 2.4% 0.5% 3.0% -7.4% 3.7% -62.7% -3.8% 5.7% 1.4% -1.1% 0.6% -7.6% -4.8% -3.1% -1.1% -1.4% -11.9% -20.0% -5.0% -3.3% -8.7% -4.9% -8.7% -4.6% -7.2% -2.3% 4.8% 0.9% 2.5% -8.1% -5.9% -4.3% 0.5% -2.0% 1.4% 3.2% -1.5% -1.2% 1.5%

◆

-0.8% 8.2% 1.4% 2.4% 5.1% 0.9% -24.5% 3.0% -20.3% 1.4% 1.6% -2.4% 3.6% -8.3% 0.4% 0.8% -2.1% -1.6% -13.0% -0.8% n/a -9.4% -2.0% 3.7% -1.7% -3.6% -4.7% 1.7% 1.7% -2.6% -0.8% 4.5% -0.7% 0.4% 0.5% 1.1% 1.7% 0.9% 0.8% 1.4% -5.7% 1.7%

Share 2016

13.4% 4.8% 2.7% 20.9% 0.7% 2.8% 1.0% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1% 2.6% 0.2% 8.1% 0.9% 0.2% 0.1% 1.8% 2.2% 0.1% 12.2% 0.3% 1.1% 0.1% 0.4% 19.2% 5.0% 4.8% 3.4% 1.1% 2.1% 13.4% ◆

4.4% ◆

0.2% 34.5% 1.7% 2.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.8% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% 2.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 8.6% 0.4% 0.1% 4.3% 0.9% 1.0% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 8.7% 100.0% 25.1% 74.9% 42.7% 57.3% 1.6% 15.3%

*Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and NGLs (natural gas liquids – the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas. Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Note: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.

◆

14


Oil: Consumption in thousands of barrels per day* Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

20687 2275 2019 24982 474 2155 293 237 180 147 38 668 1363 5554 291 96 176 685 105 207 190 223 1942 2609 434 168 191 1791 221 58 1047 229 512 302 214 2762 72 1592 358 266 681 105 308 1813 103 699 20452 1851 248 378 137 2274 539 1299 6726 258 601 528 1526 2912 936 81 7432 309 2737 1244 5174 660 152 354 283 848 2320 1051 996 254 322 25152 85777 49874 35903 15165 3819

20680 2342 2067 25089 528 2313 377 234 183 153 43 640 1361 5831 276 91 162 700 103 205 191 226 1911 2380 435 168 195 1740 242 58 1065 237 531 307 218 2780 76 1613 357 241 695 111 308 1752 94 730 20202 1879 262 383 148 2407 576 1294 6949 286 642 539 1575 3042 935 76 7808 329 2941 1318 5013 701 154 384 295 921 2399 1110 1030 283 350 26047 87161 49697 37464 14878 3845

19490 2295 2054 23840 540 2485 390 251 188 172 45 716 1313 6100 274 74 159 731 102 209 188 223 1889 2502 414 164 187 1661 241 63 991 228 549 291 216 2861 82 1558 350 256 686 114 299 1720 93 737 20110 1954 254 406 177 2622 603 1402 7418 309 686 511 1697 3203 944 77 7941 298 3077 1287 4846 672 154 389 283 973 2308 1005 1018 300 333 25907 86578 48059 38519 14737 3901

18771 2173 1996 22940 532 2502 383 232 191 178 44 726 1306 6094 264 73 182 654 91 204 169 212 1822 2409 398 154 166 1563 199 54 971 237 549 273 195 2775 79 1473 323 260 709 106 282 1646 89 720 19300 1950 232 455 173 2914 595 1461 7779 327 725 507 1758 3316 950 72 8278 339 3237 1317 4387 679 148 415 300 1049 2339 1020 1065 313 355 26262 85691 46068 39623 14023 3770

19180 2305 2014 23499 594 2721 343 258 220 189 45 725 1330 6424 276 71 150 678 81 195 171 222 1763 2445 369 146 158 1532 211 55 977 235 576 271 184 2878 82 1446 336 242 694 118 267 1623 76 714 19244 1817 241 470 191 3218 643 1522 8102 327 766 539 1852 3483 957 80 9436 359 3319 1411 4442 690 150 411 313 1157 2370 1045 1122 337 369 27969 88722 46596 42126 13942 3835

18882 2380 2043 23305 609 2839 371 277 226 208 42 737 1357 6666 262 89 175 637 79 193 168 204 1730 2369 348 139 143 1475 244 53 971 239 574 255 191 3074 81 1378 312 235 673 125 278 1590 71 710 19064 1844 254 464 246 3295 721 1558 8382 350 720 542 1781 3393 1006 104 9796 361 3488 1589 4442 726 150 414 298 1208 2394 983 1185 366 409 28920 89729 46054 43676 13499 4120

18490 2340 2063 22894 636 2901 376 297 233 213 40 792 1339 6826 259 92 211 622 82 192 158 193 1676 2356 312 129 135 1346 245 55 926 235 553 230 191 3119 74 1291 309 238 680 129 267 1533 63 692 18594 1854 295 541 257 3462 765 1586 8760 370 747 554 1900 3571 1036 110 10230 344 3685 1625 4702 760 148 402 309 1202 2458 983 1250 369 416 30031 90675 45512 45163 12955 4205

18961 2383 2020 23364 683 3110 362 298 247 227 45 782 1319 7073 264 101 145 636 76 184 158 191 1664 2408 295 129 137 1260 260 53 898 243 520 239 174 3135 75 1195 306 249 718 137 257 1518 60 683 18370 2014 247 512 287 3470 774 1646 8950 387 756 569 2007 3720 1046 107 10734 352 3727 1639 4516 803 151 442 322 1225 2455 1010 1298 371 435 30636 92114 45583 46531 12702 4177

19106 2372 1943 23421 674 3239 371 316 260 225 42 719 1324 7171 259 99 165 635 82 195 160 183 1616 2348 294 144 136 1184 265 53 866 232 521 238 187 3299 71 1191 308 224 741 143 222 1511 57 660 18287 1961 231 480 293 3726 860 1631 9180 390 806 564 2012 3771 1045 116 11209 336 3849 1663 4303 802 154 458 347 1268 2454 1032 1311 389 458 31195 93025 45184 47840 12500 4326

19531 2299 1923 23753 692 3170 376 333 254 240 45 648 1381 7139 259 99 156 666 92 189 164 184 1616 2340 306 153 142 1222 289 57 835 238 541 245 191 3137 77 1237 300 228 839 147 198 1565 57 683 18450 1850 247 506 316 3868 926 1588 9300 425 830 583 2028 3866 1039 124 11986 368 4164 1592 4139 814 160 505 398 1336 2577 1040 1355 407 491 32494 95003 45785 49218 12707 4161

19631 2343 1869 23843 687 3018 378 340 239 256 44 611 1402 6976 263 99 152 675 96 178 164 189 1602 2394 313 154 147 1232 287 61 851 242 589 236 197 3203 83 1268 313 216 886 148 195 1597 58 705 18793 1848 251 499 339 3906 987 1600 9431 412 853 560 2111 3937 1036 131 12381 380 4489 1615 4037 829 164 566 434 1382 2763 1046 1382 431 512 33577 96558 46217 50341 12942 4223

0.5% 1.9% -2.8% 0.4% -0.7% -4.8% 0.6% 2.3% -5.9% 6.9% -3.9% -5.7% 1.5% -2.3% 1.5% -0.2% -2.2% 1.4% 4.0% -6.0% 0.5% 2.6% -0.9% 2.3% 2.5% 0.9% 2.9% 0.9% -0.6% 6.5% 1.9% 1.7% 8.8% -3.5% 3.2% 2.1% 8.5% 2.5% 4.3% -5.2% 5.7% 0.8% -1.1% 2.1% 0.8% 3.2% 1.9% -0.1% 1.9% -1.3% 7.5% 1.0% 6.7% 0.7% 1.4% -3.1% 2.8% -3.9% 4.1% 1.8% -0.3% 5.6% 3.3% 3.4% 7.8% 1.4% -2.5% 1.9% 2.3% 12.0% 9.0% 3.4% 7.2% 0.6% 2.0% 6.0% 4.3% 3.3% 1.6% 0.9% 2.3% 1.8% 1.5%

-0.6% 0.1% -0.5% -0.6% 4.4% 4.1% 3.5% 3.5% 4.2% 4.7% 2.8% 0.7% 0.3% 2.9% -1.0% -0.7% 0.3% -0.3% -1.1% -1.0% -1.3% -2.2% -1.8% -1.0% -2.9% -0.3% -2.9% -3.8% 4.1%

◆

-2.2% 0.6% 1.1% -3.1% -1.3% 1.7% -0.4% -2.5% -1.7% -1.3% 2.5% 3.0% -3.9% -1.5% -5.7% -0.1% -0.9% 0.9% -0.4% 2.1% 11.2% 5.8% 6.3% 1.8% 3.6% 5.5% 3.0% 1.2% 2.9% 2.9% 1.8% 4.5% 5.7% 2.5% 4.8% 2.0% -2.5% 2.5% 0.6% 5.0% 2.4% 5.3% 1.1% -0.1% 2.9% 4.7% 4.6% 2.8% 1.2% -0.9% 3.6% -1.7% 1.3%

Share 2016

20.3% 2.4% 1.9% 24.7% 0.7% 3.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3%

◆

0.6% 1.5% 7.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 1.7% 2.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.9% 0.3% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 3.3% 0.1% 1.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.9% 0.2% 0.2% 1.7% 0.1% 0.7% 19.5% 1.9% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 4.0% 1.0% 1.7% 9.8% 0.4% 0.9% 0.6% 2.2% 4.1% 1.1% 0.1% 12.8% 0.4% 4.6% 1.7% 4.2% 0.9% 0.2% 0.6% 0.4% 1.4% 2.9% 1.1% 1.4% 0.4% 0.5% 34.8% 100.0% 47.9% 52.1% 13.4% 4.4%

*Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas are also included. than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitute fuels, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.

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15

Oil: Production in million tonnes* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Italy Kazakhstan Norway Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

304.5 150.6 182.5 637.6 39.5 94.0 27.9 28.8 5.5 8.3 171.2 7.0 382.2 32.3 16.8 5.8 65.1 129.0 5.0 485.6 9.2 76.9 5.4 21.7 852.9 210.7 98.0 133.7 36.2 56.8 508.9 20.3 144.3 18.1 8.9 1236.0 86.2 69.6 8.0 14.2 33.2 15.6 12.1 85.3 118.5 n/a 17.5 3.6 11.4 475.1 23.5 10.8 184.8 36.0 50.2 32.7 12.6 17.2 13.1 381.0 3964.8 904.3 3060.5 1711.9 2252.9 116.1 604.4

305.1 155.3 172.2 632.6 38.3 95.4 28.0 27.5 5.5 7.1 165.5 7.1 374.3 42.6 15.2 5.9 67.2 118.6 4.7 496.8 9.8 76.9 4.9 21.6 864.2 213.3 105.1 129.9 34.8 57.6 488.9 19.5 139.6 15.9 9.5 1214.1 86.5 82.5 7.5 11.5 33.8 15.9 12.3 85.4 112.4 n/a 23.8 5.0 9.6 486.1 24.5 9.5 186.3 36.4 47.8 33.8 13.2 16.3 13.9 381.8 3953.2 889.3 3064.0 1694.1 2259.1 114.2 628.0

302.3 152.9 156.9 612.0 37.8 99.1 31.1 27.2 5.7 7.0 165.6 7.1 380.5 44.5 14.0 5.2 70.7 114.8 4.7 493.7 10.4 72.0 4.8 20.6 855.4 215.6 119.3 136.1 37.1 64.7 509.9 19.6 141.4 14.8 9.5 1267.8 85.6 93.5 6.7 12.2 34.7 16.1 12.0 85.6 102.6 n/a 22.6 4.6 9.2 485.3 24.1 8.6 190.4 37.8 49.4 34.0 14.0 15.2 14.9 388.4 3989.6 857.9 3131.7 1747.0 2242.6 106.6 630.6

322.4 152.8 146.7 621.9 34.0 106.0 35.3 26.1 6.5 6.8 156.0 6.6 377.3 50.4 12.9 4.6 76.5 108.7 4.5 500.8 10.5 68.3 4.5 19.9 861.6 207.4 119.9 120.9 39.7 62.6 456.7 19.3 126.2 14.3 9.4 1176.6 77.2 87.6 6.2 14.1 35.3 14.2 12.0 77.4 105.3 n/a 23.4 4.3 9.1 466.1 22.4 8.3 189.5 38.0 48.4 32.2 14.5 16.7 14.4 384.3 3887.8 853.7 3034.2 1623.6 2264.3 100.0 649.2

332.7 160.3 145.6 638.6 33.3 111.6 41.4 26.1 7.0 6.2 145.8 6.9 378.4 50.8 12.2 5.1 79.7 98.8 4.3 511.8 10.8 63.2 3.6 19.2 859.5 211.7 121.5 123.3 42.2 71.1 473.8 18.5 133.3 14.3 9.4 1219.2 73.8 90.5 6.4 16.0 35.0 12.6 12.4 77.8 119.1 n/a 22.8 4.0 7.6 478.2 24.5 8.5 203.0 41.3 48.6 32.6 14.9 15.6 13.8 402.7 3976.5 856.7 3119.9 1668.0 2308.6 93.6 662.8

344.9 169.8 144.5 659.2 30.9 114.0 48.2 26.8 6.7 5.9 141.5 7.0 381.1 45.6 10.9 5.3 80.1 93.8 4.2 518.8 10.8 52.1 3.6 19.2 844.5 212.7 136.7 140.8 43.2 78.0 525.9 16.9 151.3 10.1 9.9 1325.6 71.7 83.8 6.0 15.3 34.6 11.6 12.5 22.5 115.9 n/a 14.3 3.7 10.3 402.3 21.5 8.1 202.9 42.9 46.3 29.4 15.4 15.8 13.0 395.2 4007.9 857.0 3150.9 1707.6 2300.3 81.7 664.7

393.2 182.6 143.9 719.6 31.1 112.4 49.9 27.1 6.7 5.2 139.3 7.3 378.9 43.4 10.0 5.4 79.3 87.3 4.0 526.2 11.2 44.7 3.2 19.2 833.6 180.7 152.5 153.9 45.0 82.2 549.8 8.1 154.8 8.0 9.0 1344.0 67.2 86.9 5.3 14.3 34.7 12.7 12.7 71.2 114.4 1.5 5.1 3.9 10.2 440.1 21.4 7.8 207.5 42.5 44.6 29.8 16.6 17.3 12.6 400.2 4116.4 902.1 3214.4 1780.0 2336.4 73.0 668.8

446.9 195.1 141.8 783.8 30.5 110.2 52.9 28.2 7.1 5.1 137.8 7.5 379.2 43.5 8.7 5.6 82.3 83.2 4.1 531.1 11.7 40.7 2.9 19.6 833.3 169.8 153.2 151.3 46.1 80.3 538.4 2.7 165.1 8.9 10.3 1326.1 64.8 87.3 4.4 12.6 34.4 12.4 11.6 46.5 109.2 4.9 5.8 3.6 11.5 408.9 17.8 6.6 210.0 42.5 42.7 28.5 16.5 17.4 12.0 393.9 4125.3 953.8 3171.5 1732.0 2393.3 68.5 676.8

522.7 209.4 137.1 869.2 29.9 122.5 52.2 29.8 7.3 5.1 138.5 7.7 392.9 42.1 8.1 5.8 81.1 85.3 4.1 534.1 12.1 40.0 2.8 19.2 834.7 174.2 160.3 150.1 46.2 79.4 543.4 1.5 166.2 6.7 10.5 1338.7 68.8 83.0 4.3 13.4 35.1 13.1 11.6 23.4 112.8 7.7 5.9 3.4 11.7 394.2 19.1 6.2 211.4 41.6 41.2 29.7 16.2 18.1 13.0 396.5 4226.2 1041.9 3184.3 1730.1 2496.1 67.3 677.1

565.1 215.6 127.5 908.3 29.8 132.2 53.0 29.1 6.2 4.8 135.9 7.5 398.6 41.6 7.7 5.5 80.2 88.0 4.0 540.7 12.7 45.4 2.7 18.8 847.3 181.6 197.0 148.2 48.0 79.1 567.8 1.2 176.2 2.0 10.5 1411.6 67.2 88.7 3.8 12.9 35.4 13.5 11.5 20.3 112.0 7.3 5.4 3.0 12.6 393.7 17.4 6.2 214.6 41.2 40.7 32.3 17.0 17.4 13.2 400.0 4359.5 1086.4 3273.0 1803.2 2556.2 71.9 682.5

543.0 218.2 121.4 882.6 28.8 136.7 48.8 29.3 5.6 4.3 124.1 7.0 384.5 41.0 6.9 3.8 79.3 90.4 3.8 554.3 12.7 47.5 2.6 18.2 860.6 216.4 218.9 152.7 49.3 79.4 585.7 1.1 182.4 0.8 10.1 1496.9 68.5 87.9 3.8 11.9 33.8 13.1 11.4 20.0 98.8 5.8 5.1 2.9 11.6 374.8 15.5 5.9 199.7 40.2 43.0 32.7 17.6 16.0 12.4 383.0 4382.4 1060.0 3322.4 1864.2 2518.2 70.8 694.5

-4.2% 0.9% -5.1% -3.1% -3.7% 3.1% -8.1% 0.4% -10.4% -10.5% -9.0% -7.5% -3.8% -1.7% -10.2% -31.4% -1.4% 2.4% -5.3% 2.2% -0.4% 4.4% -3.3% -3.3% 1.3% 18.9% 10.8% 2.8% 2.4% 0.1% 2.9% -8.3% 3.2% -60.8% -3.9% 5.8% 1.6% -1.2% 0.6% -7.8% -4.8% -3.3% -1.1% -1.5% -12.1% -20.0% -5.0% -3.8% -8.6% -5.1% -11.1% -4.7% -7.2% -2.6% 5.2% 0.9% 3.2% -8.5% -6.2% -4.5% 0.3% -2.7% 1.2% 3.1% -1.8% -1.8% 1.5%

6.2% 4.2% -3.7% 3.6% -2.8% 4.0% 6.7% 0.2% 1.6% -5.0% -2.2% 0.2% 0.6% 6.5% -8.4% -1.0% 2.7% -4.4% -3.0% 1.3% 3.0% -6.1% -6.9% -1.6% ◆

-1.3% 8.2% 1.3% 2.4% 4.2% 0.9% -25.1% 2.6% -20.5% 1.5% 1.4% -2.5% 3.5% -8.3% 0.3% 0.7% -1.9% -1.6% -13.0% -1.0% n/a -9.4% -2.1% 3.7% -1.7% -3.7% -4.8% 1.7% 1.7% -2.7% -0.7% 4.0% -0.8% 0.7% 0.4% 1.0% 1.6% 0.8% 0.6% 1.3% -5.5% 1.6%

Share 2016

12.4% 5.0% 2.8% 20.1% 0.7% 3.1% 1.1% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 2.8% 0.2% 8.8% 0.9% 0.2% 0.1% 1.8% 2.1% 0.1% 12.6% 0.3% 1.1% 0.1% 0.4% 19.6% 4.9% 5.0% 3.5% 1.1% 1.8% 13.4% ◆

4.2% ◆

0.2% 34.2% 1.6% 2.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.8% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 2.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 8.6% 0.4% 0.1% 4.6% 0.9% 1.0% 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 8.7% 100.0% 24.2% 75.8% 42.5% 57.5% 1.6% 15.8%

*Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and NGLs (natural gas liquids – the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas. than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

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16


Oil: Consumption in million tonnes* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

930.7 98.7 89.7 1119.1 21.8 100.0 13.9 10.9 8.3 6.9 1.8 31.5 68.1 263.2 14.2 4.8 8.8 33.8 5.0 9.8 9.4 10.7 93.0 123.6 21.3 7.8 9.3 86.7 10.7 2.8 50.8 10.5 23.3 14.6 10.3 130.4 3.4 79.3 17.3 12.6 32.1 4.8 14.2 83.2 5.1 34.7 978.0 87.7 11.7 17.7 4.6 98.4 26.9 62.0 309.1 11.5 28.7 25.3 72.7 138.1 42.9 3.9 353.1 15.2 128.3 58.5 238.0 28.9 7.1 17.6 13.3 44.5 104.7 49.1 44.2 12.0 15.5 1176.7 3984.2 2291.7 1692.5 727.3 181.1

928.8 101.7 92.0 1122.5 24.2 107.5 17.9 10.7 8.5 7.1 2.1 29.7 67.8 275.4 13.4 4.5 8.0 34.6 4.8 9.7 9.4 10.8 91.4 112.5 21.4 7.7 9.4 84.0 11.6 2.8 50.7 10.7 24.2 14.7 10.3 130.0 3.6 80.3 16.9 11.3 32.6 5.1 14.4 80.7 4.7 36.2 962.6 89.6 12.3 17.9 5.2 104.4 28.7 61.6 319.8 12.9 30.6 25.8 74.8 144.1 42.5 3.7 370.7 16.4 138.1 61.8 230.9 30.8 7.1 19.1 13.8 48.3 107.6 51.1 45.5 13.3 16.8 1217.6 4041.9 2278.9 1763.0 711.8 181.0

875.4 100.6 91.6 1067.6 24.9 116.2 18.6 11.7 8.7 8.0 2.2 33.8 65.5 289.6 13.4 3.6 7.9 36.0 4.8 9.9 9.3 10.7 90.8 118.9 20.4 7.5 9.0 80.4 11.5 3.1 47.3 10.4 25.3 14.1 10.4 133.6 3.9 78.0 16.7 12.1 32.1 5.2 14.2 79.5 4.6 36.5 960.8 93.1 12.0 19.0 6.3 114.4 30.2 67.2 342.1 14.0 32.6 24.4 80.6 151.7 43.2 3.8 378.1 14.8 144.7 60.1 224.8 29.5 7.2 19.4 13.3 51.4 103.1 45.9 44.4 14.1 16.0 1213.6 4025.3 2210.1 1815.2 707.7 183.4

833.2 94.4 88.5 1016.1 24.3 117.0 18.2 10.7 8.9 8.2 2.1 34.2 64.5 288.1 12.8 3.3 9.3 31.5 4.3 9.7 8.3 10.1 87.5 113.9 19.5 7.1 8.0 75.1 9.3 2.6 45.9 10.7 25.3 13.2 9.2 128.2 3.7 73.5 15.5 12.3 32.6 5.0 13.5 75.8 4.3 35.6 916.5 92.2 10.8 20.4 6.0 125.9 28.9 70.1 354.4 14.9 34.4 24.1 83.2 156.6 43.5 3.5 392.8 16.9 152.6 60.8 200.3 29.2 6.9 20.7 14.0 55.5 103.7 46.1 45.9 14.6 16.9 1223.9 3955.7 2098.9 1856.7 670.1 175.9

850.1 101.0 88.6 1039.7 28.1 126.8 16.0 11.9 10.3 8.6 2.2 34.1 65.5 303.6 13.4 3.2 7.5 32.7 3.9 9.2 8.4 10.6 84.5 115.4 18.1 6.7 7.6 73.1 9.9 2.7 45.9 10.8 26.7 13.0 8.8 133.3 3.9 72.1 16.2 11.4 31.8 5.5 12.6 74.9 3.6 35.3 912.3 83.6 11.2 20.9 6.5 137.1 30.7 73.1 363.1 14.8 36.3 25.6 87.7 164.5 43.7 3.9 448.5 17.8 155.4 64.7 202.7 29.3 7.0 20.5 14.6 60.9 105.0 47.2 47.7 15.6 17.5 1302.2 4085.4 2118.9 1966.5 665.0 178.6

834.9 104.2 90.3 1029.5 28.3 131.9 17.6 12.8 10.5 9.5 2.1 34.6 66.9 314.0 12.7 4.0 8.6 30.5 3.8 9.0 8.3 9.7 83.0 112.0 17.0 6.4 6.8 70.5 11.5 2.6 46.1 10.6 26.6 12.1 9.1 142.2 3.9 68.8 14.8 11.0 31.1 5.8 13.1 73.6 3.4 35.0 903.7 84.7 11.8 20.4 8.0 139.1 33.2 74.4 371.7 15.8 33.7 25.7 84.2 159.4 46.3 5.1 465.1 18.0 163.0 73.1 203.7 31.5 7.0 20.7 13.8 63.7 105.8 44.5 49.7 16.9 19.4 1347.4 4125.7 2093.8 2032.0 644.5 191.7

817.0 102.3 92.3 1011.6 29.6 134.3 17.5 13.9 10.9 9.6 2.0 37.2 66.1 321.0 12.5 4.2 10.4 29.6 3.9 9.0 7.8 9.1 80.3 111.4 15.3 5.9 6.5 64.2 11.5 2.7 43.7 10.5 25.7 11.0 9.2 144.6 3.6 64.7 14.6 11.2 31.6 6.0 12.5 71.4 3.0 34.1 882.1 85.7 13.9 24.4 8.2 146.2 35.0 76.0 389.5 16.8 35.3 26.5 90.0 168.6 47.9 5.4 487.1 17.2 173.6 74.4 217.7 32.9 7.0 20.0 14.4 63.4 108.8 44.6 52.3 17.1 19.7 1403.4 4176.2 2071.7 2104.5 618.8 195.9

832.1 103.5 89.8 1025.4 31.9 144.2 16.8 13.9 11.6 10.1 2.3 36.7 64.5 332.0 12.7 4.5 7.1 30.1 3.6 8.5 7.7 9.0 79.3 113.4 14.5 5.9 6.5 59.4 12.1 2.6 41.4 10.8 23.8 11.3 8.4 144.3 3.6 59.3 14.4 11.8 33.5 6.2 11.9 70.3 2.9 33.4 864.3 93.6 11.5 22.7 9.3 147.3 35.5 78.8 398.6 17.6 35.8 27.3 94.8 175.4 48.2 5.3 508.1 17.6 175.3 74.5 207.4 34.9 7.1 21.9 14.9 64.2 108.3 45.1 54.5 17.3 20.6 1425.2 4220.9 2059.3 2161.6 601.7 192.7

838.1 103.1 85.4 1026.6 31.3 150.6 17.4 14.8 12.2 10.0 2.1 33.6 64.7 336.5 12.5 4.4 8.1 29.7 3.9 9.1 7.8 8.6 76.9 110.4 14.4 6.6 6.5 55.8 12.3 2.6 39.6 10.2 23.9 11.1 9.0 152.3 3.4 59.0 14.5 10.6 34.3 6.5 10.3 69.8 2.7 32.2 858.8 90.4 10.6 21.0 9.7 159.8 38.6 78.2 408.4 17.7 38.3 27.0 94.5 177.5 48.1 5.8 528.0 16.6 180.8 75.3 197.0 34.9 7.2 22.6 16.1 65.8 107.9 46.1 55.0 18.0 21.7 1447.0 4254.8 2036.7 2218.1 590.8 200.0

856.5 99.1 84.4 1040.0 32.2 146.6 17.6 15.6 11.8 10.7 2.2 30.2 67.5 334.4 12.5 4.5 7.7 31.0 4.4 8.9 8.0 8.7 76.8 110.0 14.9 7.0 6.8 57.6 13.2 2.8 38.7 10.3 24.9 11.5 9.2 144.2 3.7 61.2 14.1 10.7 38.9 6.6 9.2 71.8 2.7 33.3 865.9 84.5 11.4 22.3 10.7 166.6 40.9 76.5 412.8 19.5 39.6 27.9 95.1 182.1 47.9 6.2 561.8 18.3 195.8 71.8 189.0 35.5 7.5 24.6 18.3 69.4 113.8 46.5 57.3 18.8 23.2 1505.8 4341.0 2062.4 2278.5 600.6 191.6

863.1 100.9 82.8 1046.9 31.9 138.8 17.8 15.9 11.0 11.4 2.2 28.7 68.5 326.2 12.7 4.6 7.5 31.8 4.5 8.4 8.0 9.0 76.4 113.0 15.4 7.1 7.0 58.1 13.2 3.0 39.9 10.4 27.2 11.2 9.5 148.0 4.0 62.5 14.7 10.2 41.2 6.7 9.1 73.1 2.8 34.5 884.6 83.8 11.6 22.0 11.7 167.9 43.5 77.3 417.8 18.9 40.6 26.9 98.9 185.4 47.8 6.6 578.7 18.9 212.7 72.6 184.3 36.3 7.7 27.5 19.9 72.2 122.1 46.7 59.0 20.1 24.4 1557.3 4418.2 2086.8 2331.4 613.3 195.5

0.5% 1.5% -2.1% 0.4% -1.1% -5.6% 0.4% 2.0% -6.6% 6.8% -4.3% -5.3% 1.2% -2.7% 1.3% 1.5% -2.5% 2.3% 2.9% -6.2% 0.3% 2.6% -0.8% 2.4% 2.8% 1.3% 3.0% 0.5% -0.2% 6.7% 2.8% 0.7% 8.8% -3.2% 3.4% 2.4% 8.6% 1.8% 3.7% -5.4% 5.6% 0.8% -0.9% 1.7% 0.7% 3.2% 1.9% -1.1% 1.9% -1.5% 9.2% 0.5% 6.1% 0.8% 0.9% -3.2% 2.3% -3.6% 3.7% 1.5% -0.3% 6.0% 2.7% 3.2% 8.3% 0.8% -2.8% 1.8% 1.8% 11.4% 8.5% 3.7% 7.1% 0.1% 2.6% 6.2% 4.6% 3.1% 1.5% 0.9% 2.0% 1.8% 1.8%

-0.9%

◆

-0.7% -0.8% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.7% 4.1% 4.1% 2.9% 0.7% 0.1% 2.8% -1.2% -1.7% 0.2% -0.8% -1.0% -1.1% -1.4% -2.4% -1.9% -1.1% -3.0% -0.5% -3.1% -4.0% 3.5% 0.1% -2.5% 0.2% 1.1% -3.5% -1.4% 1.4% -0.4% -2.6% -1.9% -1.3% 2.4% 2.9% -3.9% -1.5% -6.1% -0.2% -1.1% 0.5% -0.7% 1.3% 11.6% 5.9% 5.0% 1.9% 3.3% 5.8% 2.9% 1.2% 2.8% 2.8% 1.9% 4.8% 5.5% 2.7% 4.9% 1.6% -2.6% 2.4% 0.7% 4.9% 2.1% 5.3% 0.8% -0.6% 2.2% 4.4% 4.4% 2.7% 1.0% -1.1% 3.4% -1.9% 1.0%

Share 2016

19.5% 2.3% 1.9% 23.7% 0.7% 3.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% ◆

0.6% 1.6% 7.4% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 1.7% 2.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 1.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.9% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2% 3.3% 0.1% 1.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.9% 0.2% 0.2% 1.7% 0.1% 0.8% 20.0% 1.9% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 3.8% 1.0% 1.7% 9.5% 0.4% 0.9% 0.6% 2.2% 4.2% 1.1% 0.1% 13.1% 0.4% 4.8% 1.6% 4.2% 0.8% 0.2% 0.6% 0.5% 1.6% 2.8% 1.1% 1.3% 0.5% 0.6% 35.2% 100.0% 47.2% 52.8% 13.9% 4.4%

*Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas are also included. than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitute fuels, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

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17

Oil: Production by region

Oil: Consumption by region

Million barrels daily

Million barrels daily

Asia Pacific Africa Middle East Europe & Eurasia S. & Cent. America North America

91

96

01

06

11

16

100

100

90

90

80

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

0

91

96

01

06

11

16

World oil production grew by only 0.4 million b/d in 2016, the slowest growth since 2013. Production in the Middle East rose by 1.7 million b/d, driven by Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, but this was largely offset by declines in North America, Africa, Asia Pacific and South & Central America. Global oil consumption growth averaged 1.6 million b/d, above the 10-year average of 1 million b/d for the second successive year as a result of stronger than usual growth in the OECD. However, China (400,000 b/d) and India (330,000 b/d) still provided the largest contributions to growth. .

Oil: Consumption per capita 2016 Tonnes

0-0.75 0.75-1.5 1.5-2.25 2.25-3.0 > 3.0

18


0

Oil: Regional consumption – by product group Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily

North America Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total North America of which: US Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total US S. & Cent. America Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Europe & Eurasia of which: CIS Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total CIS of which: European Union Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total European Union Middle East Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Middle East Africa Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Africa Asia Pacific Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Asia Pacific of which: China Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total China of which: Japan Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Japan World Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total World OECD Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total OECD Non-OECD Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Non-OECD

Share 2016

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

11131 7297 1055 5499 24982

11200 7318 1081 5490 25089

10859 6934 941 5106 23840

10839 6281 801 5019 22940

10950 6567 810 5172 23499

10697 6694 745 5169 23305

10572 6409 662 5251 22894

10778 6519 576 5492 23364

10841 6801 447 5332 23421

11088 6812 419 5435 23753

11312 6750 505 5276 23843

2.0% -0.9% 20.5% -2.9% 0.4%

0.1% -0.6% -11.3%

-0.6%

47.4% 28.3% 2.1% 22.1% 100.0%

9599 6226 683 4178 20687

9597 6199 718 4166 20680

9253 5801 609 3827 19490

9257 5241 508 3766 18771

9263 5464 532 3921 19180

9022 5518 459 3883 18882

8932 5278 367 3913 18490

9125 5371 317 4147 18961

9164 5632 256 4054 19106

9413 5657 258 4203 19531

9556 5594 356 4125 19631

1.5% -1.1% 37.8% -1.8% 0.5%

-0.1% -0.9% -11.9% 0.1% -0.6%

48.7% 28.5% 1.8% 21.0% 100.0%

1512 1946 813 1284 5554

1613 2144 813 1262 5831

1690 2196 831 1384 6100

1795 2168 789 1341 6094

1890 2392 763 1379 6424

1969 2513 741 1443 6666

2019 2635 740 1432 6826

2118 2760 715 1481 7073

2178 2774 734 1484 7171

2231 2749 730 1429 7139

2214 2696 663 1403 6976

-0.7% -2.0% -9.2% -1.8% -2.3%

4.1% 3.7% -0.7% 1.9% 2.9%

31.7% 38.6% 9.5% 20.1% 100.0%

4922 8920 2304 4306 20452

4936 8898 2062 4306 20202

4763 9165 1973 4209 20110

4658 8768 1794 4079 19300

4661 8970 1655 3958 19244

4448 8954 1631 4031 19064

4325 8839 1499 3932 18594

4272 8859 1387 3852 18370

4208 8787 1369 3924 18287

4143 9071 1235 4000 18450

4144 9269 1306 4074 18793

◆

2.2% 5.7% 1.8% 1.9%

-1.9% 0.5% -6.0% -0.6% -0.9%

22.1% 49.3% 7.0% 21.7% 100.0%

1106 1151 558 1004 3819

1172 1219 424 1031 3845

1233 1286 397 985 3901

1211 1168 379 1011 3770

1267 1273 350 944 3835

1273 1387 373 1087 4120

1300 1395 361 1149 4205

1338 1379 369 1090 4177

1329 1343 435 1219 4326

1327 1278 347 1209 4161

1314 1303 370 1236 4223

-1.0% 1.9% 6.8% 2.3% 1.5%

2.3% 1.6% -3.6% 1.9% 1.3%

31.1% 30.8% 8.8% 29.3% 100.0%

3551 7112 1564 2938 15165

3516 6990 1473 2898 14878

3300 7153 1428 2856 14737

3190 6883 1276 2674 14023

3153 6983 1193 2612 13942

2952 6840 1148 2559 13499

2812 6696 1028 2419 12955

2719 6674 909 2400 12702

2674 6618 839 2370 12500

2602 6875 797 2432 12707

2608 7020 848 2466 12942

0.2% 2.1% 6.4% 1.4% 1.8%

-3.4% -0.1% -6.6% -1.8% -1.7%

20.2% 54.2% 6.5% 19.1% 100.0%

1485 2114 1534 1592 6726

1479 2272 1581 1617 6949

1592 2315 1746 1765 7418

1633 2403 1901 1841 7779

1681 2412 1939 2070 8102

1758 2537 1972 2115 8382

1839 2656 2042 2223 8760

1908 2753 2080 2209 8950

1944 2749 2211 2276 9180

2009 2672 2235 2384 9300

2053 2661 2192 2525 9431

2.2% -0.4% -1.9% 5.9% 1.4%

3.6% 2.9% 3.9% 4.2% 3.6%

21.8% 28.2% 23.2% 26.8% 100.0%

686 1297 423 506 2912

703 1379 425 535 3042

760 1461 436 546 3203

799 1507 446 563 3316

835 1613 460 576 3483

815 1615 394 568 3393

867 1680 440 583 3571

883 1805 438 595 3720

902 1846 437 586 3771

954 1872 431 609 3866

1038 1843 421 634 3937

8.9% -1.6% -2.3% 4.1% 1.8%

3.1% 4.2% -0.5% 1.9% 2.9%

26.4% 46.8% 10.7% 16.1% 100.0%

7021 9110 3528 5493 25152

7401 9304 3583 5760 26047

7453 9389 3361 5704 25907

7685 9390 3046 6141 26262

8320 9917 3045 6688 27969

8526 10345 3112 6937 28920

8944 10788 3216 7083 30031

9449 10991 2987 7209 30636

9759 11085 2828 7523 31195

10519 11368 2808 7799 32494

10955 11414 2898 8310 33577

4.2% 0.4% 3.2% 6.5% 3.3%

4.5% 2.3% -2.0% 3.9% 2.8%

32.6% 34.0% 8.6% 24.7% 100.0%

1713 2682 954 2083 7432

1846 2859 906 2198 7808

1975 3078 724 2164 7941

2046 3127 662 2443 8278

2406 3452 666 2912 9436

2593 3667 588 2948 9796

2776 3963 560 2932 10230

3105 4068 564 2998 10734

3324 4114 592 3179 11209

3768 4220 591 3408 11986

4035 4046 617 3683 12381

7.1% -4.1% 4.4% 8.1% 3.3%

9.5% 5.3% -4.1% 5.6% 5.7%

32.6% 32.7% 5.0% 29.7% 100.0%

1758 1760 657 999 5174

1731 1621 657 1005 5013

1614 1502 707 1024 4846

1634 1381 450 922 4387

1696 1391 442 913 4442

1635 1343 577 887 4442

1614 1361 824 903 4702

1631 1345 646 895 4516

1575 1319 532 876 4303

1610 1281 433 816 4139

1560 1291 368 817 4037

-3.1% 0.8% -14.9% 0.2% -2.5%

-1.0% -3.8% -4.4% -2.2% -2.5%

38.6% 32.0% 9.1% 20.3% 100.0%

26756 30684 9658 18679 85777

27331 31315 9545 18971 87161

27116 31460 9289 18713 86578

27409 30519 8778 18985 85691

28337 31871 8672 19842 88722

28213 32658 8595 20264 89729

28565 33007 8598 20505 90675

29408 33686 8182 20837 92114

29831 34041 8027 21125 93025

30943 34545 7858 21656 95003

31718 34632 7986 22223 96558

2.5% 0.3% 1.6% 2.6% 1.6%

1.6% 1.4% -2.3% 1.7% 1.2%

32.8% 35.9% 8.3% 23.0% 100.0%

18000 17771 3785 10318 49874

18102 17631 3697 10267 49697

17381 17310 3492 9876 48059

17354 16231 2894 9590 46068

17528 16654 2767 9646 46596

17062 16651 2772 9569 46054

16864 16323 2822 9502 45512

16998 16466 2424 9696 45583

16988 16685 2071 9441 45184

17264 17067 1905 9548 45785

17506 17223 2005 9484 46217

1.4% 0.9% 5.2% -0.7% 0.9%

-0.4% -0.3% -7.6% -0.6% -0.9%

37.9% 37.3% 4.3% 20.5% 100.0%

8756 12913 5873 8361 35903

9228 13684 5849 8704 37464

9736 14150 5796 8837 38519

10056 14288 5884 9395 39623

10809 15216 5905 10196 42126

11150 16007 5823 10696 43676

11701 16684 5776 11002 45163

12411 17220 5759 11142 46531

12843 17356 5957 11685 47840

13679 17478 5953 12108 49218

14212 17409 5981 12739 50341

3.9% -0.4% 0.5% 5.2% 2.3%

5.0% 3.4% 0.4% 4.1% 3.6%

28.2% 34.6% 11.9% 25.3% 100.0%

◆

◆Less

than 0.05%. Notes: ‘Light distillates’ consists of aviation and motor gasolines and light distillate feedstock (LDF). ‘Middle distillates’ consists of jet and heating kerosenes, and gas and diesel oils (including marine bunkers). ‘Fuel oil’ includes marine bunkers and crude oil used directly as fuel. ‘Others’ consists of refinery gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), solvents, petroleum coke, lubricants, bitumen, wax, other refined products and refinery fuel and loss. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures An extended breakdown of oil consumption by product group is available at bp.com/statisticalreview BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

19

Spot crude prices US dollars per barrel

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Dubai $/bbl*

Brent $/bbl†

Nigerian Forcados $/bbl

West Texas Intermediate $/bbl‡

34.32 31.80 28.78 28.06 27.53 13.10 16.95 13.27 15.62 20.45 16.63 17.17 14.93 14.74 16.10 18.52 18.23 12.21 17.25 26.20 22.81 23.74 26.78 33.64 49.35 61.50 68.19 94.34 61.39 78.06 106.18 109.08 105.47 97.07 51.20 41.19

35.93 32.97 29.55 28.78 27.56 14.43 18.44 14.92 18.23 23.73 20.00 19.32 16.97 15.82 17.02 20.67 19.09 12.72 17.97 28.50 24.44 25.02 28.83 38.27 54.52 65.14 72.39 97.26 61.67 79.50 111.26 111.67 108.66 98.95 52.39 43.73

36.18 33.29 29.54 28.14 27.75 14.46 18.39 15.00 18.30 23.85 20.11 19.61 17.41 16.25 17.26 21.16 19.33 12.62 18.00 28.42 24.23 25.04 28.66 38.13 55.69 67.07 74.48 101.43 63.35 81.05 113.65 114.21 111.95 101.35 54.41 44.54

36.08 33.65 30.30 29.39 27.98 15.10 19.18 15.97 19.68 24.50 21.54 20.57 18.45 17.21 18.42 22.16 20.61 14.39 19.31 30.37 25.93 26.16 31.07 41.49 56.59 66.02 72.20 100.06 61.92 79.45 95.04 94.13 97.99 93.28 48.71 43.34

*1981-1985 Arabian Light, 1986-2016 Dubai dated. †1981-1983 Forties, 1984-2016 Brent dated. ‡1981-1983 Posted WTI prices, 1984-2016 Spot WTI (Cushing) prices.

Source: Platts.

Crude oil prices 1861-2016 US dollars per barrel World events

Yom Kippur war Post-war reconstruction

Fears of shortage in US Growth of Venezuelan production

Pennsylvanian oil boom

Russian oil exports began

East Texas field discovered

Sumatra Discovery of production Spindletop, began Texas

Iranian revolution

Loss of Iranian supplies

Netback pricing introduced

Suez crisis

Iraq invaded Kuwait

Asian financial crisis Invasion of Iraq

‘Arab Spring’

130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1861-69

1870-79

1880-89

1890-99

1900-09

1910-19

$ 2016 (deflated using the Consumer Price Index for the US) $ money of the day

20


1920-29

1930-39

1940-49

1950-59

1960-69

1970-79

1980-89

1990-99

2000-09

2010-19

0

1861-1944 US average. 1945-1983 Arabian Light posted at Ras Tanura. 1984-2016 Brent dated.

Oil product prices (Rotterdam)

Product differentials to crude (Rotterdam products minus Dated Brent)

US dollars per barrel

US dollars per barrel

160

Gasoline Gas oil High sulphur fuel oil

140

40

Gasoline Gas oil High sulphur fuel oil

30 20

120

10

100

0

80 -10

60 -20

40

-30

20 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

0

-40 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

-50

Source: Platts.

Source: Platts.

Regional refining margins US dollars per barrel 25

20

15

10

5

USGC Medium Sour Coking NWE Light Sweet Cracking Singapore Medium Sour Hydrocracking 06

07

0

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

-5

16

Note: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North West Europe (NWE – Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs.

Refinery utilization Percentage (based on average annual capacity) 100

90

80

70

North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS 06

07

Middle East Africa Asia Pacific World 08

60

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

50

Refinery throughput growth slowed to 0.6 million b/d in 2016, with crude runs falling in Mexico (-130,000 b/d), South & Central America (-210,000 b/d) and Europe & Eurasia (-300,000 b/d). Global refinery capacity increased by only 0.4 million b/d, well below 10-year average growth (1 million b/d) for the second year in a row as Chinese capacity declined. Global refinery utilisation rose from 82.4% in 2015 to 82.9% in 2016. Utilisation in South & Central America fell to 72% – the lowest since 1987.


21

Oil: Refinery throughput Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily*

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Curacao Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

15242 1788 1270 18300 568 1708 217 315 205 152 172 152 1022 957 5468 172 150 427 631 143 158 159 208 1655 2245 379 139 63 1847 225 168 1226 307 396 265 266 4423 113 1210 415 109 530 137 289 1533 105 189 20284 1674 468 202 898 130 1992 592 743 6699 382 631 385 948 2345 597 26 6235 2860 913 4026 522 97 222 211 1155 2407 1000 926 9 104 21310 74406 39608 34798 13485 5758

15156 1849 1261 18266 600 1741 201 313 209 150 177 154 1004 972 5522 174 150 429 662 143 149 157 218 1654 2193 385 142 67 1863 229 118 1204 305 402 247 280 4597 120 1159 369 94 518 144 279 1528 95 199 20273 1719 447 189 923 149 1936 529 721 6615 391 653 388 915 2348 614 25 6594 3107 904 3995 557 91 238 206 1163 2417 992 922 10 94 21930 74953 39384 35569 13333 5926

14648 1781 1295 17724 578 1760 204 313 197 155 177 150 1010 967 5511 176 147 427 675 143 165 156 222 1676 2151 360 140 62 1741 236 195 1160 279 417 241 282 4742 117 1174 413 101 490 149 243 1533 93 184 20291 1779 476 215 906 145 2018 493 868 6900 429 617 408 944 2398 570 25 6828 3213 910 3946 560 99 226 184 1161 2365 900 927 10 94 22017 74840 38572 36269 13286 6040

14336 1731 1184 17251 532 1781 192 302 183 156 192 152 961 809 5258 169 121 434 629 125 148 157 220 1449 2026 346 127 55 1614 235 174 1143 278 408 209 247 4765 114 1057 394 95 375 152 255 1440 88 201 19250 1826 417 220 869 158 1928 492 840 6750 475 598 388 842 2303 577 18 7452 3641 900 3627 554 95 209 147 844 2297 956 938 43 98 22396 73207 36711 36496 12345 6053

14724 1774 1184 17682 531 1787 159 300 64 137 195 126 969 709 4977 158 124 330 668 110 159 146 211 1314 1915 393 128 60 1673 257 190 1189 259 458 227 217 5018 110 1060 406 90 392 170 249 1395 73 186 19335 1829 520 226 892 294 1922 571 809 7063 548 580 384 910 2422 606 26 8408 3899 853 3619 470 99 190 181 979 2390 876 963 123 97 23778 75257 37191 38066 12270 6224

14806 1680 1166 17652 516 1813 173 306 164 156 189 137 991 720 5165 168 127 411 598 102 143 137 225 1313 1876 331 132 59 1570 326 189 1144 289 482 206 194 5185 120 1051 374 87 394 165 206 1433 69 160 19269 1873 543 218 852 278 1884 635 805 7087 520 523 384 726 2154 627 27 8686 4085 880 3410 516 108 193 190 1035 2533 809 937 124 100 24258 75586 36854 38732 11915 6492

14999 1751 1199 17949 530 1889 164 305 165 152 189 107 936 335 4771 170 124 434 634 118 145 153 215 1138 1901 410 122 61 1475 331 181 1144 287 505 221 182 5438 108 1186 417 68 398 157 108 1348 62 134 19376 1932 579 219 916 292 1953 638 719 7248 478 534 401 797 2210 600 24 9199 4302 820 3400 575 109 192 170 1020 2582 897 978 142 89 25098 76653 37130 39523 11895 6656

15312 1719 1224 18255 527 2035 174 284 170 141 183 132 952 301 4899 174 132 425 555 113 134 144 227 1117 1857 399 120 57 1259 341 192 1044 292 488 239 189 5636 116 1168 332 97 421 160 85 1197 58 140 18908 1999 598 238 873 270 1876 650 685 7189 492 523 411 827 2254 588 27 9599 4462 822 3453 558 105 223 158 936 2484 847 1078 145 97 25581 77086 36733 40353 11181 6840

15848 1640 1155 18643 526 2085 174 247 189 125 185 105 920 295 4851 173 135 448 645 104 151 139 225 1096 1833 416 131 55 1198 361 160 1067 274 486 217 194 5926 105 1185 380 98 406 163 69 1125 62 132 19158 1932 487 245 879 261 2201 659 671 7335 615 525 461 625 2226 538 24 10155 4475 848 3289 553 101 232 168 871 2516 850 1029 125 96 25869 78083 36912 41171 11132 7168

16188 1635 1064 18887 536 1972 165 244 178 121 182 125 863 316 4702 179 130 462 644 121 145 147 197 1152 1875 436 130 68 1347 342 170 1138 293 532 278 208 5773 119 1304 401 56 526 157 64 1118 63 148 19724 1867 409 250 913 253 2479 929 629 7728 591 535 441 532 2099 427 25 10684 4561 836 3258 508 109 257 212 897 2784 838 1132 145 92 26765 79905 37965 41940 11766 6996

16202 1594 933 18729 511 1831 163 339 173 150 185 148 698 291 4490 164 117 392 640 125 109 140 226 1111 1887 464 133 64 1300 339 185 1147 230 517 273 228 5709 116 1303 395 59 532 153 65 1069 70 158 19420 1891 440 232 830 280 2750 1000 605 8028 584 508 477 533 2102 433 23 11023 4931 885 3280 537 108 242 216 965 2928 861 1096 148 107 27781 80550 37752 42798 11660 6849

0.1% -2.5% -12.3% -0.8% -4.7% -7.2% -1.0% 39.0% -2.6% 24.5% 1.6% 18.2% -19.2% -7.7% -4.5% -8.3% -9.8% -15.1% -0.5% 3.4% -25.1% -4.9% 14.6% -3.5% 0.6% 6.6% 2.3% -4.9% -3.5% -1.1% 8.4% 0.8% -21.6% -2.9% -1.8% 9.9% -1.1% -2.9%

0.6% -1.2% -1.9% 0.3%

*Atmospheric distillation capacity on a calendar-day basis. ◆Less than 0.05%.

22


◆

-1.6% 4.3% 1.3% -2.8% 0.9% -4.3% 11.5% 6.6% -1.5% 1.3% 7.6% -7.4% -9.2% 10.8% 11.0% 7.6% -3.8% 3.9% -1.1% -5.0% 8.1% 0.3% 0.2% 1.5% -10.1% 3.2% 8.1% 5.8% 0.7% 5.6% -1.4% -5.7% 1.7% 7.6% 5.2% 2.7% -3.2% 2.5% 16.8% 3.8% 0.8% -0.6% 2.0% -0.9% -2.1%

◆

1.5% -2.3% -2.0% -1.9% -2.2% 0.1% -2.7% -1.6% -10.9% -1.5% 0.1% -1.3% 1.5%

◆

-0.2% -0.7% -0.5% -0.2% -3.9% -2.0% 1.5% -0.8% 0.2% -3.3% 4.6% -0.9% -1.0% 0.2% 3.5% 0.5% -2.9% 3.3% 0.9% 0.9% -0.3% -5.2% 0.1% 1.1% -16.1% -3.6% -5.0% -3.2% -0.3% 1.4% -1.4% 2.3% 0.6% 8.2% 2.2% 4.4% -2.1% 1.5% 5.2% -1.7% -0.3% -6.6% -1.7% -3.4% 1.1% 6.2% 5.9% -1.6% -2.4% ◆

1.3% 1.1% 0.3% -2.7% 1.8% -2.2% 2.2% 32.0% -0.9% 2.6% 0.8% -0.5% 2.1% -1.5% 2.3%

Share 2016

20.1% 2.0% 1.2% 23.3% 0.6% 2.3% 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.9% 0.4% 5.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.8% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 1.4% 2.3% 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 1.6% 0.4% 0.2% 1.4% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 7.1% 0.1% 1.6% 0.5% 0.1% 0.7% 0.2% 0.1% 1.3% 0.1% 0.2% 24.1% 2.3% 0.5% 0.3% 1.0% 0.3% 3.4% 1.2% 0.8% 10.0% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 2.6% 0.5% ◆

13.7% 6.1% 1.1% 4.1% 0.7% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 1.2% 3.6% 1.1% 1.4% 0.2% 0.1% 34.5% 100.0% 46.9% 53.1% 14.5% 8.5%

Source: Includes data from ICIS.

Oil: Refinery capacities Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily*

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Curacao Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

17443 1914 1463 20821 617 1942 234 324 320 177 223 165 1294 1150 6446 201 205 460 766 205 193 189 261 1959 2390 425 165 75 2526 330 241 1274 316 498 306 389 5524 122 1362 436 140 613 251 525 1836 232 411 24826 1772 743 270 936 137 2107 620 957 7542 443 810 520 1262 3035 694 36 8508 2872 1157 4588 528 102 271 276 1422 2633 1140 1100 11 212 25550 88220 45396 42824 15991 7537

17594 1907 1463 20964 628 1961 242 324 320 175 223 165 1303 1192 6533 201 205 460 781 175 193 189 261 1962 2390 425 165 75 2377 330 241 1236 316 493 306 389 5481 122 1362 436 140 613 251 526 1819 232 411 24565 1772 738 272 936 137 2107 625 972 7559 443 810 520 1264 3037 733 36 8737 2983 1147 4650 534 103 271 270 1427 2679 1197 1100 11 212 26090 88746 45506 43240 15772 7495

17672 1951 1463 21086 628 1973 242 326 320 175 230 165 1303 1176 6538 201 205 460 786 175 193 189 261 1971 2366 425 165 75 2396 330 241 1280 316 492 306 358 5397 122 1362 436 140 613 251 566 1827 232 408 24546 1805 738 275 936 137 2107 680 978 7656 444 810 520 1339 3113 734 36 9670 2992 1135 4650 568 103 274 270 1427 2712 1197 1165 11 214 27158 90096 45724 44372 15800 7451

17584 1976 1463 21023 625 1988 242 336 320 175 252 165 1303 900 6306 201 205 460 786 180 193 189 261 1842 2362 425 165 75 2396 330 241 1280 316 491 306 283 5435 122 1362 436 140 613 251 582 1757 232 430 24347 1860 853 275 936 283 2109 700 978 7994 554 810 520 1199 3083 734 39 10616 3574 1135 4630 572 136 273 267 1427 2746 1197 1236 159 219 28958 91711 45503 46208 15525 7505

17736 1913 1463 21113 625 1988 242 336 320 175 252 165 1303 901 6307 201 205 460 787 195 193 189 261 1702 2091 490 165 75 2396 330 241 1274 316 560 306 247 5573 122 1421 436 140 613 251 474 1757 232 434 24139 1860 914 280 936 283 2109 700 978 8060 554 810 520 1301 3185 740 39 11604 3703 1141 4291 582 136 277 264 1427 2774 1197 1230 159 219 29782 92586 45071 47514 15283 7539

17322 2040 1606 20967 625 2010 250 336 320 175 252 165 1303 1013 6449 193 205 460 788 195 193 181 261 1610 2077 495 165 75 2276 330 241 1276 316 580 306 229 5731 122 1542 436 140 613 251 474 1787 232 414 24195 1860 935 292 936 283 2107 705 978 8096 652 810 520 1247 3229 742 39 12296 3795 1141 4274 601 136 277 261 1427 2864 1197 1230 159 220 30659 93596 44959 48637 15201 7693

17824 2050 1606 21479 657 2001 254 336 320 175 252 165 1303 356 5819 193 205 460 753 195 178 181 261 1513 2097 498 165 75 2113 330 241 1274 316 582 306 214 5826 122 1546 436 106 613 251 248 1526 232 436 23492 1952 971 292 936 283 2107 710 978 8229 652 810 520 1453 3435 663 40 12962 4279 1141 4254 606 136 275 261 1422 2878 1197 1230 159 220 31723 94176 44810 49367 14641 7562

17925 1965 1606 21495 657 2093 254 336 320 175 253 165 1303 361 5917 193 205 460 776 195 178 181 261 1375 2061 498 165 75 1876 350 241 1274 316 582 306 235 6245 122 1546 436 140 613 251 262 1498 232 387 23536 1985 823 294 936 283 2507 710 864 8402 647 810 520 1473 3449 662 43 13594 4319 1152 4123 612 136 390 270 1414 2878 1197 1237 159 226 32410 95210 44314 50896 14247 8016

17889 1965 1522 21375 657 2235 258 336 320 175 253 165 1303 376 6078 193 205 460 776 195 178 180 261 1375 2077 498 165 75 1915 350 241 1274 316 582 306 228 6347 122 1546 436 140 613 251 248 1337 232 404 23528 1985 931 301 936 283 2899 1143 864 9342 651 810 520 1476 3457 536 43 14534 4319 1155 3749 612 136 390 271 1514 3110 1197 1252 159 233 33210 96990 43832 53158 14134 8121

18315 1966 1522 21803 657 2278 258 421 320 175 253 165 1303 384 6214 193 205 460 776 195 178 180 261 1375 2049 498 165 75 1915 350 241 1293 316 581 306 239 6408 122 1562 436 68 613 271 248 1337 232 413 23563 1985 903 301 936 283 2899 1143 864 9314 651 810 520 1476 3457 443 43 14306 4307 1155 3721 612 136 392 271 1514 3110 988 1252 159 233 32642 96992 44073 52920 14151 8211

18621 1967 1522 22110 657 2289 258 421 320 210 253 165 1303 384 6259 193 205 460 776 195 178 180 261 1224 2024 498 165 75 1915 350 241 1293 316 581 306 256 6418 122 1562 436 68 613 271 248 1227 232 413 23304 1985 919 301 936 429 2899 1143 864 9476 651 810 520 1476 3457 452 43 14177 4620 1155 3600 612 136 392 271 1514 3234 988 1235 163 233 32825 97430 44105 53325 13882 8221

1.7%

0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 1.6% 0.8% 3.1% – -0.1% 1.3% – 0.1% -10.3% -0.3% -0.4% – – 0.3% -0.5% -0.8% -0.5% – -3.6% -1.2% 1.8% – – -2.7% 0.6% – 0.1% – 1.4% – -4.8% 1.7% – 1.3% – -7.0% – 0.8% -7.2% -3.0% – -0.4% -0.5% 1.6% 2.2% 1.1% – 7.5% 3.2% 6.3% 0.3% 2.4% 3.9% – – 0.6% 0.9% -4.7% 1.8% 6.3% 5.3% 0.9% -2.0% 1.6% 2.9% 3.9% -0.3% 0.6% 1.8% -1.6% 1.5% 30.6% 1.0% 3.0% 1.1% -0.2% 2.5% -1.2% 1.0%

*Atmospheric distillation capacity at year end on a calendar-day basis. ◆Less than 0.05%.

◆

– 1.4% – 0.5% – – – 19.7% – – – – 0.7% – – – – – – – – -11.0% -1.2% – – – – – – – – – – 7.1% 0.2% – – – – – – – -8.3% – – -1.1% – 1.8% – – 51.6% – – – 1.7% – – – – – 2.0% – -0.9% 7.3% – -3.2% – – – – – 4.0% – -1.4% 2.5% – 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% 0.8% -1.9% 0.1%

Share 2016

19.1% 2.0% 1.6% 22.7% 0.7% 2.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 1.3% 0.4% 6.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5% 0.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 1.3% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 2.0% 0.4% 0.2% 1.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 6.6% 0.1% 1.6% 0.4% 0.1% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 1.3% 0.2% 0.4% 23.9% 2.0% 0.9% 0.3% 1.0% 0.4% 3.0% 1.2% 0.9% 9.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.5% 1.5% 3.5% 0.5%

◆

14.6% 4.7% 1.2% 3.7% 0.6% 0.1% 0.4% 0.3% 1.6% 3.3% 1.0% 1.3% 0.2% 0.2% 33.7% 100.0% 45.3% 54.7% 14.2% 8.4%

Source: Includes data from ICIS.


23

Oil: Trade movements Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily

Imports US Europe China India Japan Rest of World Total World Exports US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Saudi Arabia Middle East (ex S. Arabia) North Africa West Africa Asia Pacific (ex Japan) Rest of World Total World

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

Share 2016

13612 13530 3883 2613 5201 15739 54579

13632 14034 4172 2924 5032 17598 57392

12872 13885 4494 3066 4925 17282 56524

11453 12608 5100 3491 4263 17332 54247

11689 12201 5886 3749 4567 17143 55234

11338 12272 6295 3823 4494 17717 55938

10587 12569 6675 4168 4743 17862 56604

9859 12815 6978 4370 4637 20085 58744

9241 12855 7398 4155 4383 21261 59293

9450 13959 8333 4357 4332 22543 62974

10056 14188 9216 4877 4179 22939 65454

6.4% 1.6% 10.6% 11.9% -3.5% 1.8% 3.9%

-3.5% 0.4% 9.3% 6.9% -1.9% 3.9% 1.7%

15.4% 21.7% 14.1% 7.5% 6.4% 35.0% 100.0%

1317 2330 2102 3681 2241 6792 1312 8307 12527 3245 4797 4567 1362 54579

1439 2457 1975 3570 2305 7827 1538 8101 12198 3341 4961 6004 1675 57392

1967 2498 1609 3616 2086 7540 1680 8357 12415 3268 4712 5392 1385 56524

1947 2518 1449 3748 2074 7257 1790 7276 11744 2943 4531 5631 1340 54247

2154 2599 1539 3568 1949 7397 1944 7595 11976 2878 4755 6226 653 55234

2495 2798 1487 3755 2106 7448 2080 8120 12188 1951 4759 6088 663 55938

2682 3056 1366 3830 2193 7457 1848 8468 11742 2602 4724 6299 338 56604

3563 3296 1347 3790 2578 7948 2102 8365 12242 2127 4590 6307 491 58744

4033 3536 1293 3939 2512 7792 2012 7911 12699 1743 4849 6450 524 59293

4521 3841 1326 4117 2990 8455 2024 8017 13446 1717 4906 7068 546 62974

4723 3906 1400 4170 3110 8634 1817 8526 14992 1683 4486 7514 493 65454

4.5% 1.7% 5.6% 1.3% 4.0% 2.1% -10.2% 6.3% 11.5% -2.0% -8.6% 6.3% -9.6% 3.9%

14.9% 5.7% -4.3% 1.6% 3.0% 2.1% 6.1% -0.7% 1.2% -5.7% 1.1% 4.8% -9.9% 1.7%

7.2% 6.0% 2.1% 6.4% 4.8% 13.2% 2.8% 13.0% 22.9% 2.6% 6.9% 11.5% 0.8% 100.0%

Total

Notes: Unless otherwise stated, this table shows inter-regional trade based on the regional classification in the table ‘Oil trade in 2015 and 2016’ (see page 25). Bunkers are not included as exports. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures.

Oil: Inter-area movements 2016 To Crude (million tonnes) From

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia UAE Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total imports

US

Canada

China

India

Japan Singapore

Other Asia Pacific

– 162.6 29.1 79.8 3.2 1.9 0.5 20.9 10.4 54.8 0.6 1.5 3.6 22.2 – 0.2 – – – – 2.1 393.3

15.0 – 0.7 0.3 2.1 – 1.1 – † 3.1 † † 3.4 3.5 – – – – † – † 29.2

– – – † – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – † †

3.3 0.1 1.7 – 1.2 2.9 – 0.4 – 3.3 † † 1.5 10.1 – 0.2 † † † – † 24.6

4.0 1.6 13.5 12.7 – 177.4 61.6 49.7 9.6 43.0 0.7 22.2 38.5 64.6 0.1 † † † – – † 499.4

– – – † † – 0.8 † – – † – – † – – – – – – † 0.8

† – – – † 18.2 – – – – – † † † † – – – – – – 18.3

0.3 † 0.1 – 0.5 0.4 5.3 3.7 † 13.4 † 0.1 1.1 † † † † – – – 0.1 25.1

0.1 † – 0.6 0.7 † 0.7 1.2 2.6 8.0 0.7 0.8 † 10.7 † † 0.2 † – – † 26.3

† † – – † 0.4 – – – 1.0 4.7 1.0 0.1 1.6 – – † † † † 11.6 20.4

0.5 0.2 1.0 51.0 5.8 52.5 4.2 36.2 16.3 51.0 12.2 68.4 1.7 59.5 6.7 3.2 – – – † 12.3 382.6

– – 6.2 27.7 1.2 0.3 1.3 38.0 10.1 40.3 17.4 30.2 3.6 28.9 † † – – – † 7.1 212.3

0.4 – 4.6 1.7 – 10.0 0.4 4.0 11.5 59.0 39.6 30.3 0.1 0.3 † 0.4 1.2 – – – 4.4 168.0

† – – 0.3 † 0.7 – 1.4 6.4 14.4 12.6 7.4 0.6 0.1 † 0.5 † – † – 3.5 48.1

0.7 – 3.8 3.4 2.9 9.2 5.9 21.9 36.2 84.1 34.7 41.3 3.8 15.0 † 4.9 1.6 † † 0.1 – 269.5

24.4 164.4 60.8 177.4 17.6 274.0 81.7 177.5 103.3 375.3 123.2 203.2 58.2 216.5 6.9 9.4 2.9 † † 0.1 41.0 2117.8

– 26.0 4.2 9.6 21.4 18.9 0.7 0.2 † 0.3 0.1 0.7 6.6 2.2 † † 1.0 4.3 1.1 0.9 6.2 104.5

27.0 – † 0.1 4.0 † † – – † † † † † † † 0.4 † † † † 31.6

34.6 0.1 – 1.1 1.7 – † – – – † † 0.1 † † † 0.1 † 0.1 0.2 0.2 38.2

66.6 0.3 1.5 – 7.0 2.2 0.1 – 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 3.7 0.5 0.1 † 3.8 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.2 90.5

33.6 2.1 0.2 4.8 – 89.3 5.7 0.1 2.3 12.6 6.8 6.3 10.7 2.4 0.2 1.2 2.4 13.9 0.2 2.0 4.0 200.8

† † † † 0.5 – 0.7 – – – † † † † † † 0.3 † † † 0.1 1.7

† † † † 2.8 9.1 – † † † † 0.2 † † † † † † † † † 12.2

2.3 † † 0.2 15.4 4.2 † 0.2 1.1 1.3 2.2 9.4 0.6 † 0.8 † 1.8 13.9 0.1 0.7 1.0 55.0

5.6 0.2 0.1 1.8 45.8 2.7 0.1 † 3.0 6.4 7.1 3.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 † 1.6 7.1 † 2.4 3.7 92.4

0.5 † † 0.1 0.1 – † – † † 0.1 0.1 † 0.3 † – 1.8 2.5 4.2 7.0 10.9 27.6

7.2 0.2 0.2 3.2 4.8 2.3 0.3 † 1.4 2.2 8.2 3.2 0.9 0.6 † 0.4 – 0.4 2.8 7.0 29.1 74.5

6.7 0.1 † † 0.6 0.5 † 0.1 0.9 7.7 5.1 4.0 0.2 † † † 0.9 – † 1.4 1.6 30.0

7.7 0.4 – 0.2 0.6 1.6 † † 2.9 2.3 5.3 5.9 0.5 0.1 † 0.9 0.4 1.9 – 1.2 7.0 39.1

4.3 † 2.5 7.9 21.7 10.4 0.2 0.5 2.0 5.1 5.5 3.1 † † 0.2 0.5 8.6 7.5 2.7 – 38.7 121.4

7.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 5.6 9.7 0.8 0.3 10.7 9.9 19.8 11.8 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.7 22.8 9.9 2.9 70.6 – 185.8

203.1 29.4 8.8 29.6 132.2 151.0 8.7 1.5 25.0 48.4 60.8 48.6 24.8 7.3 2.3 3.9 46.0 61.9 14.7 93.7 103.5 1105.2

S. & Cent. Mexico America

Europe

Russia

Other CIS

Middle East

Africa Australasia

Product (million tonnes) From

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia UAE Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total imports †Less than 0.05.

Notes: Bunkers are not included as exports. Intra-area movements (for example, between countries in Europe) are excluded. Crude imports and exports include condensates.

24


Major trade movements 2016 Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)

37.6

266.7

24.5

54.8

67.4 27.3

20.9

188.6

16 160.8 15 53.3

67.0 42.1

34.6

199.1

49 3 49.3

24.4

33.2

5 4 58.4 89.5 69.9

46.5 46. 46 65

24.4

33.5

41.3

153. 3. 3.8

89.4

270.8 21.8

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Middle East Africa Asia Pacific

42.3 3

70 70.7

22.4 28.9 60.1

27.7 54.2

Oil trade in 2015 and 2016 2015

2016

Million tonnes

Crude imports

Product imports

Crude exports

Product exports

Crude imports

Product imports

Crude exports

Product exports

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total World

366.7 32.3 † 27.0 499.9 2.9 23.1 – 0.1 † 0.4 26.2 8.4 0.8 20.0 24.8 336.2 193.3 168.9 45.9 259.1 2035.9

99.8 29.4 35.2 88.9 187.6 2.0 12.8 1.7 0.7 7.3 16.4 19.3 35.2 31.3 31.3 24.4 75.7 22.8 44.9 125.8 164.2 1056.7

25.3 159.3 57.6 173.4 11.8 261.9 88.5 161.2 96.6 359.2 125.4 157.5 60.6 236.7 8.8 10.5 1.8 0.2 0.3 0.1 39.1 2035.9

191.9 30.7 8.1 30.4 131.7 152.9 11.8 0.8 26.4 38.4 54.2 42.4 23.9 7.3 2.7 3.9 36.2 56.6 14.7 87.7 104.0 1056.7

393.3 29.2 24.6 499.4 0.8 18.3 † † † 1.2 23.9 4.4 0.7 21.2 20.4 382.6 212.3 168.0 48.1 269.5 2117.8

104.5 31.6 38.2 90.5 200.8 1.7 12.2 1.2 0.8 7.3 24.4 21.4 34.4 32.9 25.1 27.6 74.5 30.0 39.1 121.4 185.8 1105.2

24.4 164.4 60.8 177.4 17.6 274.0 81.7 177.5 103.3 375.3 123.2 203.2 58.2 216.5 6.9 9.4 2.9 † † 0.1 41.0 2117.8

203.1 29.4 8.8 29.6 132.2 151.0 8.7 1.5 25.0 48.4 60.8 48.6 24.8 7.3 2.3 3.9 46.0 61.9 14.7 93.7 103.5 1105.2

7365 649 ‡ 542 10039 58 464 – 2 ‡ 8 526 168 17 401 497 6751 3881 3392 921 5204 40885

2086 614 735 1858 3921 42 268 35 15 153 343 404 737 655 653 509 1582 476 939 2630 3433 22089

509 3200 1157 3482 237 5259 1777 3238 1939 7214 2518 3163 1218 4753 177 211 36 3 6 2 786 40885

4012 641 169 636 2753 3195 247 17 551 803 1133 887 499 153 56 81 757 1184 306 1834 2174 22089

7877 586 ‡ 493 10001 15 366 ‡ ‡ ‡ 23 480 88 14 425 408 7663 4252 3364 963 5397 42413

2179 659 796 1887 4187 35 254 24 17 152 509 446 717 686 524 575 1553 625 815 2531 3872 23041

489 3293 1217 3554 353 5487 1636 3554 2069 7517 2468 4069 1165 4335 138 189 58 ‡ ‡ 2 822 42413

4234 613 184 617 2756 3147 180 30 521 1009 1268 1013 518 151 49 81 959 1291 307 1954 2159 23041

†

Thousand barrels daily

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total World

†Less than 0.05. ‡Less than 0.5. Notes: Bunkers are not included as exports. Intra-area movements (for example, between countries in Europe) are excluded. Crude imports and exports include condensates. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

25

Natural gas Total proved reserves

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Germany Italy Kazakhstan Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Papua New Guinea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS *More than 500 years. †Less than 0.05. ◆Less

At end 1996 Trillion cubic metres


4.7 1.9 1.8 8.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 4.1 0.1 6.0 n/a 0.1 0.2 0.3 n/a 1.6 1.5 0.1 0.4 30.9 n/a n/a 0.8 n/a 0.2 39.8 0.1 23.0 3.4 † 1.5 0.6 8.5 5.7 0.2 5.8 0.3 † 49.2 3.7 0.8 1.3 3.5 0.8 10.2 1.3 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.6 2.0 2.4 0.3 0.6 † 0.2 0.2 0.4 9.9 123.5 14.7 108.9 3.6 30.9

6.0 1.6 0.4 8.0 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 4.7 0.1 7.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.2 2.3 0.1 0.6 31.2 2.3 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.2 42.8 0.1 26.9 3.2 † 1.8 1.0 25.5 7.1 0.3 6.4 0.3 † 72.6 4.5 2.0 1.4 5.2 1.2 14.4 2.3 0.4 0.3 1.7 1.1 2.6 2.5 0.5 0.8 † 0.3 0.2 0.4 13.2 158.2 14.9 143.3 2.8 37.6


8.7 2.2 0.2 11.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 5.7 0.1 7.7 1.1 † † † 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.1 0.1 32.3 17.5 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.2 56.8 0.2 33.5 3.7 0.2 1.8 0.7 24.3 8.4 0.3 6.1 0.3 † 79.4 4.5 1.8 1.5 5.3 1.1 14.2 3.5 0.2 0.3 4.8 1.3 2.8 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.3 16.2 185.4 17.9 167.5 1.3 53.6

Trillion cubic metres

8.7 2.2 0.2 11.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 5.7 0.1 7.6 1.1 † † † 1.0 0.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 32.3 17.5 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.2 56.7 0.2 33.5 3.7 0.2 1.8 0.7 24.3 8.4 0.3 6.1 0.3 † 79.4 4.5 1.8 1.5 5.3 1.1 14.3 3.5 0.2 0.3 5.4 1.2 2.9 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 17.5 186.6 17.8 168.8 1.3 53.6

At end 2016 Trillion cubic Share of feet total

307.7 76.7 8.6 393.0 12.4 9.9 13.1 4.4 14.1 10.6 201.3 2.2 268.0 40.6 0.5 1.2 1.2 34.0 24.6 62.3 3.2 3.9 1139.6 617.3 20.9 7.3 38.3 7.2 2002.0 5.8 1183.0 130.5 5.5 63.0 24.9 858.1 297.6 10.1 215.1 9.4 0.2 2803.2 159.1 65.2 53.1 186.6 39.3 503.3 122.6 7.3 9.7 189.5 43.3 101.2 41.3 42.0 16.0 7.4 7.3 21.8 9.8 619.3 6588.8 629.1 5959.7 45.3 1891.8

4.7% 1.2% 0.1% 6.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 3.1% ◆

4.1% 0.6% ◆ ◆ ◆

0.5% 0.4% 0.9% ◆

0.1% 17.3% 9.4% 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.1% 30.4% 0.1% 18.0% 2.0% 0.1% 1.0% 0.4% 13.0% 4.5% 0.2% 3.3% 0.1% ◆

42.5% 2.4% 1.0% 0.8% 2.8% 0.6% 7.6% 1.9% 0.1% 0.1% 2.9% 0.7% 1.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 9.4% 100.0% 9.5% 90.5% 0.7% 28.7%

R/P ratio

11.6 14.3 5.2 11.7 9.2 14.2 15.8 11.9 28.5 8.7 166.3 26.7 42.9 65.8 2.9 5.3 6.6 48.3 17.4 15.1 23.0 12.0 55.7 261.7 33.2 5.0 17.3 23.2 56.3 10.5 165.5 * 16.8 104.2 19.9 134.1 77.0 79.1 98.5 365.8 52.6 124.5 49.3 44.1 149.2 117.7 54.9 68.4 38.1 7.5 24.6 38.8 44.4 41.1 15.8 63.0 10.9 20.1 5.4 57.6 13.7 30.2 52.5 13.9 74.3 10.8 70.1

than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Total proved reserves of natural gas – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved natural gas reserves does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at a company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Source of data – The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data from Cedigaz and the OPEC Secretariat.

26



2016 by region

History 160

North America S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Africa

600

Middle East Asia Pacific World

500

120

400

80

300

200

40

100

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia Pacific

0

86

91

96

01

06

11

16

0

Global proved gas reserves in 2016 rose slightly by 1.2 trillion cubic metres (tcm) or 0.6% to 186.6 tcm. As with oil, this is sufficient to meet more than 50 years of current production (52.5 years). Myanmar (+0.7 tcm) and China (+0.6 tcm) were the main contributors to growth. By region, the Middle East holds the largest proved reserves (79.4 tcm, 42.5% of the global total), while by country, Iran is the largest reserve holder (33.5 tcm, 18% of total). N.B. Lags in reporting official data mean that 2016 figures for many countries are not yet available.


Middle East Europe & Eurasia Asia Pacific Africa North America S. & Cent. America

4.1

42.5

6.0

4.6

45.9

7.6

5.1

4.8

39.8

9.1

6.9

8.2

8.0

8.4

1996 Total 123.5 trillion cubic metres


32.2 27.0

9.4


30.4


27

Natural gas: Production in billion cubic metres* Growth rate per annum Billion cubic metres

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Germany Italy Kazakhstan Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Bahrain Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

524.0 171.7 57.3 753.0 46.1 12.9 11.2 7.0 1.8 40.1 31.5 3.6 154.1 6.1 10.4 15.6 10.1 13.4 61.5 88.7 4.3 10.6 595.2 60.4 18.7 80.0 56.6 10.7 1042.2 11.3 111.5 1.5 12.4 25.8 50.7 73.5 5.6 48.8 – 2.6 343.6 84.5 54.7 13.2 29.6 10.6 192.6 39.2 14.9 12.6 60.6 29.3 74.3 62.7 12.6 39.9 24.0 7.0 14.2 391.3 2876.7 1081.3 1795.5 201.9 750.6

545.6 165.5 53.6 764.6 44.8 13.8 11.2 7.5 2.7 42.2 36.2 3.6 162.1 9.8 9.2 14.3 8.8 13.8 60.5 90.3 4.3 10.3 592.0 65.4 18.7 72.1 58.2 10.0 1037.8 11.8 124.9 1.5 11.3 26.1 63.2 74.4 5.4 50.3 – 3.0 371.9 84.8 55.7 15.3 36.9 10.7 203.4 41.2 15.9 12.3 71.6 30.1 71.5 61.5 13.5 40.5 25.7 7.1 16.8 407.8 2947.5 1084.3 1863.2 188.1 758.2

570.8 159.3 53.4 783.5 44.1 14.3 14.0 9.1 3.5 42.0 32.8 3.5 163.0 14.8 10.0 13.0 8.4 16.1 66.5 100.1 4.1 10.0 601.7 66.1 19.0 69.6 57.8 9.4 1066.7 12.7 130.8 1.9 12.7 26.0 77.0 80.4 5.3 50.2 – 3.6 400.7 85.8 59.0 15.9 36.2 15.1 212.0 40.4 17.0 12.2 83.1 30.5 73.7 63.8 12.4 41.4 28.5 7.5 17.8 428.3 3054.2 1115.1 1939.1 189.8 775.6

584.0 147.6 59.3 790.9 41.4 12.3 11.9 10.5 3.5 43.6 31.0 3.4 157.8 14.8 8.4 12.2 7.3 16.5 62.7 104.4 4.1 9.9 527.7 36.4 19.3 59.7 55.6 9.2 947.9 12.8 143.7 1.1 11.5 27.0 89.3 78.5 5.9 48.8 0.7 2.9 422.2 79.6 62.7 15.9 26.0 15.5 199.7 45.9 19.5 11.4 88.2 37.6 76.9 61.1 11.6 41.6 30.6 8.0 18.1 450.3 2968.8 1114.1 1854.8 172.2 670.4

603.6 144.5 57.6 805.7 40.1 14.2 14.6 11.3 7.2 44.8 30.6 3.4 166.2 15.1 8.2 10.6 7.6 17.6 70.5 107.3 4.1 9.6 588.9 42.4 18.5 57.1 54.4 9.3 1021.1 13.1 152.4 1.3 11.7 29.3 131.2 87.7 8.1 51.3 6.0 3.4 495.4 80.4 61.3 16.8 37.3 17.4 213.2 50.4 20.0 12.3 99.1 49.3 85.7 56.2 12.4 42.3 35.8 9.4 17.6 490.6 3192.2 1140.9 2051.3 175.8 737.1

648.5 144.4 58.3 851.2 38.8 15.6 16.7 11.0 11.4 43.1 27.6 2.8 166.9 14.8 6.6 10.0 7.7 17.3 64.1 101.3 4.3 9.6 607.0 59.5 18.7 45.2 57.0 9.2 1032.5 13.3 159.9 0.9 13.5 30.9 145.3 92.3 7.1 52.3 9.0 4.4 528.8 82.7 61.4 7.9 40.6 16.8 209.4 53.2 20.3 12.8 109.0 44.5 81.5 62.2 12.8 42.3 36.6 8.5 17.8 501.4 3290.2 1162.8 2127.4 155.3 774.7

680.5 141.1 57.2 878.9 37.7 17.8 19.3 12.0 11.9 42.7 29.5 2.7 173.4 15.6 5.7 9.0 7.8 17.2 63.8 114.7 4.3 10.0 592.3 62.3 18.6 38.9 56.9 8.3 1025.5 13.7 166.2 0.6 15.5 32.2 157.0 99.3 5.8 54.3 7.3 2.7 554.7 81.5 60.9 11.1 43.3 17.6 214.4 56.9 22.2 12.6 111.8 38.9 77.1 61.5 12.7 43.8 41.0 9.4 17.5 505.4 3352.3 1197.2 2155.1 146.6 763.0

685.4 141.4 58.2 885.0 35.5 20.3 21.3 12.6 12.2 42.8 28.4 2.4 175.6 16.2 4.8 8.2 7.0 18.4 68.6 108.7 4.2 9.6 604.7 62.3 19.3 36.5 56.9 7.2 1032.7 14.7 166.8 1.2 16.3 34.8 177.6 100.0 4.8 54.6 9.9 6.5 587.2 82.4 56.1 11.6 36.2 20.0 206.3 59.0 22.8 12.2 122.2 32.1 76.5 67.3 13.1 42.6 41.3 9.8 18.1 517.0 3403.9 1202.0 2201.9 144.8 778.1

733.1 147.2 57.1 937.3 35.5 21.0 22.7 11.8 12.9 42.1 28.6 2.3 176.9 17.6 4.6 7.7 6.5 18.7 57.9 108.8 4.1 9.7 581.7 67.1 18.2 36.8 57.3 6.4 1003.2 15.5 185.8 0.9 15.0 33.3 174.1 102.4 4.4 54.2 9.3 7.7 602.6 83.3 48.8 11.3 45.0 18.6 207.1 63.6 23.9 11.9 131.6 30.5 75.3 68.4 16.8 41.9 41.6 10.2 23.1 538.8 3465.9 1247.6 2218.3 132.5 760.9

766.2 149.1 54.1 969.4 36.5 20.3 23.1 11.1 12.5 39.6 32.4 2.5 178.0 17.9 4.6 7.2 6.2 19.0 43.3 117.2 4.1 9.8 575.1 69.6 17.9 39.6 57.7 6.2 995.4 15.5 189.4 1.0 16.9 34.7 178.5 104.5 4.1 60.2 2.7 8.4 615.9 84.6 44.3 11.8 50.1 19.3 210.0 72.6 26.9 11.6 136.1 29.3 75.0 71.2 19.6 42.0 39.3 10.7 27.6 561.9 3530.6 1284.5 2246.1 119.8 757.6

749.2 152.0 47.2 948.4 38.3 19.7 23.5 10.4 14.0 34.5 34.3 2.4 177.0 17.5 4.5 6.6 5.3 19.9 40.2 116.6 3.9 9.2 579.4 66.8 17.8 41.0 62.8 8.7 1000.1 15.5 202.4 1.1 17.1 35.4 181.2 109.4 3.6 61.9 0.7 9.4 637.8 91.3 41.8 10.1 44.9 20.2 208.3 91.2 27.5 11.2 138.4 27.6 69.7 73.8 18.9 41.5 38.6 10.7 30.8 579.9 3551.6 1281.6 2270.0 118.2 764.3

-2.5% 1.7% -13.0% -2.4% 4.6% -3.0% 1.2% -6.6% 11.7% -13.2% 5.5% -4.6% -0.8% -3.0% -2.2% -8.2% -14.8% 4.5% -7.6% -0.7% -3.8% -6.5% 0.5% -4.3% -1.1% 3.3% 8.4% 40.3% 0.2% -0.8% 6.6% 12.6% 1.0% 1.7% 1.3% 4.4% -11.6% 2.5% -73.4% 11.9% 3.3% 7.6% -5.7% -14.7% -10.6% 4.5% -1.1% 25.2% 2.2% -3.8% 1.4% -6.0% -7.4% 3.4% -3.9% -1.3% -2.2% 0.2% 11.3% 2.9% 0.3% -0.5% 0.8% -1.6% 0.6%

4.1% -1.3% 0.3% 2.8% -2.2% 5.3% 7.8% 5.2% 23.5% 1.8% 1.7% -2.7% 2.4% 13.2% -7.9% -7.6% -5.7% 4.0% -3.6% 3.2% -0.5% -1.0% -0.1% 2.0% -0.3% -7.7% 0.7% -4.8% -0.3% 3.8% 6.4% -3.6% 3.2% 4.6% 14.6% 3.9% -3.0% 2.3% – 16.0% 6.7% -0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 7.2% 6.9% 1.7% 7.0% 6.9% -0.3% 10.3% -0.1% ◆

1.1% 4.8% 0.7% 5.3% 5.2% 9.6% 4.1% 2.4% 1.9% 2.8% -5.5% 0.4%

Share 2016

21.1% 4.3% 1.3% 26.7% 1.1% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 1.0% 1.0% 0.1% 5.0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.6% 1.1% 3.3% 0.1% 0.3% 16.3% 1.9% 0.5% 1.2% 1.8% 0.2% 28.2% 0.4% 5.7% ◆

0.5% 1.0% 5.1% 3.1% 0.1% 1.7% ◆

0.3% 18.0% 2.6% 1.2% 0.3% 1.3% 0.6% 5.9% 2.6% 0.8% 0.3% 3.9% 0.8% 2.0% 2.1% 0.5% 1.2% 1.1% 0.3% 0.9% 16.3% 100.0% 36.1% 63.9% 3.3% 21.5%

*E xcludes gas flared or recycled. Includes natural gas produced for Gas-to-Liquids transformation. Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar); as they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent using an average conversion factor, they do not necessarily equate with gas volumes expressed in specific national terms. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using billion cubic metres figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Natural gas production data expressed in billion cubic feet per day is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

28


Natural gas: Consumption in billion cubic metres* Growth rate per annum Billion cubic metres


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

614.4 96.9 66.6 778.0 41.8 20.6 7.2 7.0 0.4 1.8 21.2 31.5 4.0 135.5 9.3 9.1 18.8 16.7 3.2 8.4 5.1 4.2 44.0 87.9 3.1 12.7 4.4 77.4 7.4 2.7 38.0 4.4 13.7 4.1 15.9 415.0 6.0 34.7 0.9 2.7 30.5 18.4 67.0 90.0 41.9 17.1 1114.8 112.0 2.3 12.5 19.2 73.5 43.4 33.5 296.3 23.7 36.5 3.5 25.9 89.6 25.1 14.9 59.3 2.9 37.3 36.6 83.7 35.3 3.7 39.9 3.0 8.6 32.0 10.1 31.5 7.0 5.5 436.5 2850.6 1433.7 1417.0 490.1 582.5

654.2 96.2 63.4 813.8 43.9 21.2 4.3 7.4 0.5 2.7 21.9 36.2 4.5 142.6 8.8 8.0 18.8 16.6 3.2 7.9 4.5 3.9 42.8 84.7 3.7 11.9 4.8 77.3 9.0 3.2 36.9 4.3 13.8 4.3 14.1 422.0 5.7 35.3 1.0 2.6 36.1 21.3 63.2 91.0 45.9 17.4 1123.8 125.5 2.7 12.1 23.5 74.4 49.2 34.3 321.7 24.3 38.4 3.5 30.5 96.7 28.1 15.9 73.0 2.7 40.3 34.1 90.2 35.5 4.0 40.5 3.6 8.6 34.7 10.7 33.6 7.1 6.0 468.7 2967.3 1478.8 1488.6 483.0 593.6

659.1 96.1 66.3 821.5 44.4 24.9 2.4 7.6 0.4 3.4 21.3 34.3 4.8 143.4 9.4 9.2 19.3 16.5 3.2 7.9 4.6 4.0 44.3 85.5 3.9 11.7 5.0 77.2 8.9 2.9 38.5 4.3 14.9 4.7 14.0 416.0 5.7 38.8 0.9 2.8 37.5 21.4 60.0 93.8 48.7 16.6 1132.2 133.2 3.8 12.8 19.3 80.4 59.5 38.4 347.3 25.4 40.8 3.7 30.8 100.7 27.9 17.0 84.1 3.2 41.5 39.1 93.7 39.2 3.8 41.4 3.7 9.2 35.7 11.6 35.3 7.5 5.8 499.8 3044.9 1503.8 1541.1 494.9 589.0

648.7 94.9 72.2 815.9 42.1 20.1 2.4 8.7 0.5 3.5 22.2 32.3 5.0 136.7 9.2 7.8 16.1 16.8 2.3 7.4 4.4 3.6 42.7 80.7 3.3 10.2 4.7 71.0 8.3 2.4 38.9 4.1 14.4 4.7 11.7 389.6 4.9 34.7 1.1 2.7 35.7 19.7 46.8 87.0 39.9 14.6 1041.3 142.7 4.2 12.4 20.8 78.5 59.1 41.5 359.1 27.2 42.5 3.4 26.4 99.5 29.1 19.5 92.6 3.1 50.7 41.5 87.4 35.4 4.0 41.6 3.8 9.7 33.9 11.4 36.4 8.0 5.3 513.3 2965.9 1461.8 1504.1 462.8 533.1

682.1 95.0 72.5 849.6 43.3 26.8 4.9 9.1 0.5 4.9 23.2 32.2 5.3 150.2 10.0 7.4 19.7 18.9 2.6 8.5 5.0 3.9 47.3 84.1 3.6 10.9 5.2 75.6 8.9 2.8 43.6 4.1 15.5 5.1 12.0 414.1 5.6 34.6 1.5 3.0 39.0 22.6 52.2 94.2 40.8 16.0 1118.4 152.9 5.3 14.5 29.8 87.7 60.8 45.5 396.5 26.3 45.1 3.9 31.1 106.4 31.1 20.0 111.2 3.8 60.3 43.4 94.5 29.6 4.3 42.3 3.5 8.8 43.0 14.1 41.3 9.4 5.8 566.4 3187.6 1554.8 1632.8 497.9 570.9

693.1 100.9 76.6 870.6 45.1 26.7 5.0 8.8 0.4 5.5 23.3 29.7 5.9 150.5 9.4 8.1 18.3 15.8 2.9 7.7 4.2 3.5 41.1 77.3 4.4 10.4 4.6 70.9 10.0 3.0 38.1 4.4 15.7 5.2 12.3 424.6 5.2 32.1 1.2 2.7 40.9 23.5 53.7 78.1 47.6 16.2 1092.8 162.2 5.0 16.7 19.6 92.3 63.2 44.4 403.4 27.8 49.6 4.1 31.7 113.3 33.7 20.3 137.1 3.1 61.1 42.1 105.5 34.8 3.9 42.3 3.9 8.7 46.3 15.5 42.3 8.5 6.3 615.4 3245.9 1545.1 1700.8 449.7 591.0

723.2 100.2 79.9 903.3 46.7 31.7 4.6 9.8 0.6 6.2 22.2 31.4 6.5 159.6 8.9 8.5 18.5 16.0 2.7 7.6 3.9 3.1 42.5 77.5 4.0 9.3 4.5 68.2 10.8 2.9 36.0 4.4 16.6 4.5 12.4 416.2 4.9 31.7 1.0 2.9 41.4 26.3 49.6 73.9 47.2 16.0 1074.0 161.5 2.6 18.5 23.4 99.3 65.6 44.2 415.0 31.0 52.6 4.4 32.6 120.6 33.8 22.2 150.9 2.8 56.5 42.2 116.9 35.5 4.2 43.8 3.7 9.4 50.2 16.3 46.5 9.4 6.2 650.5 3323.1 1580.9 1742.2 438.6 582.9

740.6 103.9 83.3 927.8 46.7 37.3 4.6 10.0 0.6 6.0 22.4 30.5 7.0 165.2 8.6 8.6 18.5 15.8 2.6 7.7 3.7 2.8 43.1 81.2 3.6 8.7 4.3 63.8 11.2 2.4 36.5 4.4 16.6 4.3 11.3 413.5 5.3 29.0 1.0 3.1 42.0 22.9 43.3 73.0 46.8 14.9 1054.4 162.9 6.9 18.7 37.9 100.0 66.9 46.9 440.3 33.4 51.4 4.6 33.8 123.2 35.5 22.8 171.9 2.6 49.3 40.8 116.9 40.3 4.5 42.6 3.4 10.5 52.5 16.3 46.7 9.8 6.4 672.9 3383.8 1609.5 1774.4 431.2 569.6

753.0 104.2 86.8 944.1 47.2 39.5 3.8 10.9 0.7 6.8 22.0 30.7 7.3 168.9 7.9 9.4 18.3 13.8 2.6 6.9 3.1 2.5 36.2 70.6 2.7 7.8 4.1 56.3 12.5 2.3 31.8 4.7 16.3 4.1 10.5 409.7 4.2 26.3 0.9 2.7 44.6 25.6 36.8 66.7 48.8 14.9 1005.6 183.7 7.6 18.5 36.4 102.4 65.9 46.3 460.8 37.5 48.0 5.0 36.6 127.0 38.3 23.9 188.4 2.5 48.8 40.9 118.0 42.2 4.9 41.9 3.6 10.9 47.8 17.2 47.7 10.2 7.2 694.4 3400.8 1580.6 1820.2 383.0 566.4

773.2 102.5 87.1 962.8 48.2 41.7 4.1 10.7 0.6 7.2 21.5 34.5 7.3 175.8 8.3 10.6 15.6 15.1 2.9 7.2 3.2 2.2 38.9 73.5 2.8 8.3 4.2 61.4 12.9 2.3 31.5 4.8 16.3 4.8 9.9 402.8 4.3 27.3 0.9 2.9 43.6 29.4 28.8 68.1 50.2 15.1 1010.2 190.8 8.4 21.3 43.9 104.5 73.8 51.0 493.6 39.4 47.8 5.1 43.5 135.8 42.9 26.9 194.8 3.2 45.7 40.4 113.4 41.8 4.5 43.5 3.3 12.2 43.6 18.4 48.7 10.7 7.8 701.8 3480.1 1611.4 1868.7 399.1 555.4

778.6 99.9 89.5 968.0 49.6 36.6 4.5 10.6 0.6 7.9 19.1 35.6 7.4 171.9 8.7 10.4 17.0 15.4 3.0 7.8 3.2 2.0 42.6 80.5 2.8 8.9 4.8 64.5 13.4 2.0 33.6 4.9 17.3 5.2 10.6 390.9 4.4 28.0 0.9 3.0 42.1 29.5 29.0 76.7 51.4 15.5 1029.9 200.8 9.7 21.9 41.7 109.4 76.6 52.3 512.3 40.0 51.3 5.1 41.7 138.2 41.1 27.5 210.3 3.3 50.1 37.7 111.2 43.0 4.7 45.5 3.8 12.5 45.5 19.1 48.3 10.7 8.0 722.5 3542.9 1644.1 1898.8 428.8 546.7

0.4% -2.8% 2.5% 0.3% 2.7% -12.5% 11.1% -1.6% 1.5% 9.8% -11.4% 2.7% 1.1% -2.5% 4.4% -2.2% 9.0% 1.8% 3.9% 7.9% 1.4% -9.2% 9.0% 9.2% 0.6% 7.0% 14.0% 4.7% 3.8% -11.1% 6.4% 0.4% 5.7% 8.1% 6.2% -3.2% 1.6% 2.0% 10.0% 4.8% -3.7%

2.2% 0.5% 3.6% 2.1% 1.8% 7.9% -6.3% 4.8% 6.9% 16.8% 2.8% 2.3% 8.1% 3.6% -1.7% 2.2% -1.6% -0.8% -0.8% -1.7% -4.4% -5.8% -1.6% -1.6% 0.5% -4.7% 0.8% -2.5% 6.3% -1.8% -2.3% 0.8% 1.9% 1.2% -4.3% 0.2% -4.1% -1.9% -0.9% 0.2% 5.0% 6.2% -8.4% -3.3% 1.6% 1.4% -0.8% 6.4% 17.8% 5.7% 9.0% 3.9% 5.8% 5.2% 5.9% 5.4% 4.2% 4.9% 4.9% 4.8% 6.6% 6.9% 15.0% 1.9% 2.5% 1.2% 3.7% 1.8% 2.3% 1.1% 0.6% 6.5% 3.7% 6.9% 4.7% 5.2% 4.0% 5.6% 2.3% 1.2% 3.4% -2.2% -0.1%

◆

0.3% 12.2% 2.0% 2.4% 1.7% 5.0% 14.5% 2.5% -5.4% 4.4% 3.6% 2.3% 3.5% 1.2% 7.0% 1.3% -4.4% 1.4% -4.4% 2.2% 7.7% 2.4% 9.2% -7.0% -2.2% 2.7% 4.3% 4.2% 14.3% 2.5% 4.0% 3.6% -1.0% 0.2% 2.7% 2.7% 1.5% 1.7% 1.3% 7.1% -1.8%

Share 2016

22.0% 2.8% 2.5% 27.3% 1.4% 1.0% 0.1% 0.3%

◆

0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 4.9% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 1.2% 2.3% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 1.8% 0.4% 0.1% 0.9% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.3% 11.0% 0.1% 0.8%

◆

0.1% 1.2% 0.8% 0.8% 2.2% 1.4% 0.4% 29.1% 5.7% 0.3% 0.6% 1.2% 3.1% 2.2% 1.5% 14.5% 1.1% 1.4% 0.1% 1.2% 3.9% 1.2% 0.8% 5.9% 0.1% 1.4% 1.1% 3.1% 1.2% 0.1% 1.3% 0.1% 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.2% 20.4% 100.0% 46.4% 53.6% 12.1% 15.4%

*Excludes natural gas converted to liquid fuels but includes derivatives of coal as well as natural gas consumed in Gas-to-Liquids transformation. Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. than 0.05%. Notes: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar); as they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent using an average conversion factor, they do not necessarily equate with gas volumes expressed in specific national terms. The difference between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics is due to variations in stocks at storage facilities and liquefaction plants, together with unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of gas supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using billion cubic metres figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Natural gas consumption data expressed in billion cubic feet per day is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

◆Less


29

Natural gas: Production in million tonnes oil equivalent* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Azerbaijan Denmark Germany Italy Kazakhstan Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Bahrain Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

479.3 154.5 51.6 685.4 41.5 11.6 10.0 6.3 1.6 36.1 28.3 3.2 138.7 5.5 9.3 14.1 9.1 12.0 55.4 79.8 3.9 9.6 535.6 54.3 16.9 72.0 51.0 9.7 938.0 10.2 100.3 1.3 11.2 23.2 45.6 66.1 5.1 43.9 – 2.3 309.2 76.0 49.2 11.9 26.6 9.6 173.3 35.3 13.4 11.3 54.5 26.4 66.9 56.4 11.3 35.9 21.6 6.3 12.8 352.2 2596.8 980.9 1615.9 181.7 675.5

498.6 148.9 48.2 695.7 40.3 12.4 10.1 6.8 2.4 38.0 32.6 3.3 145.9 8.8 8.3 12.9 7.9 12.4 54.4 81.3 3.9 9.2 532.8 58.9 16.9 64.9 52.4 9.0 934.0 10.6 112.5 1.3 10.1 23.5 56.9 67.0 4.9 45.3 – 2.7 334.7 76.3 50.1 13.8 33.2 9.7 183.1 37.1 14.3 11.0 64.5 27.1 64.4 55.4 12.2 36.4 23.1 6.4 15.1 367.0 2660.3 983.5 1676.9 169.3 682.4

521.7 143.4 48.0 713.2 39.7 12.9 12.6 8.2 3.1 37.8 29.5 3.1 146.7 13.3 9.0 11.7 7.6 14.4 59.9 90.1 3.7 9.0 541.5 59.5 17.1 62.7 52.0 8.5 960.0 11.4 117.7 1.7 11.4 23.4 69.3 72.4 4.8 45.2 – 3.3 360.6 77.2 53.1 14.3 32.5 13.6 190.8 36.4 15.3 10.9 74.8 27.5 66.4 57.4 11.2 37.3 25.6 6.7 16.0 385.5 2756.7 1011.5 1745.2 170.8 698.0

532.7 132.8 53.3 718.9 37.3 11.1 10.7 9.5 3.2 39.3 27.9 3.1 142.0 13.3 7.5 11.0 6.6 14.9 56.4 93.9 3.7 8.9 474.9 32.7 17.3 53.7 50.0 8.2 853.1 11.5 129.3 1.0 10.3 24.3 80.4 70.6 5.3 44.0 0.7 2.6 380.0 71.6 56.4 14.3 23.4 14.0 179.7 41.3 17.5 10.3 79.4 33.8 69.2 55.0 10.4 37.4 27.5 7.2 16.3 405.3 2679.1 1009.8 1669.3 155.0 603.4

549.5 130.1 51.8 731.4 36.1 12.8 13.1 10.1 6.5 40.3 27.6 3.1 149.6 13.6 7.3 9.6 6.9 15.8 63.4 96.5 3.7 8.6 530.0 38.1 16.7 51.4 49.0 8.4 919.0 11.8 137.1 1.2 10.6 26.4 118.0 78.9 7.2 46.2 5.4 3.1 445.8 72.4 55.2 15.1 33.6 15.6 191.9 45.4 18.0 11.1 89.2 44.3 77.1 50.6 11.2 38.1 32.2 8.5 15.9 441.5 2879.2 1033.1 1846.2 158.2 663.4

589.8 130.0 52.4 772.2 34.9 14.0 15.1 9.9 10.2 38.8 24.8 2.5 150.2 13.3 5.9 9.0 6.9 15.6 57.7 91.1 3.8 8.7 546.3 53.6 16.9 40.7 51.3 8.3 929.2 12.0 143.9 0.8 12.2 27.8 130.7 83.0 6.4 47.1 8.1 4.0 475.9 74.4 55.3 7.1 36.5 15.1 188.4 47.9 18.3 11.5 98.1 40.1 73.3 56.0 11.5 38.1 32.9 7.6 16.0 451.2 2967.3 1052.7 1914.7 139.8 697.2

620.2 127.0 51.5 798.7 34.0 16.0 17.3 10.8 10.7 38.4 26.5 2.4 156.1 14.0 5.2 8.1 7.0 15.5 57.4 103.3 3.9 9.0 533.0 56.1 16.7 35.0 51.2 7.5 923.0 12.4 149.5 0.6 14.0 29.0 141.3 89.4 5.2 48.9 6.5 2.4 499.2 73.4 54.8 10.0 39.0 15.9 192.9 51.2 20.0 11.3 100.7 35.0 69.4 55.4 11.5 39.4 36.9 8.4 15.8 454.9 3024.7 1085.1 1939.6 132.0 686.7

626.4 127.3 52.4 806.1 32.0 18.3 19.2 11.4 11.0 38.6 25.6 2.2 158.1 14.6 4.3 7.4 6.3 16.6 61.8 97.9 3.8 8.6 544.2 56.1 17.3 32.8 51.2 6.5 929.4 13.2 150.1 1.1 14.7 31.3 159.8 90.0 4.3 49.1 8.9 5.9 528.5 74.2 50.5 10.5 32.6 18.0 185.7 53.1 20.5 11.0 110.0 28.9 68.8 60.5 11.8 38.4 37.2 8.8 16.3 465.3 3073.1 1091.3 1981.8 130.4 700.3

673.3 132.4 51.4 857.1 31.9 18.9 20.4 10.6 11.6 37.9 25.8 2.1 159.2 15.8 4.1 7.0 5.9 16.9 52.1 97.9 3.7 8.8 523.6 60.4 16.4 33.1 51.6 5.7 902.9 13.9 167.3 0.8 13.5 30.0 156.7 92.1 4.0 48.8 8.4 6.9 542.4 75.0 43.9 10.2 40.5 16.8 186.3 57.3 21.5 10.7 118.4 27.5 67.7 61.5 15.2 37.7 37.5 9.2 20.8 484.9 3132.8 1136.3 1996.5 119.3 684.8

707.1 134.2 48.7 890.0 32.8 18.2 20.8 10.0 11.2 35.7 29.2 2.2 160.2 16.2 4.1 6.5 5.5 17.1 39.0 105.4 3.7 8.8 517.6 62.6 16.1 35.6 52.0 5.6 895.9 14.0 170.4 0.9 15.2 31.3 160.6 94.0 3.7 54.2 2.5 7.6 554.3 76.1 39.8 10.6 45.1 17.4 189.0 65.4 24.2 10.5 122.5 26.4 67.5 64.1 17.6 37.8 35.4 9.6 24.8 505.7 3195.0 1173.5 2021.5 107.8 681.8

690.8 136.8 42.5 870.1 34.4 17.8 21.1 9.4 12.6 31.0 30.9 2.1 159.3 15.7 4.0 6.0 4.7 17.9 36.1 105.0 3.6 8.2 521.5 60.1 16.0 36.9 56.5 7.9 900.1 13.9 182.2 1.0 15.4 31.9 163.1 98.4 3.2 55.7 0.7 8.5 574.0 82.2 37.6 9.1 40.4 18.2 187.5 82.0 24.8 10.1 124.6 24.9 62.7 66.5 17.0 37.4 34.7 9.6 27.7 521.9 3212.9 1169.9 2043.0 106.4 687.9

-2.6% 1.7% -13.0% -2.5% 4.6% -3.0% 1.2% -6.6% 11.7% -13.2% 5.5% -4.6% -0.8% -3.0% -2.2% -8.2% -14.8% 4.5% -7.6% -0.7% -3.8% -6.5% 0.5% -4.3% -1.1% 3.3% 8.4% 40.3% 0.2% -0.8% 6.6% 12.6% 1.0% 1.7% 1.3% 4.4% -11.6% 2.5% -73.4% 11.9% 3.3% 7.6% -5.7% -14.7% -10.6% 4.5% -1.1% 25.2% 2.2% -3.8% 1.4% -6.0% -7.4% 3.4% -3.9% -1.3% -2.2% 0.2% 11.3% 2.9% 0.3% -0.6% 0.8% -1.6% 0.6%

4.2% -1.3% 0.3% 2.9% -2.2% 5.3% 7.8% 5.2% 23.5% 1.8% 1.7% -2.7% 2.4% 13.2% -7.9% -7.6% -5.7% 4.0% -3.6% 3.2% -0.5% -1.0% -0.1% 2.0% -0.3% -7.7% 0.7% -4.8% -0.3% 3.8% 6.4% -3.6% 3.2% 4.6% 14.6% 3.9% -3.0% 2.3% – 16.0% 6.7% -0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 7.2% 6.9% 1.7% 7.0% 6.9% -0.3% 10.3% -0.1%

*Excludes gas flared or recycled. Includes natural gas produced for Gas-to-Liquids transformation. ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

30


◆

1.1% 4.8% 0.7% 5.3% 5.2% 9.6% 4.1% 2.5% 1.9% 2.8% -5.5% 0.4%

Share 2016

21.5% 4.3% 1.3% 27.1% 1.1% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 1.0% 1.0% 0.1% 5.0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.6% 1.1% 3.3% 0.1% 0.3% 16.2% 1.9% 0.5% 1.1% 1.8% 0.2% 28.0% 0.4% 5.7% ◆

0.5% 1.0% 5.1% 3.1% 0.1% 1.7% ◆

0.3% 17.9% 2.6% 1.2% 0.3% 1.3% 0.6% 5.8% 2.6% 0.8% 0.3% 3.9% 0.8% 2.0% 2.1% 0.5% 1.2% 1.1% 0.3% 0.9% 16.2% 100.0% 36.4% 63.6% 3.3% 21.4%

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.

Natural gas: Consumption in million tonnes oil equivalent* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

560.4 87.3 59.9 707.6 37.6 18.5 6.5 6.3 0.4 1.6 19.1 28.3 3.6 121.9 8.4 8.2 16.9 15.0 2.9 7.6 4.6 3.8 39.6 79.1 2.8 11.5 3.9 69.7 6.6 2.5 34.2 4.0 12.4 3.7 14.4 373.5 5.4 31.2 0.8 2.4 27.4 16.5 60.3 81.0 37.7 15.4 1003.3 100.8 2.1 11.3 17.2 66.1 39.0 30.2 266.7 21.4 32.9 3.1 23.3 80.6 22.6 13.4 53.4 2.6 33.5 32.9 75.4 31.8 3.3 35.9 2.7 7.7 28.8 9.1 28.4 6.3 4.9 392.9 2573.0 1297.7 1275.3 441.1 524.3

596.3 86.6 57.1 739.9 39.5 19.1 3.8 6.7 0.4 2.4 19.7 32.6 4.1 128.4 7.9 7.2 16.9 14.9 2.9 7.1 4.1 3.5 38.5 76.2 3.3 10.7 4.3 69.5 8.1 2.9 33.2 3.8 12.4 3.9 12.7 379.8 5.1 31.8 0.9 2.4 32.5 19.1 56.9 81.9 41.3 15.6 1011.4 113.0 2.5 10.9 21.2 67.0 44.3 30.8 289.6 21.9 34.5 3.1 27.5 87.0 25.3 14.3 65.7 2.5 36.3 30.7 81.2 31.9 3.6 36.4 3.2 7.7 31.2 9.6 30.2 6.4 5.4 421.8 2678.1 1338.4 1339.7 434.7 534.3

600.8 86.5 59.7 747.0 40.0 22.4 2.1 6.8 0.4 3.1 19.2 30.9 4.3 129.1 8.5 8.2 17.4 14.8 2.9 7.1 4.1 3.6 39.9 77.0 3.5 10.6 4.5 69.5 8.0 2.6 34.6 3.9 13.5 4.3 12.6 374.4 5.2 34.9 0.8 2.5 33.8 19.3 54.0 84.4 43.8 14.9 1018.9 119.9 3.4 11.5 17.4 72.4 53.5 34.6 312.5 22.8 36.8 3.4 27.7 90.6 25.1 15.3 75.7 2.9 37.4 35.2 84.4 35.3 3.4 37.3 3.4 8.3 32.1 10.5 31.8 6.7 5.2 449.8 2748.0 1361.0 1387.0 445.4 530.1

590.1 85.4 65.0 740.5 37.9 18.1 2.2 7.8 0.4 3.1 19.9 29.0 4.5 123.0 8.2 7.0 14.5 15.1 2.1 6.7 3.9 3.2 38.4 72.6 2.9 9.2 4.3 63.9 7.5 2.2 35.0 3.7 13.0 4.2 10.5 350.7 4.4 31.2 1.0 2.4 32.1 17.7 42.1 78.3 35.9 13.2 937.2 128.4 3.8 11.1 18.7 70.6 53.2 37.4 323.2 24.5 38.3 3.0 23.8 89.6 26.2 17.5 83.3 2.8 45.6 37.3 78.7 31.8 3.6 37.4 3.4 8.7 30.5 10.2 32.8 7.2 4.8 462.0 2675.5 1321.8 1353.7 416.5 479.8

619.3 85.5 65.2 770.0 39.0 24.1 4.4 8.2 0.4 4.4 20.9 29.0 4.8 135.2 9.0 6.7 17.8 17.0 2.3 7.6 4.5 3.6 42.6 75.7 3.2 9.8 4.7 68.1 8.0 2.5 39.2 3.7 14.0 4.6 10.8 372.7 5.0 31.1 1.3 2.7 35.1 20.4 47.0 84.8 36.8 14.4 1006.5 137.6 4.8 13.1 26.9 78.9 54.7 41.0 356.9 23.7 40.6 3.5 28.0 95.8 28.0 18.0 100.1 3.4 54.3 39.1 85.1 26.6 3.9 38.1 3.2 7.9 38.7 12.7 37.2 8.5 5.2 509.8 2874.2 1404.8 1469.5 448.1 513.8

628.8 90.8 68.9 788.6 40.6 24.0 4.5 8.0 0.4 5.0 21.0 26.7 5.3 135.4 8.4 7.3 16.5 14.2 2.6 6.9 3.7 3.1 37.0 69.5 4.0 9.4 4.1 63.8 9.0 2.7 34.3 4.0 14.1 4.7 11.0 382.1 4.6 28.9 1.1 2.4 36.8 21.2 48.3 70.3 42.9 14.6 983.5 146.0 4.5 15.0 17.7 83.0 56.9 39.9 363.0 25.1 44.7 3.7 28.5 101.9 30.3 18.3 123.4 2.7 55.0 37.9 95.0 31.3 3.5 38.1 3.5 7.9 41.7 14.0 38.1 7.6 5.6 553.8 2926.3 1395.6 1530.7 404.7 531.9

657.4 90.2 71.9 819.5 42.1 28.5 4.1 8.9 0.5 5.5 20.0 28.3 5.8 143.6 8.1 7.7 16.7 14.4 2.5 6.9 3.5 2.7 38.2 69.7 3.6 8.4 4.0 61.4 9.7 2.7 32.4 3.9 15.0 4.0 11.2 374.6 4.4 28.6 0.9 2.6 37.3 23.7 44.6 66.5 42.5 14.4 966.6 145.4 2.3 16.6 21.1 89.4 59.0 39.8 373.5 27.9 47.3 4.0 29.3 108.6 30.4 20.0 135.8 2.5 50.8 38.0 105.2 31.9 3.8 39.4 3.3 8.5 45.2 14.7 41.8 8.4 5.6 585.5 2997.4 1429.4 1568.0 394.7 524.6

675.5 93.5 74.9 843.9 42.1 33.6 4.1 9.0 0.6 5.4 20.2 27.5 6.3 148.7 7.7 7.7 16.7 14.2 2.4 6.9 3.3 2.6 38.8 73.1 3.2 7.8 3.8 57.4 10.1 2.2 32.8 4.0 15.0 3.8 10.2 372.1 4.8 26.1 0.9 2.8 37.8 20.6 38.9 65.7 42.2 13.4 949.0 146.6 6.2 16.8 34.1 90.0 60.2 42.2 396.3 30.0 46.3 4.1 30.4 110.9 32.0 20.5 154.7 2.4 44.4 36.7 105.2 36.3 4.0 38.4 3.0 9.5 47.3 14.7 42.0 8.8 5.8 605.6 3054.4 1457.4 1596.9 388.1 512.6

690.0 93.8 78.1 862.0 42.5 35.6 3.4 9.8 0.6 6.1 19.8 27.7 6.6 152.0 7.1 8.5 16.5 12.4 2.4 6.2 2.8 2.3 32.6 63.5 2.4 7.0 3.7 50.7 11.3 2.1 28.6 4.2 14.6 3.7 9.5 368.7 3.8 23.7 0.8 2.4 40.1 23.0 33.1 60.0 43.9 13.4 905.0 165.3 6.8 16.6 32.8 92.1 59.3 41.7 414.7 33.7 43.2 4.5 32.9 114.3 34.4 21.5 169.6 2.3 43.9 36.8 106.2 38.0 4.4 37.7 3.2 9.8 43.0 15.5 42.9 9.2 6.5 624.9 3073.0 1434.8 1638.2 344.7 509.8

710.5 92.2 78.4 881.2 43.4 37.5 3.7 9.6 0.6 6.4 19.4 31.1 6.6 158.3 7.5 9.6 14.0 13.6 2.6 6.5 2.8 2.0 35.1 66.2 2.5 7.5 3.8 55.3 11.6 2.1 28.3 4.4 14.7 4.3 9.0 362.5 3.9 24.6 0.8 2.6 39.2 26.5 25.9 61.3 45.2 13.6 909.2 171.7 7.6 19.2 39.5 94.0 66.4 45.9 444.3 35.5 43.0 4.6 39.2 122.2 38.6 24.2 175.3 2.9 41.2 36.4 102.1 37.6 4.0 39.2 3.0 11.0 39.3 16.5 43.8 9.6 7.0 631.6 3146.7 1464.9 1681.8 359.2 499.8

716.3 89.9 80.6 886.8 44.6 32.9 4.1 9.5 0.6 7.1 17.2 32.0 6.7 154.7 7.9 9.4 15.3 13.9 2.7 7.0 2.9 1.8 38.3 72.4 2.6 8.0 4.3 58.1 12.0 1.8 30.2 4.4 15.6 4.6 9.5 351.8 4.0 25.2 0.8 2.7 37.9 26.6 26.1 69.0 46.2 13.9 926.9 180.7 8.7 19.7 37.5 98.4 69.0 47.1 461.1 36.0 46.1 4.6 37.6 124.3 37.0 24.8 189.3 3.0 45.1 33.9 100.1 38.7 4.2 40.9 3.4 11.3 40.9 17.2 43.5 9.6 7.2 650.3 3204.1 1495.2 1708.9 385.9 492.0

0.5% -2.8% 2.5% 0.4% 2.7% -12.5% 11.1% -1.6% 1.5% 9.8% -11.4% 2.7% 1.1% -2.5% 4.4% -2.2% 9.0% 1.8% 3.9% 7.9% 1.4% -9.2% 9.0% 9.2% 0.6% 7.0% 14.0% 4.7% 3.8% -11.1% 6.4% 0.4% 5.7% 8.1% 6.2% -3.2% 1.6% 2.0% 10.0% 4.8% -3.7%

2.3% 0.5% 3.6% 2.2% 1.8% 7.9% -6.3% 4.8% 6.9% 16.8% 2.8% 2.3% 8.1% 3.6% -1.7% 2.2% -1.6% -0.8% -0.8% -1.7% -4.4% -5.8% -1.6% -1.6% 0.5% -4.7% 0.8% -2.5% 6.3% -1.8% -2.3% 0.8% 1.9% 1.2% -4.3% 0.2% -4.1% -1.9% -0.9% 0.2% 5.0% 6.2% -8.4% -3.3% 1.6% 1.4% -0.8% 6.4% 17.8% 5.7% 9.0% 3.9% 5.8% 5.2% 5.9% 5.4% 4.2% 4.9% 4.9% 4.8% 6.6% 6.9% 15.0% 1.9% 2.5% 1.2% 3.7% 1.8% 2.3% 1.1% 0.6% 6.5% 3.7% 6.9% 4.7% 5.2% 4.0% 5.6% 2.3% 1.2% 3.4% -2.2% -0.1%

◆

0.3% 12.2% 2.0% 2.4% 1.7% 5.0% 14.5% 2.5% -5.4% 4.4% 3.6% 2.3% 3.5% 1.2% 7.0% 1.3% -4.4% 1.4% -4.4% 2.2% 7.7% 2.4% 9.2% -7.0% -2.2% 2.7% 4.3% 4.2% 14.3% 2.5% 4.0% 3.6% -1.0% 0.2% 2.7% 2.7% 1.5% 1.8% 1.3% 7.1% -1.8%

Share 2016

22.4% 2.8% 2.5% 27.7% 1.4% 1.0% 0.1% 0.3%

◆

0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 4.8% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 1.2% 2.3% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 1.8% 0.4% 0.1% 0.9% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.3% 11.0% 0.1% 0.8%

◆

0.1% 1.2% 0.8% 0.8% 2.2% 1.4% 0.4% 28.9% 5.6% 0.3% 0.6% 1.2% 3.1% 2.2% 1.5% 14.4% 1.1% 1.4% 0.1% 1.2% 3.9% 1.2% 0.8% 5.9% 0.1% 1.4% 1.1% 3.1% 1.2% 0.1% 1.3% 0.1% 0.4% 1.3% 0.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.2% 20.3% 100.0% 46.7% 53.3% 12.0% 15.4%

*E xcludes natural gas converted to liquid fuels but includes derivatives of coal as well as natural gas consumed in Gas-to-Liquids transformation. Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. than 0.05%. Notes: The difference between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics is due to variations in stocks at storage facilities and liquefaction plants, together with unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of gas supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

◆Less


31

Natural gas: Production by region

Natural gas: Consumption by region

Billion cubic metres


Rest of world Asia Pacific Europe & Eurasia North America

91

96

01

06

11

16

4000

4000

3500

3500

3000

3000

2500

2500

2000

2000

1500

1500

1000

1000

500

500

0

91

96

01

06

11

16

0

Global natural gas production increased by only 0.3%, or 21 billion cubic metres (bcm) to 3552 bcm. Declining production in North America (-21 bcm) partially offset strong growth from Australia (19 bcm) and Iran (13 bcm). Gas consumption increased by 63 bcm or 1.5% – slower than the 10 year average (2.3%). EU gas consumption rose sharply by 30 bcm, or 7.1% – the fastest growth since 2010. Russia saw the largest drop in consumption of any country (-12 bcm).

Natural gas: Consumption per capita 2016 Tonnes oil equivalent

0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 > 2.0

32


Prices US dollars per million Btu

LNG Japan cif

Average German Import Price*

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

4.10 3.35 3.34 3.28 3.64 3.99 3.62 3.52 3.18 3.46 3.66 3.91 3.05 3.14 4.72 4.64 4.27 4.77 5.18 6.05 7.14 7.73 12.55 9.06 10.91 14.73 16.75 16.17 16.33 10.31 6.94

3.93 2.55 2.22 2.00 2.78 3.23 2.70 2.51 2.35 2.43 2.50 2.66 2.33 1.86 2.91 3.67 3.21 4.06 4.30 5.83 7.87 7.99 11.60 8.53 8.03 10.49 10.93 10.73 9.11 6.72 4.93

Natural gas UK (Heren NBP Index)†

US Henry Hub‡

Canada (Alberta)‡

Crude oil OECD countries cif

– – – 1.70 1.64 1.49 1.77 2.12 1.92 1.69 2.76 2.53 2.08 2.27 4.23 4.07 3.33 5.63 5.85 8.79 6.76 6.95 8.85 3.89 4.39 4.01 2.76 3.71 4.35 2.60 2.46

– – – – 1.05 0.89 0.98 1.69 1.45 0.89 1.12 1.36 1.42 2.00 3.75 3.61 2.57 4.83 5.03 7.25 5.83 6.17 7.99 3.38 3.69 3.47 2.27 2.93 3.87 2.01 1.55

2.57 3.09 2.56 3.01 3.82 3.33 3.19 2.82 2.70 2.96 3.54 3.29 2.16 2.98 4.83 4.08 4.17 4.89 6.27 8.74 10.66 11.95 16.76 10.41 13.47 18.56 18.82 18.25 16.80 8.77 7.04

– – – – – – – – – – 1.87 1.96 1.86 1.58 2.71 3.17 2.37 3.33 4.46 7.38 7.87 6.01 10.79 4.85 6.56 9.04 9.46 10.64 8.25 6.53 4.69

*Source: 1986-1990 German Federal Statistical Office, 1991-2016 German Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA). †Source: ICIS Heren Energy Ltd. ‡Source: Energy Intelligence Group, Natural Gas Week. Note: cif = cost+insurance+freight (average prices).

Prices $/mmBtu 18

US Henry Hub Average German Import Price cif UK NBP Japan LNG cif

15

12

9

6

3

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

0


33

US Canada Mexico North America Argentina Brazil Other S. & Cent. America S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Slovakia Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Europe Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Ukraine Other CIS CIS Iran Oman United Arab Emirates Middle East South Africa Other Africa Africa Australia China Malaysia Singapore Thailand Asia Pacific Total exports

– 21.9 38.4 60.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 60.3

82.4 – – 82.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 82.4

† – – † – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †

– – – – 5.8 10.4 – 16.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.1

– – – – 0.4 – 0.3 0.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.7

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.6 – 5.4 – 4.2 – 2.3 – 10.5 – 46.0 – 2.5 – 5.1 – – – 22.7 – 14.7 – 10.2 – 3.4 – – – 23.2 – – – 10.3 – 166.1 – 16.6 – 3.6 16.1 – – – – 4.5 16.1 24.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.4 – – – – – – – 0.4 – 16.6 190.8

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.5 5.6 – – 7.1 – – – – – – – – 4.3 – – – 4.3 11.4

†Less than 0.05.

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7.7 – – 7.7 – – – – 0.7 0.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.4

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.1 17.9 20.0 – – – – – – – – – 20.0

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.2 – – – 11.8 – – 3.5 32.5 – – – – – – – – – – – 4.6 4.6 – – – – – – 37.1

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.4

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.0 0.1 4.2 – – – – – – 4.2

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.6 8.2 – 8.8 8.8

My anm ar O th Pac er A sia ific Tot impal or t s

ia nes Indo

er A O th

a Liby

eria A lg

Q at

Iran

ar

ekis

t an

fric

a

t an

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.1 – – – 1.1 6.7 – – 6.7 – – – – 29.4 – – – 29.4 37.3

Uzb

enis Turk m

rbaij

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.5 – 2.1 8.6 – – – – – – 0.2 – – 0.2 – – – – – – – – – 8.8

K az ak h st an Rus Fed sian er at ion

O th

– – – – – – – – – – – – 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.1 – – 3.1 2.4 10.0 † – 1.3 3.6 24.4 – – – 11.1 † 11.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 35.5

A ze

u ro er E

ed K

– – – – – – – – – 5.8 – – – – – – 2.7 – 1.6 – – – – – † 10.0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.0

an

pe

om

From

ingd

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.7 10.9 0.2 – 3.3 – – 4.6 16.6 22.9 29.7 – – – – – – 9.2 5.9 – 18.6 – – – – – 3.2 – – 4.1 28.7 0.6 1.7 52.3 109.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 52.3 109.8

Unit

w ay

land

s N or

her N et

Boli

via

xico Me

C an

To

US

ad a


O th Amer S. & eric a Cent.

Natural gas: Trade movements 2016 by pipeline

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.9 – – 8.8 12.7 12.7

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.3 – – 1.7 – 10.0 10.0

82.5 21.9 38.4 142.8 6.1 10.4 0.3 16.8 7.3 22.2 7.5 2.3 32.3 99.3 3.1 7.2 2.7 59.4 38.0 12.6 13.4 15.0 37.4 34.1 21.9 415.8 16.6 6.2 21.7 11.1 5.1 60.8 6.9 2.1 17.9 26.9 4.0 4.7 8.8 8.3 38.0 0.6 9.9 8.8 65.6 737.5

Source: Includes data from CISStat, FGE MENagas service, IHS.

US Canada Mexico North America Argentina Brazil Chile Other S. & Cent. America S. & Cent. America Belgium France Italy Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe & Eurasia Europe & Eurasia Middle East Africa China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Other Asia Pacific Asia Pacific Total exports

– † 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 1.5 – – 0.1 0.1 0.2 – 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.5 – – – – 0.3 – – – 1.0 4.4

†Less than 0.05. *Includes re-exports.

34


– – 0.1 0.1 0.4 – – – 0.4 – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.6

– – 2.9 2.9 – – – – – – 0.2 0.1 1.7 – – – 2.0 – – 0.3 0.1 – – – – 0.2 – – – 0.6 5.5

2.3 0.2 0.5 3.1 1.4 0.3 3.2 2.4 7.2 – – – 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 – – 0.1 – – 1.2 14.3

0.1 0.1 – 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.1 – 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 2.4 4.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 – – – – 0.1 0.1 – – 0.5 6.3

– – – – 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 † † † 0.2 0.1 † 0.5 0.9 0.9 † 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 – 0.1 – – – 1.3 4.2

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – † † – – 0.3 – 9.5 – – – 2.4 1.7 – – 13.9 14.0

– – – – – – – – – 1.1 – 0.7 – 0.1 – – – 1.8 – 2.7 – 0.8 – 5.2 – 2.5 – 1.0 – 9.6 – 1.9 – 23.7 1.3 4.5 – 6.4 0.1 6.5 0.3 14.0 3.3 15.8 0.1 0.1 – 2.9 – 0.8 5.3 15.6 0.2 8.2 0.1 4.1 – – 9.4 68.0 10.6 104.4

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.1 – – – 0.7 6.5 – – 0.1 – 0.1 – – 7.3 7.4

– – 0.1 0.1 0.2 – – – 0.2 † 6.2 0.1 2.9 4.4 0.4 0.9 14.9 – – – 0.1 0.4 – – – 0.2 0.1 – – 0.7 15.9

– – – – † 0.1 – – 0.1 – – – 0.1 – – – 0.1 0.1 – – 0.4 – – – – 0.1 – – – 0.5 0.8

– – 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 – – – – – – – – 1.2 0.1 – 1.4 0.4 – 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 – – 2.5 4.3

– – 0.4 0.4 0.1 – – – 0.1 – – – – – – – – 0.9 0.4 15.7 1.2 29.2 0.7 0.2 1.6 6.1 0.3 – – 55.1 56.8

– – 0.3 0.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 – 3.7 – 8.7 – – – 5.7 2.6 – 0.1 20.8 21.2

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 3.4 0.1 20.2 – – 0.1 5.0 3.3 – – 32.0 32.1

Pap Guinua New ea O th e r Pac A sia ific* Tot impal or t s

ia lays Ma

nes

ia

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 – 5.5 0.5 – – 1.8 0.4 – – 8.3 8.3

Indo

nei Bru

trali

a

– – 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 – 0.1 2.0 – 1.9 0.1 4.5 1.4 † 1.3 9.2 3.2 1.4 0.4 2.7 2.5 – 0.3 – 0.7 0.6 – – 7.1 23.7

Aus

eria Nig

pt

– – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 † – 0.1 0.2 – 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 – 0.1 – – – – 0.5 0.7

Eq u Guinatorial ea

Eg y

ola A ng

eria

From

A lg

ar Q at

an Om

O th Eur er ope * Rus Fed sian er at ion

w ay N or

Trin & T idad oba go

u Per

zil Bra

To

U S*


Unit Em e d A r a irate b s

Natural gas: Trade movements 2016 as liquefied natural gas*

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.9 – 5.5 – – – 0.2 1.8 – – 10.4 10.4

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.2 – 0.2 – – † 0.1 – – – 0.4 0.5

2.5 0.3 5.9 8.7 5.2 3.0 4.3 3.0 15.5 2.8 9.7 5.7 13.2 7.7 10.5 6.9 56.4 14.2 10.2 34.3 22.5 108.5 1.6 4.0 3.0 43.9 19.5 4.2 0.1 241.6 346.6 .

Major trade movements 2016 Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)

143.0

24.7 23.2 82.4

21.9

21.7

9.5

25.6 20.9

10.5

1.2 9.2

23.8 36.9

14.2

4.4

6.7

34.2

38.4 20.0 15.0

12.5

15.7

8.4

6.4

34.4

8.8

8.8

1.1

8.3

10.4 5.8

US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Middle East Africa Asia Pacific

29.2

7.1

1.4

2.5

Pipeline gas Source: Includes data from CISStat, FGE MENAgas service, IHS.

LNG

Gas trade in 2015 and 2016 in billion cubic metres Billion cubic metres

US Canada Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other S. & Cent. America France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Russian Federation Ukraine Other CIS Qatar Other Middle East Algeria Other Africa Australia China Japan Indonesia South Korea Other Asia Pacific Total World †Less than 0.05.

Pipeline imports

74.4 19.2 29.9 – 19.9 31.8 102.3 55.7 33.6 † 15.2 38.4 29.0 94.7 21.8 17.3 27.0 – 29.6 – 9.0 6.4 33.6 – – – 20.3 709.0

2015 LNG imports

2.6 0.6 7.3 – 19.8 6.8 – 5.4 2.1 – 13.1 7.7 13.1 6.9 – – – – 10.2 – 3.7 – 25.8 110.7 – 43.8 46.0 325.5

Pipeline exports

LNG exports

Pipeline imports

49.1 74.3 † – 19.9 – 32.7 0.2 47.1 109.6 0.5 0.6 13.4 13.8 179.1 – 72.3 20.0 8.4 26.3 11.0 – – – 9.3 – 21.4 709.0

0.7 † – 16.9 5.1 0.6 – – 1.3 5.9 1.8 – 0.3 1.5 14.0 – – 101.8 18.8 16.6 30.0 38.1 – – 20.7 0.2 51.4 325.5

82.5 21.9 38.4 – 16.8 32.3 99.3 59.4 38.0 † 15.0 37.4 34.1 100.2 21.7 11.1 27.9 – 26.9 – 8.8 8.3 38.0 – – – 19.3 737.5

2016 LNG imports

2.5 0.3 5.9 – 15.5 9.7 – 5.7 1.5 – 13.2 7.7 10.5 8.2 – – – – 14.2 – 10.2 0.1 34.3 108.5 – 43.9 54.8 346.6

Pipeline exports

LNG exports

60.3 82.4 † – 16.8 – 19.3 – 52.3 109.8 0.6 0.6 10.0 15.0 190.8 – 74.0 20.0 8.4 37.1 8.5 – – – 8.8 – 22.7 737.5

4.4 † – 14.3 6.1 1.5 – – 0.7 6.3 0.2 – 0.5 1.3 14.0 – – 104.4 18.1 15.9 29.6 56.8 – – 21.2 0.1 51.1 346.6

Source: Includes data from CISStat, FGE MENAgas service, IHS.


35

Coal Total proved reserves at end 2016 Million tonnes

US Canada Mexico Total North America Brazil Colombia Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Greece Hungary Kazakhstan Poland Romania Russian Federation Serbia Spain Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia South Africa Zimbabwe Other Africa Middle East Total Middle East & Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

Anthracite and bituminous

Subbituminous and lignite

Total

221400 4346 1160 226906 1547 4881 731 1784 8943 192 1103 12 – 276 25605 18700 11 69634 402 868 378 32039 70 1375 2618 153283 9893 502 2756 1203 14354 68310 230004 89782 17326 340 1170 825 207 326 – 3116 1322 412728 816214 319878 496336 21813 130162

30182 2236 51 32469 5049 – – 24 5073 2174 2573 36200 2876 2633 – 5461 280 90730 7112 319 10975 2336 – – 5172 168841 – – 66 – 66 76508 14006 4987 8247 10 1350 6750 2857 – 1063 244 646 116668 323117 177264 145853 53006 93066

251582 6582 1211 259375 6596 4881 731 1808 14016 2366 3676 36212 2876 2909 25605 24161 291 160364 7514 1187 11353 34375 70 1375 7790 322124 9893 502 2822 1203 14420 144818 244010 94769 25573 350 2520 7575 3064 326 1063 3360 1968 529396 1139331 497142 642189 74819 223228

Share of total

22.1% 0.6% 0.1% 22.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 1.2% 0.2% 0.3% 3.2% 0.3% 0.3% 2.2% 2.1%

◆

14.1% 0.7% 0.1% 1.0% 3.0% ◆

0.1% 0.7% 28.3% 0.9%

◆

0.2% 0.1% 1.3% 12.7% 21.4% 8.3% 2.2%

◆

0.2% 0.7% 0.3%

◆

0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 46.5% 100.0% 43.6% 56.4% 6.6% 19.6%

R/P ratio

381 109 151 356 * 54 * * 138 75 80 206 87 311 250 184 13 417 196 * 163 * 17 355 201 284 39 186 276 * 54 294 72 137 59 261 66 * * 189 63 85 29 102 153 291 112 162 417

*More than 500 years.

Source: Includes data from Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Energy Study 2016. than 0.05%. Notes: Total proved reserves of coal – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved coal reserves does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios are calculated excluding other solid fuels in reserves and production. Shares of total and R/P ratios are calculated using million tonnes figures.

◆Less

Prices US dollars per tonne

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Northwest Europe marker price†

41.25 38.92 32.00 28.79 35.99 39.03 31.65 43.60 72.08 60.54 64.11 88.79 147.67 70.66 92.50 121.52 92.50 81.69 75.38 56.79 59.87

US Central Appalachian coal spot price index‡

29.86 29.76 31.00 31.29 29.90 50.15 33.20 38.52 64.90 70.12 62.96 51.16 118.79 68.08 71.63 87.38 72.06 71.39 69.00 53.59 53.56

Japan steam spot cif price†

China Qinhuangdao spot price†

– – – – – 37.69 31.47 39.61 74.22 64.62 65.22 95.59 157.88 83.59 108.47 126.13 100.30 90.07 76.13 60.10 71.66

– – – – 27.52 31.78 33.19 31.74 42.76 51.34 53.53 61.23 104.97 87.86 110.08 127.27 111.89 95.42 84.12 67.53 71.35

†Source: IHS. Northwest Europe prices for 1996-2000 based on monthly data, 2001-2016 on weekly data. China prices for 2000-2005 based on monthly data, 2006-2016 on weekly data. China

basis 5,500 kilocalories per kg NAR CFR. Japan basis = 6,000 kilocalories per kg NAR CIF. ‡Source: Platts. Prices are for Central Appalachian 12,500 BTU, 1.2 SO2 coal, fob. Prices for 1996-2000 are by coal price publication date, 2001-2016 by coal price assessment date. Note: cif = cost+insurance+freight (average prices); cfr = cost and freight; fob = free on board.

36



History

2016 by region 400

600

North America S. & Cent. America Europe & Eurasia Middle East & Africa Asia Pacific World

350

500

300

400 250

300

200

150 200

100

100 50

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East & Africa

0

Asia Pacific

96

01

06

11

16

0

World proved coal reserves are currently sufficient to meet 153 years of global production, roughly three times the R/P ratio for oil and gas. By region, Asia Pacific holds the most proved reserves (46.5% of total), with China accounting for 21.4% of the global total. The US remains the largest reserve holder (22.1% of total).


Asia Pacific Europe & Eurasia North America Middle East & Africa S. & Cent. America 0.8 4.9

42.6

1.3 1.2 1.8 4.5

20.0

1996 Total 1254453 million tonnes 22.5

31.7

46.5 45.9

2006 Total 1131907 million tonnes

25.4

22.8

2016 Total 1139331 million tonnes

28.3


37

Coal: Production* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent

US Canada Mexico Total North America Brazil Colombia Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Greece Hungary Kazakhstan Poland Romania Russian Federation Serbia Spain Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Total Middle East South Africa Zimbabwe Other Africa Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

595.1 34.8 6.8 636.7 2.6 45.7 5.2 0.4 53.9 4.3 23.9 53.3 8.2 1.8 41.4 68.0 6.5 141.0 n/a 6.2 13.2 35.7 11.4 0.8 24.8 440.4 1.0 138.3 1.4 0.9 140.5 220.4 1328.4 198.2 114.2 0.7 4.1 3.6 1.8 1.3 5.4 21.7 22.4 1922.2 3194.7 1060.1 2134.6 193.2 219.5

587.7 35.7 7.3 630.7 2.7 48.2 5.0 0.3 56.2 4.7 23.8 54.4 8.4 1.8 42.2 62.5 6.9 143.5 7.2 5.9 14.8 34.0 10.7 1.0 16.3 438.0 1.1 138.4 1.3 0.8 140.5 227.0 1439.3 210.3 127.8 0.8 4.8 3.0 1.7 1.3 5.0 23.8 20.6 2065.5 3331.9 1055.8 2276.0 187.0 221.5

596.7 35.6 6.9 639.2 2.9 50.7 3.7 0.4 57.7 4.8 22.8 50.1 8.1 1.7 47.9 60.9 7.0 149.0 7.5 4.4 16.7 34.4 11.3 0.9 16.5 443.9 1.0 141.0 1.0 0.8 142.7 234.2 1491.8 227.5 141.6 0.7 5.2 3.0 1.8 1.3 5.0 22.3 22.0 2156.2 3440.8 1064.6 2376.3 178.9 233.0

540.8 33.1 6.1 580.0 2.3 50.2 2.4 0.4 55.3 4.6 20.9 46.4 8.2 1.6 43.4 56.4 6.6 141.7 7.4 3.8 17.4 31.8 11.0 1.0 16.6 418.8 0.7 139.7 1.1 0.7 141.5 242.5 1537.9 246.0 151.0 0.7 8.2 2.8 1.6 1.2 4.8 24.7 23.5 2244.8 3441.1 1003.4 2437.7 167.9 218.8

551.2 35.4 7.3 594.0 2.3 51.3 1.9 0.4 55.9 4.9 20.7 45.9 7.3 1.6 47.5 55.4 5.9 151.0 7.2 3.3 17.5 31.8 11.4 1.0 16.9 429.3 0.7 144.1 1.7 0.9 146.8 250.6 1665.3 252.4 162.1 0.5 15.2 3.3 1.5 1.0 5.0 25.1 24.7 2406.7 3633.3 1023.4 2609.9 165.7 232.0

556.1 35.5 9.4 600.9 2.4 59.2 1.9 0.4 63.9 6.2 20.9 46.7 7.5 1.6 49.8 55.7 6.7 157.6 7.8 2.6 17.9 36.3 11.5 1.1 17.1 446.9 0.7 143.2 1.7 1.1 146.0 245.1 1851.7 250.8 208.2 0.7 19.9 3.1 1.4 1.0 6.0 26.1 24.9 2638.8 3897.3 1025.5 2871.8 168.5 245.7

517.8 35.6 7.4 560.9 2.9 61.5 1.4 0.5 66.3 5.6 20.1 47.8 8.0 1.6 51.6 57.8 6.3 168.3 7.3 2.5 17.0 38.0 10.6 1.2 15.6 459.4 0.7 146.6 1.0 4.4 152.0 265.9 1873.5 255.0 227.4 0.7 18.1 3.0 1.4 1.0 4.8 23.6 25.3 2699.7 3938.9 1005.7 2933.1 168.1 260.3

500.9 36.4 7.2 544.5 3.7 59.0 0.9 1.7 65.3 4.8 17.7 45.1 6.7 1.6 51.4 57.2 4.7 173.1 7.7 1.8 15.5 36.6 8.0 1.1 18.0 450.9 0.7 145.3 2.0 5.1 152.3 285.8 1894.6 255.7 279.7 0.7 18.0 2.8 1.3 0.8 4.9 23.0 25.1 2792.5 4006.1 1000.7 3005.5 157.3 263.5

507.7 35.6 7.3 550.5 3.4 61.1 0.6 2.4 67.5 5.1 16.8 44.1 6.4 1.6 48.9 54.0 4.4 176.6 5.7 1.6 16.4 25.9 7.3 1.2 17.0 433.2 0.6 148.2 3.7 5.5 157.5 305.7 1864.2 269.5 269.9 0.7 14.8 2.5 1.5 0.8 4.8 23.0 25.7 2783.1 3992.4 1020.9 2971.4 150.6 254.0

449.3 31.9 6.9 488.1 3.5 59.0 0.6 1.9 64.9 5.8 16.8 42.9 5.7 1.5 46.2 53.0 4.7 186.4 7.2 1.2 12.8 16.4 5.4 1.1 15.3 422.5 0.7 142.9 2.8 6.0 151.7 305.8 1825.6 280.9 272.0 0.6 14.5 2.0 1.5 0.8 3.9 23.2 28.6 2759.4 3887.3 946.6 2940.7 144.6 251.5

364.8 31.4 4.5 400.7 3.5 62.5 0.2 1.5 67.6 5.1 16.3 39.9 4.1 1.5 44.1 52.3 4.3 192.8 7.4 0.7 15.2 17.1 2.6 1.1 14.9 419.4 0.7 142.4 1.7 6.3 150.5 299.3 1685.7 288.5 255.7 0.7 22.8 1.7 1.8 0.8 4.3 22.0 33.9 2617.4 3656.4 844.8 2811.6 133.6 256.8

-19.0% -1.8% -34.8% -18.1% – 5.5% -66.4% -18.3% 3.9% -12.5% -3.4% -7.2% -28.7% 0.6% -4.9% -1.5% -9.2% 3.1% 1.4% -43.3% 18.7% 4.3% -51.5% -1.8% -3.1% -1.0% – -0.6% -37.9% 5.5% -1.0% -2.4% -7.9% 2.4% -6.2% 14.2% 57.0% -15.4% 19.5% -2.4% 10.6% -5.4% 18.3% -5.4% -6.2% -11.0% -4.7% -7.9% 1.8%

-2.5% -1.0% 1.2% -2.4% 2.3% 3.7% -19.7% 16.3% 2.7% 3.4% -3.3% -2.7% -4.0% -1.4% 2.2% -2.7% -2.0% 3.2% – -15.7% 1.3% -7.3% -8.2% 2.3% -4.0% -0.2% -3.3% 0.3% 2.6% 20.6% 0.7% 3.6% 3.9% 4.0% 11.7% 0.5% 14.8% -4.8% -0.5% -4.4% -4.5% 2.0% 2.6% 4.4% 2.5% -1.0% 3.9% -3.1% 1.9%

Share 2016

10.0% 0.9% 0.1% 11.0% 0.1% 1.7% ◆ ◆

1.8% 0.1% 0.4% 1.1% 0.1% ◆

1.2% 1.4% 0.1% 5.3% 0.2% ◆

0.4% 0.5% 0.1% ◆

0.4% 11.5% ◆

3.9% ◆

0.2% 4.1% 8.2% 46.1% 7.9% 7.0% ◆

0.6% ◆ ◆ ◆

0.1% 0.6% 0.9% 71.6% 100.0% 23.1% 76.9% 3.7% 7.0%

*Commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coal), lignite and brown (sub-bituminous) coal, and other commercial solid fuels. Includes coal produced for Coal-to-Liquids and Coal-to-Gas transformations. than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Coal production data expressed in million tonnes is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

◆Less

38


Coal: Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

565.7 29.2 12.3 607.1 1.1 12.8 3.4 3.7 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.3 24.3 4.1 † 0.6 5.0 7.0 21.0 5.6 7.4 12.4 84.5 8.4 3.1 2.4 16.7 28.3 0.3 7.7 0.6 57.4 3.3 9.5 97.0 4.5 17.9 2.7 0.2 26.2 – 39.8 40.9 0.8 21.0 536.3 1.5 7.8 – – † 0.3 0.1 9.8 0.9 0.9 81.5 7.4 90.6 53.1 0.5 1454.7 6.9 219.4 28.9 112.3 7.3 2.2 4.0 5.0 † 54.8 37.0 12.4 5.3 21.9 2025.7 3293.9 1177.7 2116.2 327.2 167.3

573.3 30.3 11.3 614.9 1.2 13.6 4.1 3.2 – 1.0 – 0.1 2.4 25.7 3.9 † 0.7 4.4 7.9 21.4 4.7 7.0 12.8 86.7 8.8 3.1 2.3 16.3 31.1 0.2 8.4 0.7 55.9 2.9 10.1 93.9 4.0 20.0 2.7 0.2 29.5 – 39.8 38.4 1.0 21.2 540.2 1.6 8.0 – – 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.9 0.8 0.8 83.7 6.9 92.1 52.7 0.6 1584.2 7.5 240.1 36.2 117.7 8.8 1.7 5.4 5.4 † 59.7 38.8 14.0 5.8 18.8 2197.4 3480.2 1198.4 2281.7 328.4 167.3

564.2 29.4 10.1 603.7 1.4 13.8 4.4 4.9 – 0.9 – 0.1 2.4 28.0 3.8 † 0.6 4.5 7.6 19.7 4.1 5.3 12.1 80.1 8.3 3.1 2.3 15.8 33.8 0.2 8.0 0.7 55.2 2.5 9.6 100.7 4.0 13.5 2.4 0.2 29.6 – 41.8 35.6 1.0 22.2 528.3 1.2 7.9 – – 0.1 0.3 0.2 9.7 0.8 0.7 93.3 6.7 101.5 54.9 0.6 1609.3 6.9 259.3 31.5 120.3 9.8 2.1 6.0 6.4 † 66.1 37.0 15.1 11.4 20.6 2257.3 3528.4 1175.2 2353.2 303.6 179.0

496.2 23.5 10.3 530.0 1.0 11.1 4.0 4.0 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.1 23.2 2.9 † 0.6 3.1 6.4 17.7 4.0 5.4 10.8 71.7 8.4 2.6 2.0 12.4 30.9 0.2 7.5 0.6 51.8 2.9 7.6 92.2 3.9 9.4 1.9 0.1 30.9 – 35.9 29.8 1.0 21.3 475.8 1.4 7.7 – – † 0.6 0.2 9.9 0.5 0.6 93.8 6.1 101.0 53.1 0.8 1685.8 7.2 280.8 33.2 101.6 10.6 1.6 4.9 6.1 † 68.6 35.2 15.1 10.7 20.9 2336.3 3476.1 1051.0 2425.1 267.4 161.5

525.0 24.8 12.7 562.5 1.3 14.5 4.5 4.7 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.2 28.1 3.4 † 0.6 3.8 6.9 18.8 3.8 6.8 11.5 77.1 7.9 2.7 2.0 13.7 33.4 0.2 7.5 0.8 55.1 1.6 7.0 90.5 3.9 6.9 2.5 0.1 31.4 – 38.3 30.9 0.9 22.5 492.5 1.3 7.7 – – 0.1 0.7 0.3 10.1 0.3 0.5 92.8 6.5 100.1 49.4 0.8 1748.9 6.2 290.4 39.5 115.7 14.8 1.4 4.6 7.0 † 75.9 37.6 15.5 14.0 20.4 2442.3 3635.6 1114.8 2520.8 280.2 164.7

495.4 21.8 14.7 531.9 1.5 15.4 5.8 3.7 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.7 30.2 3.5 † 0.8 3.5 8.1 18.4 3.2 5.5 9.8 78.3 7.9 2.7 1.9 15.4 36.3 0.2 7.5 0.8 55.0 2.2 8.2 94.0 3.7 12.8 2.5 0.1 33.9 – 41.5 31.4 1.1 24.6 514.9 1.4 7.9 – – 0.1 1.3 0.4 11.2 0.3 0.4 90.5 7.2 98.5 48.1 0.7 1903.9 7.4 304.8 46.9 109.6 14.8 1.4 4.0 7.7 † 83.6 38.9 15.8 16.5 16.5 2620.6 3807.2 1094.1 2713.1 288.1 174.7

437.9 21.0 12.8 471.8 1.3 15.3 6.7 4.6 – 0.9 – 0.2 2.7 31.7 3.2 † 0.8 3.2 6.9 17.4 2.5 4.5 11.1 80.5 8.1 2.6 2.3 15.7 36.5 0.2 8.2 0.8 51.2 2.9 7.6 98.4 3.5 15.5 2.2 0.1 36.5 – 42.5 39.0 1.2 22.9 528.1 1.1 8.8 – – 0.1 1.7 0.6 12.3 0.3 0.4 88.3 7.0 96.1 45.1 0.9 1927.8 7.3 330.0 53.0 115.8 15.9 1.7 4.0 8.1 † 81.0 38.0 16.5 15.0 17.2 2677.4 3817.3 1047.3 2770.0 294.3 180.7

454.6 20.8 12.7 488.1 1.3 16.5 7.5 5.0 – 0.9 – 0.2 2.9 34.2 3.3 † 0.9 3.3 5.9 17.2 3.2 5.0 11.6 82.8 7.0 2.3 2.0 13.5 36.3 0.3 8.2 0.8 53.4 2.7 5.8 90.5 3.5 11.4 2.2 0.1 31.6 – 41.6 36.8 1.1 23.8 508.1 1.4 7.4 – – 0.1 1.4 0.5 10.9 0.2 0.4 88.6 8.3 97.5 43.0 1.0 1969.1 7.8 352.8 57.0 121.2 15.1 1.5 3.2 10.0 0.3 81.9 38.6 16.3 15.8 13.8 2748.3 3887.0 1058.4 2828.5 288.0 171.8

453.5 19.7 12.7 486.0 1.5 17.5 7.6 5.2 – 0.9 – 0.2 3.2 36.1 3.0 † 0.8 3.3 6.4 16.0 2.6 4.5 8.6 79.6 6.7 2.2 2.0 13.1 41.0 0.2 9.1 0.9 49.4 2.7 5.7 87.6 3.4 11.6 2.1 0.1 36.1 – 35.6 29.7 1.2 21.9 487.3 1.6 6.9 – – 0.1 1.5 0.7 10.8 0.2 0.4 89.8 11.9 102.3 42.6 0.8 1954.5 8.1 387.5 45.1 119.1 15.4 1.5 4.7 10.6 0.4 84.6 39.0 17.9 18.9 16.0 2767.0 3889.4 1040.9 2848.5 268.4 167.8

391.8 19.6 12.7 424.2 1.4 17.7 7.3 5.3 – 0.8 – 0.2 3.2 35.9 3.2 † 0.7 3.2 6.6 16.6 1.7 3.8 8.4 78.5 5.6 2.4 2.2 12.3 35.8 0.2 11.0 0.8 48.7 3.3 5.9 92.2 3.3 13.7 2.1 0.1 34.7 – 27.3 23.0 1.1 23.0 471.3 1.6 6.7 – – 0.1 1.3 0.5 10.2 0.1 0.4 83.4 11.4 95.3 44.1 0.7 1913.6 6.7 396.6 51.2 119.9 16.9 1.4 4.7 11.6 0.4 85.5 37.8 17.6 22.3 16.9 2747.7 3784.7 972.7 2812.0 261.1 158.9

358.4 18.7 9.8 386.9 1.1 16.5 8.2 4.6 – 0.8 – 0.1 3.4 34.7 3.2 † 0.8 3.0 5.7 16.9 2.1 4.1 8.3 75.3 4.7 2.3 2.2 10.9 35.6 0.2 10.3 0.8 48.8 2.9 5.4 87.3 3.1 10.4 2.2 0.1 38.4 – 31.5 11.0 1.0 23.0 451.6 1.7 5.7 – – 0.1 1.3 0.5 9.3 0.1 0.4 85.1 10.3 95.9 43.8 0.8 1887.6 6.7 411.9 62.7 119.9 19.9 1.2 5.4 13.5 0.4 81.6 38.6 17.7 21.3 20.6 2753.6 3732.0 913.3 2818.7 238.4 157.9

-8.8% -5.2% -22.9% -9.0% -22.5% -6.8% 12.3% -14.0% – – – -66.4% 5.4% -3.7% -2.3% – 16.5% -6.7% -13.5% 1.7% 20.8% 8.0% -1.1% -4.3% -16.7% -3.6% -0.7% -11.9% -0.8% 4.8% -7.0% -0.1%

-3.8% -4.2% 1.0% -3.7% 1.9% 3.1% 10.2% 14.8% – -1.3% – 18.4% 4.9% 5.4% -2.1% -19.8% -0.3% -4.7% -0.4% -2.0% -7.3% -2.2% -4.6% -0.4% -4.6% -2.5% -2.0% -2.9% 2.9% -0.1% 3.1% 1.3% -1.2% -0.2% -3.9% -0.3% -2.5% -4.0% -2.1% -1.1% 4.6% – -3.1% -4.7% 1.9% 1.1% -0.9% 0.5% -1.6% – – 13.5% 24.1% 13.2% 0.4% -13.2% -7.0% 0.4% 3.8% 0.7% -1.6% 3.7% 3.7% -0.2% 6.5% 7.7% 0.5% 9.4% -4.5% 2.2% 9.7% 47.4% 4.6% 0.7% 4.3% 9.5% -2.3% 3.9% 1.9% -1.9% 3.7% -1.9% -0.2%

◆

-11.9% -8.9% -5.5% -5.0% -23.9% 6.0% – 10.3% – 14.9% -52.5% -10.1% -0.1% -4.5% 4.3% -15.5% – – – –

◆

-9.5% – 4.3% 1.8% -10.3% 0.4% -0.9% 17.0% -1.6% -0.3% 3.6% 22.2% -0.2% 17.6% -15.4% 15.1% 16.0% -6.5% -4.8% 1.7% 0.7% -4.4% 21.3% -0.1% -1.7% -6.4%

◆

-8.9% -0.9%

Share 2016

9.6% 0.5% 0.3% 10.4% ◆

0.4% 0.2% 0.1% –

◆

–

◆

0.1% 0.9% 0.1%

◆ ◆

0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 2.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.0%

◆

0.3%

◆

1.3% 0.1% 0.1% 2.3% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1%

◆

1.0% – 0.8% 0.3%

♦

0.6% 12.1% ◆

0.2% – –

◆ ◆ ◆

0.2% ◆ ◆

2.3% 0.3% 2.6% 1.2%

◆

50.6% 0.2% 11.0% 1.7% 3.2% 0.5%

◆

0.1% 0.4%

◆

2.2% 1.0% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 73.8% 100.0% 24.5% 75.5% 6.4% 4.2%

*Commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coal), lignite and brown (sub–bituminous) coal, and other commercial solid fuels. Excludes coal converted to liquid or gaseous fuels, but includes coal consumed in transformation processes.

†Less than 0.05. ◆Less

than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of coal supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.


39

Coal: Production by region

Coal: Consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent



91

96

01

06

11

16

4500

4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

3000

3000

2500

2500

2000

2000

1500

1500

1000

1000

500

500

0

91

96

01

06

11

16

0

World coal production fell by 6.2%, or 231 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2016, the largest decline on record. China’s production fell by 7.9% or 140 mtoe – also a record decline – while US production fell by 19% or 85 mtoe. Global coal consumption fell by 1.7%, the second successive decline. The largest decreases were seen in the US (-33 mtoe, an 8.8% fall), China (-26 mtoe, -1.6%) and the United Kingdom (-12 mtoe, -52.5%).

Coal prices US dollars per tonne 200

Northwest Europe marker price US Central Appalachian coal spot price index Japan steam spot cif price China Qinhuangdao spot price

150

100

50

01

40

02

03

04


05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

0

Nuclear energy Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

187.5 22.0 2.5 212.0 1.7 3.1 – – – – – – – 4.9 – – – 10.6 4.4 5.9 – 5.2 101.9 37.9 – 3.0 – – – 2.0 0.8 – – – 1.3 35.4 4.1 13.6 15.2 6.3 – – 20.4 17.1 – 1.9 286.7 – – – – – – – – – – 2.7 – 2.7 – – 12.4 – 4.0 – 69.0 – – 0.6 – – 33.7 9.0 – – – 128.7 635.0 537.3 97.6 224.1 56.4

192.1 21.0 2.4 215.4 1.6 2.8 – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – 10.9 3.3 5.9 – 5.4 99.5 31.8 – 3.3 – – – 2.2 1.0 – – – 1.7 36.2 3.5 12.5 15.2 6.3 – – 20.9 14.3 – 1.9 275.7 – – – – – – – – – – 2.6 – 2.6 – – 14.1 – 4.0 – 63.1 – – 0.6 – – 32.3 9.2 – – – 123.3 621.5 521.6 99.9 211.7 57.7

192.0 21.6 2.2 215.8 1.7 3.2 – – – – – – – 4.8 – – – 10.3 3.6 6.0 – 5.3 99.4 33.7 – 3.4 – – – 2.2 0.9 – – – 2.5 36.9 3.8 13.3 14.5 6.2 – – 20.3 11.9 – 2.0 276.2 – – – – – – – – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 15.5 – 3.4 – 57.0 – – 0.4 – – 34.2 9.2 – – – 119.7 619.5 517.0 102.5 212.2 57.8

190.3 20.2 2.4 212.9 1.9 2.9 – – – – – – – 4.8 – – – 10.7 3.5 6.2 – 5.4 92.7 30.5 – 3.5 – – – 2.5 1.0 – – – 2.7 37.0 3.2 11.9 11.8 6.2 – – 18.8 15.6 – 1.9 264.9 – – – – – – – – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 15.9 – 3.8 – 65.0 – – 0.6 – – 33.4 9.4 – – – 128.2 613.6 511.4 102.3 202.4 56.3

192.2 20.4 1.3 213.9 1.6 3.3 – – – – – – – 4.9 – – – 10.8 3.5 6.3 – 5.2 96.9 31.8 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 38.5 3.3 14.0 13.1 6.0 – – 20.2 14.1 – 1.8 272.7 – – – – – – – – – – 2.7 – 2.7 – – 16.7 – 5.2 – 66.2 – – 0.5 – – 33.6 9.4 – – – 131.7 625.9 521.0 104.9 207.4 59.3

188.2 21.0 2.3 211.5 1.4 3.5 – – – – – – – 5.0 – – – 10.9 3.7 6.4 – 5.3 100.0 24.4 – 3.5 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.7 39.2 3.5 13.1 13.7 6.1 – – 20.4 15.6 – 2.0 271.4 † – – – – – – † – – 3.1 – 3.1 – – 19.5 – 7.3 – 36.9 – – 0.9 – – 35.0 9.5 – – – 109.1 600.1 488.3 111.8 205.2 60.2

183.2 21.3 2.0 206.5 1.4 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.1 – – – 9.1 3.6 6.9 – 5.3 96.3 22.5 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 40.2 3.5 13.9 14.5 5.8 – – 20.4 15.9 – 1.8 266.6 0.3 – – – – – – 0.3 – – 2.7 – 2.7 – – 22.0 – 7.5 – 4.1 – – 1.2 – – 34.0 9.1 – – – 78.0 559.2 444.0 115.3 199.7 61.1

187.9 23.2 2.7 213.8 1.4 3.5 – – – – – – – 4.9 – – – 9.6 3.2 7.0 – 5.4 95.9 22.0 – 3.5 – – – – 0.7 – – – 2.6 39.1 3.6 12.8 15.0 5.9 – – 18.8 16.0 – 1.7 262.9 0.9 – – – – – – 0.9 – – 3.2 – 3.2 – – 25.3 – 7.5 – 3.3 – – 1.2 – – 31.4 9.4 – – – 78.1 563.9 447.1 116.8 198.5 58.5

189.9 24.1 2.2 216.2 1.3 3.5 – – – – – – – 4.8 – – – 7.6 3.6 6.9 – 5.4 98.8 22.0 – 3.5 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 40.9 3.5 13.0 14.7 6.3 – – 20.0 14.4 – 2.0 266.1 1.0 – – – – – – 1.0 – – 3.1 – 3.1 – – 30.0 – 7.8 – – – – 1.1 – – 35.4 9.6 – – – 83.9 575.0 449.9 125.1 198.3 61.5

189.9 22.8 2.6 215.3 1.6 3.3 – – – – – – – 5.0 – – – 5.9 3.5 6.1 – 5.3 99.0 20.8 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 44.2 3.4 13.0 12.8 5.3 – – 19.8 15.9 – 1.9 263.9 0.8 – – – – – – 0.8 – – 2.8 – 2.8 – – 38.6 – 8.7 – 1.0 – – 1.1 – – 37.3 8.3 – – – 95.0 582.7 446.7 136.0 194.0 64.7

191.8 23.2 2.4 217.4 1.9 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.5 – – – 9.8 3.6 5.5 – 5.3 91.2 19.1 – 3.6 – – – – 0.9 – – – 2.6 44.5 3.3 13.3 14.2 4.8 – – 18.3 16.2 – 1.8 258.2 1.4 – – – – – – 1.4 – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 48.2 – 8.6 – 4.0 – – 1.3 – – 36.7 7.2 – – – 105.9 592.1 446.8 145.2 190.0 63.3

0.7% 1.6% -9.0% 0.7% 17.5% 7.5% – – – – – – – 10.7% – – – 66.3% 2.3% -10.4% – -0.5% -8.1% -8.0% – 1.1% – – – – 0.7% – – – -3.3% 0.3% -2.7% 2.2% 11.1% -8.7% – – -7.9% 1.7% – -4.3% -2.4% 75.3% – – – – – – 75.3% – – 29.7% – 29.7% – – 24.5% – -1.3% – 289.7% – – 15.1% – – -1.8% -13.4% – – – 11.3% 1.3% -0.2% 6.5% -2.3% -2.3%

0.2% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 4.1% – – – – – – – 2.7% – – – -5.8% -1.8% 0.8% –

◆

-0.3% -5.6% – 1.4% – – – – 0.2% – – – 7.7% 2.8% -1.6%

◆

-2.5%

◆

– – -0.1% -1.5% – -0.2% -0.8% – – – – – – – – – – 0.8% – 0.8% – – 12.4% – 8.0% – -34.1% – – 6.2% – – 1.2% -0.9% – – – -2.7% -0.7% -1.7% 3.8% -1.5% 1.8%

Share 2016

32.4% 3.9% 0.4% 36.7% 0.3% 0.6% – – – – – – – 0.9% – – – 1.7% 0.6% 0.9% – 0.9% 15.4% 3.2% – 0.6% – – – – 0.2% – – – 0.4% 7.5% 0.6% 2.2% 2.4% 0.8% – – 3.1% 2.7% – 0.3% 43.6% 0.2% – – – – – – 0.2% – – 0.6% – 0.6% – – 8.1% – 1.4% – 0.7% – – 0.2% – – 6.2% 1.2% – – – 17.9% 100.0% 75.5% 24.5% 32.1% 10.7%

*Based on gross generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station.


than 0.05%. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Nuclear energy data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview


41

Hydroelectricity Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

64.6 79.9 6.9 151.4 9.9 78.9 6.4 9.6 1.6 4.4 – 18.4 18.5 147.8 8.1 0.6 † 0.1 0.9 0.6 † 2.6 12.9 4.5 1.3 † 0.2 8.4 1.8 0.1 † 27.0 0.5 2.5 4.2 39.6 1.0 5.8 13.9 7.0 10.0 † 2.9 1.0 2.1 19.1 178.6 4.2 † – – – – 2.5 6.6 † 2.9 0.7 18.2 21.9 3.4 0.2 98.6 – 25.5 2.2 19.9 1.4 5.3 6.8 2.2 – 0.8 0.9 1.8 4.5 7.7 181.2 687.5 297.0 390.5 71.5 54.3

55.0 83.2 6.1 144.3 8.6 84.6 5.1 10.0 2.0 4.4 – 18.8 19.5 153.1 8.4 0.5 † 0.1 0.7 0.5 † 3.2 13.3 4.8 0.6 † 0.2 7.4 1.8 0.1 † 30.2 0.5 2.3 3.6 40.5 1.0 6.2 15.0 8.0 8.1 † 2.3 1.1 1.4 17.9 179.8 4.1 † – – – – 2.2 6.3 0.1 3.5 0.2 17.7 21.4 3.0 0.2 109.8 – 27.7 2.6 16.9 1.3 5.4 7.2 1.9 – 0.8 1.0 1.8 5.1 8.2 192.9 697.8 289.0 408.8 71.4 54.2

56.8 85.4 8.9 151.1 8.5 83.6 5.4 10.4 2.6 4.3 – 19.6 19.5 154.0 8.7 0.5 † 0.1 0.7 0.5 † 3.9 14.6 4.6 0.7 † 0.2 9.4 1.7 0.1 † 31.5 0.5 1.5 3.9 37.7 0.9 5.3 15.6 8.2 7.5 † 2.6 1.2 2.6 18.8 183.5 1.7 † – – – – 1.5 3.2 0.1 3.3 0.3 18.2 21.9 2.7 0.2 144.1 – 26.1 2.6 16.8 1.8 5.1 6.1 2.2 – 0.7 1.0 1.6 5.9 8.7 225.5 739.3 300.5 438.7 75.4 51.6

61.4 83.4 6.1 151.0 9.3 88.5 5.6 9.2 2.1 4.5 – 19.4 19.3 157.9 9.3 0.5 † 0.1 0.8 0.5 † 2.9 13.1 4.3 1.2 0.1 0.2 11.1 1.6 0.1 † 28.3 0.5 1.9 3.5 39.9 1.0 6.0 14.8 8.1 8.1 † 2.7 1.2 2.1 20.4 184.2 1.5 † – – – – 1.3 2.8 0.1 2.9 0.3 19.0 22.3 2.9 0.1 139.3 – 24.1 2.6 15.6 1.6 5.5 6.4 2.2 – 0.6 0.8 1.6 6.8 8.6 218.5 736.7 297.7 439.0 76.1 53.1

58.2 79.5 8.4 146.2 9.2 91.3 4.8 9.2 2.0 4.5 – 17.3 20.3 158.7 8.7 0.8 † 0.1 1.1 0.6 † 2.9 14.4 4.7 1.7 † 0.1 11.6 1.8 0.1 † 26.4 0.7 3.7 4.5 38.1 1.2 9.6 15.2 8.2 11.7 † 2.9 0.8 2.5 23.6 197.6 2.2 † – – – – 1.9 4.0 † 3.0 0.5 21.0 24.4 3.1 0.2 161.0 – 24.6 3.9 19.7 1.4 5.6 6.7 1.8 – 0.8 0.9 1.2 6.2 10.6 247.7 778.7 306.4 472.3 85.6 53.0

71.5 85.0 8.2 164.8 9.0 96.9 4.7 11.0 2.5 4.9 – 18.8 20.7 168.5 7.7 0.6 † † 0.7 0.5 † 2.8 10.4 4.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 10.4 1.8 0.1 † 27.2 0.5 2.6 3.3 37.3 0.8 6.9 15.2 7.2 11.8 – 2.4 1.3 2.3 19.5 178.6 2.4 † – – – – 1.9 4.3 0.1 2.9 0.5 20.3 23.7 4.4 0.2 155.7 – 29.8 2.8 18.3 1.8 5.7 6.9 2.2 – 1.0 0.9 1.8 9.3 11.7 252.5 792.3 313.1 479.2 71.1 51.9

62.0 86.1 7.2 155.3 8.4 94.0 4.6 10.8 2.8 5.0 – 18.5 21.4 165.4 9.9 0.4 † 0.1 0.7 0.5 † 3.8 13.5 5.0 1.0 † 0.2 9.5 1.7 0.1 † 32.1 0.5 1.3 2.7 37.2 0.9 4.6 17.9 8.6 13.1 – 2.4 1.2 2.5 19.9 191.4 2.7 † – – – – 2.3 5.0 0.1 3.2 0.3 22.0 25.5 3.9 0.2 195.2 – 26.2 2.9 17.2 2.1 5.2 6.7 2.3 – 0.9 1.3 1.9 11.9 11.6 289.4 832.1 314.3 517.8 76.3 51.9

60.3 88.7 6.3 155.3 9.3 88.5 4.4 10.0 2.5 5.1 – 18.9 21.9 160.6 9.5 0.3 † 0.1 0.9 0.6 † 2.9 15.9 5.2 1.4 † 0.1 11.9 1.7 0.1 † 29.0 0.6 3.1 3.3 40.6 1.1 8.3 13.9 8.6 13.4 – 3.1 1.1 2.6 22.7 202.3 3.4 † – – – – 2.0 5.4 † 2.9 0.3 23.5 26.8 4.3 0.2 205.8 – 29.9 3.8 17.7 2.6 5.2 7.0 2.3 – 1.0 1.2 1.2 12.9 13.6 308.8 859.2 318.8 540.5 83.9 55.8

57.9 86.6 8.8 153.2 9.3 84.5 5.3 10.1 2.6 5.0 – 16.7 20.8 154.5 9.3 0.3 † 0.1 1.0 0.4 † 3.0 14.1 4.4 1.0 0.1 0.2 13.2 1.9 0.1 † 30.6 0.5 3.5 4.2 39.6 1.0 8.9 14.4 8.5 9.2 – 1.9 1.3 2.7 21.9 197.3 3.4 † – – – – 1.4 4.8 † 3.2 0.2 24.6 28.0 3.3 0.1 237.8 – 31.5 3.4 18.1 3.0 5.5 7.2 2.1 – 0.6 1.0 1.2 13.6 13.1 341.5 879.3 314.2 565.1 84.7 53.6

55.8 85.4 7.0 148.2 9.6 81.4 5.4 10.1 3.0 5.4 – 17.3 20.8 152.9 8.4 0.4 † 0.1 1.3 0.4 † 3.8 12.3 4.3 1.4 0.1 0.2 10.3 2.1 0.1 † 31.1 0.4 2.0 3.8 38.5 0.9 6.3 17.0 8.5 15.2 – 1.2 1.4 2.7 20.7 194.7 4.1 † – – – – 1.8 5.9 † 3.2 0.2 23.5 26.9 3.2 0.2 252.2 – 30.2 3.1 19.0 3.5 5.6 7.3 2.0 – 0.5 1.0 0.9 12.9 13.3 354.7 883.2 309.9 573.4 77.2 51.7

59.2 87.8 6.8 153.9 8.7 86.9 4.4 10.6 3.5 5.4 – 13.9 22.5 156.0 9.0 0.4 † 0.1 0.9 0.5 † 3.6 13.5 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.2 9.3 2.1 0.1 † 32.4 0.5 3.6 4.1 42.2 1.0 8.1 14.1 7.8 15.2 – 1.6 1.2 2.7 21.7 201.8 2.9 † – – – – 1.8 4.7 † 3.2 0.2 22.4 25.8 4.0 0.2 263.1 – 29.1 3.3 18.1 4.2 5.9 7.7 2.1 – 0.6 1.5 0.8 13.7 13.8 368.1 910.3 316.8 593.4 78.7 56.2

2016

2005-15

5.9% -0.8% 2.5% 0.4% -3.3% 1.1% ◆ 3.5% -9.4% 0.7% 6.5% 0.6% -18.8% -0.6% 5.0% 1.3% 18.7% 6.6% 0.3% 2.8% – – -20.0% -0.1% 8.3% 1.2% 1.8% 0.8% ◆ 6.8% 19.3% -5.9% – 11.5% 22.4% 1.0% -32.1% 2.9% 11.1% -2.8% 2.8% -2.2% -6.1% 2.1% 9.2% 0.5% 10.4% -0.3% -12.3% 2.0% 11.1% 1.5% -15.8% 2.5% -10.2% 2.4% – 1.7% 29.8% -2.5% 16.3% 0.6% 4.1% 0.1% 16.5% -1.8% 81.9% 6.2% 7.4% -1.9% 9.5% -0.3% 9.9% -1.1% 27.3% 4.5% -17.4% 0.4% -8.7% 1.9% -0.2% 5.4% – -100.0% 32.2% -8.0% -14.9% 2.5% – 3.2% 4.9% 0.4% 3.4% 0.7% -29.3% 3.3% – -1.5% – – – – – – – – -0.6% -1.7% -20.5% 1.5% -50.5% -12.6% – 1.0% 32.2% -5.1% -5.1% 3.4% -4.3% 2.9% 27.7% -1.0% -1.8% 1.8% 4.0% 10.9% – – -3.6% 3.2% 4.8% 2.5% -4.9% 0.8% 19.5% 9.9% 5.4% 0.5% 5.2% 0.5% 6.7% 0.3% – – 14.1% -5.2% 46.2% 1.2% -6.0% -4.0% 5.7% 13.2% 3.9% 6.7% 3.5% 8.0% 2.8% 2.9% 2.0% 0.6% 3.2% 4.5% 1.7% 0.9% 8.3% -0.5%

*Based on gross primary hydroelectric generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station.


than 0.05%. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Hydroelectricity data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

42


Share 2016

6.5% 9.7% 0.7% 16.9% 1.0% 9.6% 0.5% 1.2% 0.4% 0.6% – 1.5% 2.5% 17.1% 1.0% ◆ ◆ ◆

0.1%

◆ ◆

0.4% 1.5% 0.5% 0.1%

◆ ◆

1.0% 0.2%

◆ ◆

3.6% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 4.6% 0.1% 0.9% 1.5% 0.9% 1.7% – 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 2.4% 22.2% 0.3%

◆

– – – – 0.2% 0.5% ◆

0.3%

◆

2.5% 2.8% 0.4%

◆

28.9% – 3.2% 0.4% 2.0% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 0.2% – 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 1.5% 1.5% 40.4% 100.0% 34.8% 65.2% 8.6% 6.2%

Nuclear energy consumption by region

Hydroelectricity consumption by region


Million tonnes oil equivalent 700

Rest of world Asia Pacific Europe & Eurasia North America

1000


600

900

800

500

700

600 400

500 300

400

300

200

200 100

100

91

96

01

06

11

16

0

96

91

01

06

11

16

0

Global nuclear power generation increased by 1.3% in 2016, or 9.3 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe). China accounted for all of the net growth, expanding by 24.5% (9.6 mtoe). Generation in Japan and Belgium also grew strongly, while France saw a sharp decline (-8.1%, -7.7 mtoe). Hydroelectric power generation rose by 2.8% (27.1 mtoe), slightly below the 10-year average of 2.9%. China (4%, 10.9 mtoe) and Brazil (6.5%, 5.5 mtoe) were the largest contributors to growth.

Other renewables consumption by region

Other renewables share of power generation by region


Percentage 450


12

World Asia Pacific Africa Middle East Europe & Eurasia S. & Cent. America North America

400

350

11

10

9

8

300

7

250 6

200

5

4

150

3

100 2

50

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

0

1

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

0

Renewable energy in power generation (not including hydro) grew by 14.1% in 2016, slightly below the 10-year average, but the largest increment on record (52.9 mtoe). Wind provided more than half of the growth, while solar energy contributed almost a third despite accounting for only 18% of the total. Asia Pacific contributed 60% of growth, with China overtaking the United States to become the world’s largest renewable power producer. Renewable energy accounted for 7.5% of power generation, up from 6.7% in 2015. Europe & Eurasia has the highest share of power from renewables at 11.8%, but its share rose by the smallest increment on record in 2016.


43

Renewable energy Other renewables consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15


22.8 2.5 1.7 27.0 0.4 3.4 0.3 0.2 † 0.1 † – 1.3 5.7 1.2 – † 0.6 † 0.2 2.1 2.5 1.4 11.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 3.5 † † 1.8 0.2 0.5 1.1 † 0.1 0.1 6.2 2.1 0.3 0.1 – † 3.1 – 0.7 40.4 † † – – – – † † – 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.9 1.4 † 2.5 † 3.3 1.5 5.8 – 1.0 – 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 † 0.1 19.2 93.2 75.9 17.3 39.1 0.1

24.8 2.6 1.9 29.4 0.4 4.2 0.6 0.2 † 0.1 † – 1.4 6.9 1.4 – † 0.7 † 0.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 15.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 3.8 † † 1.7 0.3 0.7 1.4 † 0.1 0.1 7.2 2.5 0.3 0.2 – 0.1 3.3 – 0.9 48.1 † † – – – – † † – 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.6 † 3.5 † 4.0 1.6 6.2 † 1.1 – 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 † 0.1 22.0 107.2 86.9 20.3 46.3 0.2

29.7 2.6 1.8 34.1 0.4 4.7 0.7 0.2 † 0.1 † – 1.6 7.7 1.4 – † 0.9 † 0.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 16.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 4.1 † † 2.1 0.3 1.0 1.8 † 0.1 0.1 8.7 2.8 0.3 0.3 – 0.1 3.8 – 1.1 54.4 † † – – – – † 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.9 1.7 † 6.4 † 4.8 1.9 6.1 † 1.3 – 2.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 † 0.1 26.2 123.4 98.2 25.1 52.4 0.2

33.9 3.4 1.8 39.2 0.4 5.4 1.0 0.2 † 0.1 † – 1.8 9.0 1.4 † † 1.2 0.1 0.5 2.3 2.0 2.8 17.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 4.6 † 0.1 2.4 0.3 1.4 2.3 † 0.1 0.1 10.7 3.2 0.3 0.5 – † 4.5 – 1.3 61.2 0.1 † – – – † † 0.1 – 0.3 0.1 0.7 1.1 1.7 † 11.0 † 6.3 2.1 6.1 0.3 1.6 – 2.4 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 † 0.1 33.3 143.9 110.8 33.0 58.9 0.2

39.3 4.2 2.0 45.5 0.5 7.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 † † 2.0 11.1 1.5 † † 1.4 0.2 0.7 2.8 2.5 3.4 18.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 5.8 † 0.1 2.5 0.3 1.8 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 12.5 3.6 0.3 0.9 † 0.1 5.0 – 1.4 71.0 † † – – – † † 0.1 † 0.3 0.1 0.9 1.3 1.9 † 15.9 † 7.2 2.1 6.7 0.3 1.8 † 2.3 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 † 0.2 41.1 170.1 127.9 42.2 68.2 0.2

45.7 4.8 2.0 52.5 0.5 7.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 † † 2.2 12.3 1.5 – † 1.9 0.2 1.2 3.2 2.6 4.4 23.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 8.4 – 0.1 2.8 0.4 2.4 2.8 0.4 0.1 0.3 12.6 4.0 0.4 1.3 † 0.1 6.5 – 1.6 85.7 0.1 0.1 – – † † † 0.1 † 0.4 0.1 0.9 1.4 2.5 † 22.8 † 8.8 2.2 7.0 0.3 2.0 † 2.3 0.1 1.7 0.8 0.9 † 0.2 51.7 203.6 151.5 52.1 82.3 0.2

51.7 5.6 2.3 59.6 0.6 9.1 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 † † 2.7 14.1 1.7 – † 2.3 0.5 1.3 3.4 2.6 5.5 27.2 1.3 0.6 1.0 11.4 † 0.2 2.8 0.4 3.4 3.1 0.6 0.1 0.3 15.0 4.4 0.5 1.7 † 0.2 8.1 – 1.9 101.5 0.1 0.1 – † † † † 0.2 † 0.3 0.1 1.0 1.4 3.0 † 29.4 † 10.4 2.2 7.7 0.4 2.0 † 2.4 0.1 2.0 0.8 1.2 † 0.2 61.8 238.5 175.2 63.4 97.4 0.3

60.2 6.4 2.6 69.3 0.6 10.6 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 † † 3.0 16.4 1.9 † † 2.6 0.6 1.5 3.6 2.9 5.8 29.0 1.8 0.6 1.1 13.4 † 0.2 2.7 0.5 3.3 3.6 1.2 0.1 0.3 16.3 4.8 0.5 2.3 † 0.3 11.0 † 2.0 114.1 0.1 0.1 – † † † † 0.3 † 0.3 0.1 1.3 1.7 3.7 † 42.3 † 11.6 2.2 9.3 0.3 2.0 0.1 2.2 0.2 2.3 0.9 1.6 † 0.2 79.0 280.7 199.4 81.3 109.1 0.5

67.2 7.0 3.1 77.2 0.8 13.3 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.4 † † 3.6 20.2 2.0 † † 2.7 0.6 1.6 4.1 2.9 6.5 32.1 1.7 0.6 1.3 14.1 † 0.3 2.6 0.6 4.0 3.6 1.5 0.1 0.5 16.1 5.0 0.6 2.8 † 0.4 13.3 † 2.2 123.8 0.1 0.2 † † † 0.1 † 0.4 † 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.7 4.1 † 50.8 † 12.0 2.3 11.8 0.3 2.3 0.2 2.4 0.2 3.3 0.9 2.0 † 0.3 93.0 317.3 221.0 96.3 118.0 0.6

71.5 8.5 3.7 83.6 0.6 16.0 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.4 † † 4.5 24.0 2.3 † † 3.2 0.7 1.7 4.3 3.1 7.9 38.1 2.0 0.7 1.6 14.3 † 0.3 3.1 0.6 4.7 3.6 2.2 0.2 0.5 15.6 6.1 0.7 3.9 † 0.4 17.5 † 2.3 141.6 0.1 0.3 † † † 0.1 0.1 0.5 † 0.4 1.4 2.4 4.2 4.8 † 64.4 † 12.7 2.4 14.8 0.3 2.4 0.3 2.8 0.2 3.9 1.0 2.3 † 0.3 112.7 366.7 248.9 117.8 134.6 0.6

83.8 9.2 4.1 97.1 0.7 19.0 2.3 0.5 0.1 0.6 † † 5.1 28.2 2.4 † 0.1 3.2 0.7 1.7 4.1 3.4 8.2 37.9 2.1 0.8 1.5 15.0 0.1 0.4 3.1 0.5 4.6 3.7 2.0 0.2 0.5 15.5 6.1 0.8 5.2 † 0.3 17.5 † 2.5 144.0 0.1 0.4 † † † 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.6 1.8 2.6 5.0 5.4 † 86.1 † 16.5 2.6 18.8 0.3 2.4 0.4 3.1 0.2 4.3 1.0 2.8 0.1 0.3 144.5 419.6 270.1 149.5 135.6 0.7

16.9% 8.1% 10.4% 15.7% 5.0% 18.4% 19.9% 15.4% 12.6% 29.9% – – 11.9% 17.1% 6.0% 66.3% 100.5% -1.7% 1.5% -3.5% -5.7% 8.6% 2.9% -0.9% 4.7% 15.8% -5.8% 4.3% 95.1% 20.0% 0.8% -14.6% -1.8% 4.4% -6.0% 6.9% 1.8% -0.9% -0.8% 17.6% 33.8% 27.0% -12.4% -0.1% 50.0% 7.7% 1.5% 2.6% 37.1% 580.0% 10.0% 14.3% 2.6% 196.8% 42.0% 190.2% 35.5% 26.3% 9.6% 18.5% 12.0% 15.3% 33.4% -0.4% 29.2% 7.1% 26.7% 21.6% -0.2% 47.0% 10.8% 14.8% 9.6% 1.8% 24.4% 40.5% 1.3% 27.9% 14.1% 8.2% 26.6% 0.5% 7.8%

13.2% 13.8% 7.2% 12.9% 8.4% 17.8% 16.7% 12.8% 18.1% 18.5% -14.1% – 14.5% 16.6% 10.5% – 65.2% 22.8% 90.3% 27.5% 6.8% 3.5% 21.8% 14.7% 20.2% 6.3% 19.0% 16.4% – 65.2% 6.3% 12.5% 28.9% 16.2% 109.1% 4.0% 49.5% 10.8% 12.4% 10.3% 51.0% – 46.9% 20.4% – 17.2% 15.0% 20.0% 60.6% – – – – 39.9% 38.4% – 13.3% 35.3% 16.6% 19.6% 14.9% 40.8% 44.1% – 18.8% 4.7% 10.0% – 10.0% – 2.2% 6.2% 45.6% 8.8% 18.3% 15.9% 20.8% 21.1% 16.1% 13.9% 23.4% 14.8% 19.1%

Share 2016

20.0% 2.2% 1.0% 23.1% 0.2% 4.5% 0.5% 0.1%

◆

0.1%

◆ ◆

1.2% 6.7% 0.6%

◆ ◆

0.8% 0.2% 0.4% 1.0% 0.8% 1.9% 9.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.4% 3.6%

◆

0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 1.1% 0.9% 0.5%

◆

0.1% 3.7% 1.5% 0.2% 1.2%

◆

0.1% 4.2%

◆

0.6% 34.3% ◆

0.1%

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

0.2% ◆

0.1% 0.4% 0.6% 1.2% 1.3%

◆

20.5%

◆

3.9% 0.6% 4.5% 0.1% 0.6% 0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 1.0% 0.2% 0.7%

◆

0.1% 34.4% 100.0% 64.4% 35.6% 32.3% 0.2%

*Based on gross generation from renewable sources including wind, geothermal, solar, biomass and waste, and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station.


than 0.05%. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Other renewables data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview

44


Biofuels production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes oil equivalent

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Europe & Eurasia Total Europe & Eurasia Total Middle East Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia South Korea Thailand Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union CIS

10670 174 – 10844 30 9590 144 513 10278 109 22 12 682 2603 594 23 154 70 273 91 228 407 5269 – 9 59 925 146 44 41 87 144 1446 27848 16174 11674 5214 –

14709 503 5 15216 173 12427 155 596 13351 222 146 54 1153 3243 448 82 103 162 378 150 374 506 7021 – 6 76 982 149 217 78 148 227 1876 37471 22281 15190 6945 2

20934 546 5 21485 635 15486 158 806 17085 269 282 101 2064 2805 623 78 290 149 384 183 289 964 8482 – 11 119 1194 169 530 146 525 390 3074 50138 29997 20141 8334 7

23761 786 5 24552 1055 15277 320 634 17285 373 486 231 2408 2834 772 242 408 226 1001 254 220 1190 10646 – 18 174 1224 77 469 358 656 478 3435 55936 35389 20547 10461 36

28044 809 14 28866 1670 16866 455 229 19220 391 603 301 2353 3022 678 391 439 284 1312 339 304 1187 11604 5 8 222 1584 123 723 511 700 443 4306 64008 40889 23119 11466 34

31184 950 13 32147 2234 14403 572 310 17519 390 664 208 1935 2967 486 674 414 330 851 400 322 1235 10876 5 8 223 1970 210 1110 309 765 692 5280 65834 43192 22642 10707 28

29808 1017 15 30840 2295 14739 627 300 17961 390 562 263 2145 3031 298 1276 652 276 620 491 303 1428 11734 5 23 239 2103 229 1397 283 1054 997 6300 66863 42733 24130 11593 29

31057 1056 58 32171 2014 17114 650 354 20131 374 547 330 2306 2770 457 1495 697 274 749 635 517 1351 12503 5 32 202 2346 268 1750 321 1330 1234 7450 72293 44808 27485 12394 23

32890 1188 58 34137 2644 18005 676 378 21703 329 574 367 2541 3460 585 1756 750 301 1030 789 403 1560 14445 5 40 169 2609 349 2547 337 1490 1873 9374 79703 48698 31005 14286 25

33849 1142 58 35049 2038 19332 693 379 22442 381 556 445 2519 3191 582 1675 940 321 1122 222 310 1749 14012 5 40 157 2653 410 1354 385 1603 1913 8476 80024 49186 30838 13820 25

35779 1160 58 36997 2828 18552 626 373 22378 419 558 446 2226 3198 583 1680 898 298 1148 211 351 1761 13777 5 40 144 2053 505 2503 404 1610 1889 9110 82306 50900 31407 13580 25

5.4% 1.2% – 5.3% 38.4% -4.3% -10.0% -1.9% -0.6% 9.8% – – -11.9% -0.1% – – -4.6% -7.5% 2.0% -5.1% 12.8% 0.4% -1.9% – – -8.5% -22.8% 23.0% 84.3% 4.7% 0.2% -1.5% 7.2% 2.6% 3.2% 1.6% -2.0% –

15.2% 22.8% – 15.4% 71.7% 8.4% 46.2% 6.5% 9.8% 18.0% 89.9% 51.8% 18.5% 7.2% 5.1% 87.5% 23.2% 79.7% 14.0% 15.7% 22.4% 19.2% 15.5% – 20.5% 21.9% 14.6% 12.7% 65.4% 45.4% 39.9% 69.1% 25.0% 14.1% 15.5% 12.2% 15.5% –

Share 2016

43.5% 1.4% 0.1% 45.0% 3.4% 22.5% 0.8% 0.5% 27.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.5% 2.7% 3.9% 0.7% 2.0% 1.1% 0.4% 1.4% 0.3% 0.4% 2.1% 16.7% ◆ ◆

0.2% 2.5% 0.6% 3.0% 0.5% 2.0% 2.3% 11.1% 100.0% 61.8% 38.2% 16.5% ◆

◆Less

than 0.05%. Source: Includes data from F.O. Lichts; US Energy Information Administration. Notes: Consumption of fuel ethanol and biodiesel is included in oil consumption tables. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand tonnes a day oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

World biofuels production Million tonnes oil equivalent 100

Rest of World Europe & Eurasia S. & Cent. America North America

Ethanol 2006 Ethanol 2016 Biodiesel 2006 Biodiesel 2016

40

80 30

60

20

40

10 20

06

08

10

12

14

16

0

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Rest of World

0

Global biofuels production rose by 2.6% in 2016, well below the 10-year average of 14.1%, but faster than in 2015 (0.4%). The US provided the largest increment (1930 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent, or ktoe). Global ethanol production increased by only 0.7%, partly due to falling production in Brazil. Biodiesel production rose by 6.5% with Indonesia providing more than half of the increment (1149 ktoe). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

45

Electricity Electricity generation* Growth rate per annum Terawatt-hours


2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

4331.0 4431.8 4390.1 4206.5 4394.3 4363.4 4310.6 4330.3 4363.3 601.5 625.6 627.7 604.2 596.7 628.6 629.0 651.2 648.6 256.2 263.2 269.3 267.8 275.6 292.1 296.4 297.1 303.3 5188.7 5320.6 5287.1 5078.4 5266.5 5284.1 5236.0 5278.6 5315.3 112.8 115.2 129.0 129.8 132.5 129.5 136.0 139.7 141.6 419.4 445.1 463.1 466.2 515.8 531.8 552.5 570.8 590.5 57.6 60.1 60.9 61.0 61.6 65.0 69.7 73.0 73.6 59.7 61.1 61.9 63.8 67.0 68.0 69.4 71.6 74.5 15.1 17.3 18.6 18.3 19.5 20.5 22.8 23.3 24.3 27.4 29.9 32.5 32.9 35.9 38.8 41.0 43.3 45.5 6.9 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.5 9.9 110.6 113.7 119.3 124.8 116.7 122.9 127.9 127.6 110.4 178.6 186.8 188.2 187.9 192.1 198.4 205.4 209.6 206.6 988.1 1037.0 1081.2 1092.5 1149.6 1183.7 1233.9 1268.4 1277.0 64.4 64.9 66.9 69.1 71.1 65.9 72.4 68.0 65.1 24.5 21.8 21.6 18.9 18.7 20.3 23.0 23.4 24.7 31.8 31.8 35.1 30.4 34.9 32.2 30.8 31.5 34.7 85.6 88.8 84.9 91.2 95.2 90.2 82.9 83.5 72.7 45.8 43.3 45.0 43.0 46.7 50.8 47.3 43.8 47.5 84.4 88.0 83.5 82.3 85.9 87.6 87.6 87.1 86.0 45.6 39.3 36.6 36.4 38.9 35.2 30.7 34.7 32.2 82.3 81.2 77.4 72.1 80.7 73.5 70.4 71.2 68.1 575.0 570.3 574.9 542.8 574.3 566.8 565.1 573.1 561.7 639.6 640.6 640.7 595.6 633.1 613.1 630.1 638.7 626.7 60.8 63.5 63.7 61.4 57.4 59.4 61.0 57.2 50.5 35.9 40.0 40.0 35.9 37.4 36.0 34.6 30.3 29.4 27.5 28.7 30.3 28.4 28.7 27.5 27.6 26.1 26.3 314.1 313.9 319.1 292.6 302.1 302.6 299.3 289.8 279.8 71.7 76.6 80.3 78.7 82.6 86.6 90.6 92.6 94.6 12.5 14.0 14.0 15.4 5.7 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.4 98.8 105.2 108.2 113.5 118.2 113.0 102.5 100.9 103.4 121.4 137.2 142.1 131.8 123.6 127.6 147.7 134.0 142.0 161.7 159.3 155.3 151.7 157.7 163.5 162.1 164.6 159.1 49.0 47.3 46.0 50.2 54.1 52.5 46.6 51.7 52.8 62.7 61.7 65.0 58.0 61.0 62.2 59.0 58.9 63.3 992.1 1018.7 1040.0 993.1 1035.7 1050.2 1064.1 1050.7 1058.7 31.2 27.9 29.3 26.1 27.7 28.1 28.4 28.6 27.3 302.9 312.2 317.9 296.3 303.0 291.8 297.6 283.6 278.8 143.3 148.7 149.7 136.7 148.3 151.2 166.3 153.2 153.7 66.8 70.9 72.0 71.5 71.2 67.6 73.1 73.5 74.9 176.3 191.6 198.4 194.8 211.2 229.4 239.5 240.2 252.0 13.7 14.9 15.0 16.0 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.9 20.1 192.1 195.1 191.7 172.9 187.9 194.9 198.9 194.4 182.8 397.3 396.8 388.9 376.8 381.8 367.4 363.6 358.4 338.2 49.3 49.0 50.1 50.0 51.7 52.4 52.5 54.2 55.6 186.7 187.3 194.4 196.0 213.3 204.9 201.5 214.1 202.7 5246.8 5330.6 5378.1 5129.4 5356.2 5326.4 5379.7 5335.3 5269.3 184.3 196.0 206.3 215.1 226.1 235.5 247.7 254.6 274.6 51.8 55.1 55.8 55.3 58.5 59.3 63.0 61.4 61.3 47.6 48.8 51.7 53.2 57.1 57.5 62.7 61.0 65.1 15.3 19.5 21.6 24.2 28.1 30.7 34.8 34.7 38.7 181.4 190.5 204.2 217.3 240.1 250.1 271.7 284.0 311.8 66.8 78.8 80.5 85.7 93.9 99.1 106.2 110.0 116.5 121.1 128.5 139.6 155.3 167.6 170.8 177.2 171.1 179.1 668.4 717.2 759.8 806.1 871.4 902.9 963.2 976.7 1047.2 35.2 37.3 40.2 43.1 45.7 53.1 57.4 59.9 64.2 110.7 119.0 127.9 133.3 143.5 148.6 161.9 164.0 170.2 253.8 263.5 258.3 249.6 259.6 262.5 257.9 256.1 254.7 188.3 189.3 194.7 200.6 219.7 218.1 242.3 262.6 275.8 588.0 609.0 621.1 626.6 668.5 682.3 719.4 742.5 764.9 238.0 243.2 245.4 249.9 251.0 256.3 250.7 249.6 247.4 29.5 31.0 34.2 37.2 40.8 44.2 48.6 53.1 55.8 2865.7 3281.6 3495.8 3714.7 4207.2 4713.0 4987.6 5431.6 5649.6 38.6 38.9 38.0 38.7 38.3 39.0 38.8 39.1 39.8 744.1 794.8 825.8 879.7 935.3 1031.1 1088.2 1141.4 1252.0 133.1 142.4 149.4 156.8 169.8 183.4 200.3 216.2 228.5 1164.3 1180.1 1183.7 1114.0 1156.0 1104.2 1106.9 1087.8 1062.7 100.0 103.6 106.9 111.3 120.1 120.9 127.3 138.3 143.6 43.4 43.8 43.8 43.4 44.9 44.4 44.3 43.3 43.6 96.1 98.1 96.2 97.1 100.3 100.3 99.3 102.2 107.2 56.8 59.6 60.8 61.9 67.7 69.2 72.9 75.3 77.3 39.4 41.1 41.7 41.8 45.4 46.0 46.9 48.0 49.3 403.0 425.4 442.6 452.4 495.0 517.6 531.2 537.2 540.4 235.5 243.1 238.3 230.0 247.1 252.2 250.4 252.4 260.0 136.8 142.5 145.4 145.9 157.6 153.3 169.0 168.6 173.8 57.9 64.1 71.0 80.6 91.7 101.5 115.1 124.5 142.3 69.2 71.5 74.3 72.9 81.4 86.5 87.7 92.9 97.2 6451.7 7004.9 7293.3 7528.4 8249.5 8863.1 9265.1 9801.2 10170.3 19131.7 20019.3 20420.6 20261.4 21561.7 22242.4 22797.3 23402.9 23844.0 10749.8 10987.9 10992.2 10557.5 10985.8 10930.6 10939.9 10929.3 10875.5 8381.9 9031.4 9428.4 9703.9 10576.0 11311.9 11857.4 12473.6 12968.5 3374.4 3391.5 3393.4 3230.7 3371.5 3300.4 3295.7 3267.3 3185.3 1418.7 1452.1 1473.6 1399.1 1469.6 1498.4 1523.7 1509.0 1515.3

4348.7 652.3 310.3 5311.3 145.4 581.5 75.4 77.0 26.0 48.3 9.7 127.8 212.9 1304.0 64.9 24.7 34.1 70.6 49.2 83.9 28.9 68.6 568.7 646.9 51.9 30.3 28.4 283.0 91.6 4.9 109.6 144.5 164.9 52.4 66.3 1063.4 27.2 280.5 162.1 70.9 261.8 21.5 163.7 339.1 57.6 201.8 5318.2 281.9 65.4 68.3 41.8 328.1 127.4 179.4 1092.4 68.8 180.6 249.7 276.3 775.4 253.0 60.8 5814.6 38.0 1308.4 234.0 1030.1 144.7 44.3 110.2 82.4 50.3 545.5 258.0 177.8 159.7 102.6 10414.3 24215.5 10911.5 13304.0 3234.3 1499.9

4350.8 663.0 314.8 5328.6 146.9 581.7 77.5 78.5 27.1 51.5 8.9 115.6 224.6 1312.2 67.6 25.0 33.1 86.9 45.1 83.3 30.3 68.6 553.4 648.4 52.5 31.5 30.4 286.3 94.5 4.3 114.7 149.5 166.6 60.5 64.8 1087.1 27.5 274.4 154.9 66.3 272.7 22.6 163.7 338.6 58.9 209.3 5373.1 286.0 67.4 71.1 42.4 330.5 136.8 181.5 1115.7 70.2 187.3 251.9 272.7 782.1 256.9 67.4 6142.5 38.2 1400.8 248.9 999.6 156.8 43.9 115.4 89.9 51.6 551.2 264.1 179.7 175.7 122.1 10904.7 24816.4 10939.2 13877.2 3247.3 1527.8

-0.2% 1.4% 1.1% 0.1% 0.7% -0.2% 2.4% 1.7% 4.1% 6.3% -8.4% -9.8% 5.2% 0.4% 3.8% 0.9% -3.1% 22.7% -8.7% -1.0% 4.4% -0.3% -3.0%

0.1% 0.6% 2.3% 0.2% 2.7% 3.7% 3.3% 3.3% 6.8% 6.6% 3.2% 2.0% 1.9% 3.2% -0.3% 0.8% 1.0% -2.1% 1.0% 0.2% -2.2% -0.3% -0.1% 0.4% -1.4% -1.6% 0.9% -0.7% 3.0% -10.4% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% -1.4% -0.5% 0.2% 1.3% 4.9% 5.3% -1.2% -1.6% 1.9% 0.9% 0.3% 5.2% 2.8% 4.6% 11.3% 6.4% 7.7% 4.8% 5.7% 7.3% 5.7% 0.2% 4.6% 3.3% 0.9% 8.7% 8.8% -0.1% 6.4% 6.3% -1.1% 4.4% 0.3% 2.0% 3.8% 2.8% 3.4% 1.3% 3.1% 11.9% 4.5% 5.7% 2.8% 0.2% 5.5% -0.3% 0.9%

2006

*Based on gross output. ◆Less

2007

than 0.05%. Note: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.

46


2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

◆

0.9% 3.7% 6.9% 0.9% 2.8% -13.5% 4.3% 3.2% 0.7% 15.1% -2.5% 1.9% 0.7% -2.4% -4.7% -6.8% 3.9% 4.7% -0.3% -0.4% 1.9% 3.4% 0.8% 1.2% 2.7% 3.9% 0.9% 0.4% 7.1% 0.9% 1.9% 1.8% 3.4% 0.6% -1.6% 0.6% 1.2% 10.6% 5.4% 0.3% 6.8% 6.1% -3.2% 8.1% -1.2% 4.5% 8.8% 2.3% 0.8% 2.1% 0.8% 9.7% 18.6% 4.4% 2.2% ◆

4.0% 0.1% 1.6%

Share 2016

17.5% 2.7% 1.3% 21.5% 0.6% 2.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2%

◆

0.5% 0.9% 5.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.3% 2.2% 2.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 1.2% 0.4%

◆

0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.2% 0.3% 4.4% 0.1% 1.1% 0.6% 0.3% 1.1% 0.1% 0.7% 1.4% 0.2% 0.8% 21.7% 1.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.3% 0.6% 0.7% 4.5% 0.3% 0.8% 1.0% 1.1% 3.2% 1.0% 0.3% 24.8% 0.2% 5.6% 1.0% 4.0% 0.6% 0.2% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2% 2.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.5% 43.9% 100.0% 44.1% 55.9% 13.1% 6.2%

CO2

Carbon

Carbon dioxide emissions Growth rate per annum Million tonnes of carbon dioxide


2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2016

2005-15

6029.2 556.6 450.5 7036.2 150.3 336.9 64.4 62.1 26.3 27.5 24.8 161.4 221.4 1075.0 73.7 32.3 58.3 139.8 49.2 126.1 61.7 69.7 378.8 840.1 105.9 57.2 47.5 470.2 157.7 13.3 242.0 37.8 317.4 61.3 98.6 1559.0 37.2 365.1 60.2 44.1 253.7 54.0 321.3 579.0 106.0 224.5 7042.7 473.5 67.8 77.9 43.9 387.9 175.4 251.0 1477.4 84.8 156.7 401.3 296.8 939.6 393.2 40.1 6661.6 80.6 1257.3 360.4 1252.2 183.3 37.2 145.5 68.0 142.2 520.8 273.9 225.1 71.8 146.0 11859.1 29430.1 13791.2 15638.9 4285.6 2308.7

6132.4 567.2 445.5 7145.1 162.9 351.4 75.9 60.8 26.8 31.1 27.5 165.3 224.7 1126.6 69.8 29.1 57.1 139.4 52.5 127.0 56.9 67.6 369.6 807.2 109.2 55.6 48.5 459.7 173.3 13.0 236.8 37.8 314.2 59.5 96.6 1552.4 35.1 378.6 58.1 40.2 280.7 60.9 315.5 568.9 114.0 232.9 7017.8 505.5 70.9 77.1 55.0 405.9 192.8 252.9 1560.2 89.3 165.9 411.5 311.4 978.1 397.6 42.0 7223.9 86.2 1370.7 388.4 1266.0 184.3 36.0 157.4 72.3 153.1 545.4 276.3 237.2 78.6 138.7 12654.1 30481.9 13911.0 16570.9 4220.4 2324.9

5954.1 565.5 447.9 6967.5 166.1 374.9 77.0 70.5 27.3 34.8 27.8 173.8 215.9 1168.2 70.3 28.7 59.8 141.3 50.3 119.8 54.4 60.2 370.1 806.5 104.1 54.5 47.9 446.9 187.0 13.2 232.5 36.7 316.4 57.9 94.9 1578.3 36.3 352.4 56.3 42.9 284.8 61.6 317.4 561.4 116.0 234.4 6995.1 529.8 72.3 82.2 49.5 439.0 220.1 277.3 1670.2 94.9 176.5 447.5 328.7 1047.6 408.3 45.5 7362.3 79.9 1472.2 378.2 1273.1 193.1 37.2 162.1 74.4 165.2 556.8 258.9 238.5 103.7 142.5 12951.9 30800.4 13698.5 17101.8 4142.7 2373.2

5529.8 525.0 451.6 6506.3 159.2 352.1 73.9 66.3 27.7 34.7 26.5 171.1 214.9 1126.5 64.4 25.2 57.6 128.3 43.2 111.0 50.6 57.7 355.9 751.0 100.5 48.2 42.8 404.0 167.9 11.9 224.1 37.2 302.3 57.2 79.8 1464.1 33.5 314.6 52.9 43.5 283.4 57.3 271.9 513.0 97.7 225.5 6478.0 544.6 69.1 83.5 52.2 457.2 214.1 294.2 1714.9 100.2 183.4 447.1 324.8 1055.4 404.7 50.6 7692.5 87.1 1601.7 390.1 1110.2 184.7 34.2 161.7 75.1 178.6 559.0 248.1 237.4 103.1 145.4 13264.2 30145.3 12781.4 17363.9 3835.4 2164.8

5754.6 544.5 459.7 6758.9 172.7 400.3 75.1 73.7 31.9 38.8 28.3 171.3 218.2 1210.3 69.7 24.0 60.4 137.3 45.0 115.1 51.3 65.7 360.8 779.9 93.6 49.0 42.6 409.7 180.5 13.1 233.0 37.9 320.4 51.9 77.4 1509.8 36.0 299.0 57.7 41.2 288.6 65.2 287.0 529.7 97.6 231.8 6661.9 548.2 72.5 89.4 70.8 501.5 222.6 311.1 1816.0 98.5 195.5 449.2 351.0 1094.1 395.1 53.9 8118.7 89.2 1667.2 429.5 1182.4 199.8 34.3 161.6 80.4 187.1 609.8 261.3 249.7 121.9 145.2 13987.1 31528.4 13250.9 18277.5 3932.5 2247.7

5617.3 550.8 482.1 6650.2 176.5 426.4 85.9 72.2 32.7 42.9 28.3 166.3 225.0 1256.3 67.0 27.7 57.4 123.0 50.4 111.3 46.5 56.8 335.8 761.0 93.0 47.7 38.1 399.9 199.2 12.2 224.6 37.8 320.1 51.7 83.1 1572.1 33.8 308.3 53.3 39.3 303.4 67.8 303.1 494.4 111.4 240.1 6671.2 560.9 74.0 92.5 53.2 518.4 234.6 312.5 1846.0 105.0 197.0 440.7 349.4 1092.1 404.0 58.2 8806.7 92.7 1741.2 481.1 1192.1 210.5 33.7 160.2 81.3 194.4 645.6 271.4 254.7 133.7 135.6 14897.2 32413.0 13084.9 19328.1 3805.0 2362.8

5406.0 536.0 491.8 6433.8 182.3 447.3 88.4 81.1 34.0 44.2 27.6 177.7 223.6 1306.2 64.3 28.7 58.6 118.6 45.3 106.7 40.9 50.3 336.4 770.7 88.1 43.7 38.2 380.5 200.9 12.3 216.4 37.5 304.5 50.9 81.1 1582.2 32.2 306.5 50.3 40.6 317.0 74.5 296.8 512.2 109.6 231.5 6627.9 564.2 79.4 108.6 60.4 543.7 245.6 319.2 1921.0 113.8 208.4 435.6 369.2 1127.0 397.2 63.8 8979.4 89.3 1853.3 510.8 1284.4 218.6 35.2 162.4 83.8 193.8 644.1 266.1 272.0 130.5 139.3 15324.2 32740.2 12920.3 19819.9 3738.5 2379.3

5544.3 548.2 490.0 6582.4 188.4 486.6 90.1 83.1 36.2 45.4 29.0 175.1 220.3 1354.3 64.5 29.4 59.1 119.3 39.9 104.9 43.4 50.8 337.3 795.1 79.8 42.3 36.9 349.9 202.6 11.6 210.9 37.7 307.4 49.3 69.4 1533.8 32.9 275.3 48.5 42.7 305.5 67.6 281.3 497.4 108.5 229.8 6464.8 594.7 73.3 103.7 92.3 552.9 249.6 333.5 2000.0 120.7 207.1 439.4 390.9 1158.2 393.3 65.0 9218.8 92.1 1933.1 523.4 1274.6 228.9 34.8 161.8 92.0 194.8 646.5 266.2 275.4 134.8 130.8 15666.4 33226.1 12979.8 20246.3 3654.7 2309.1

5599.9 545.5 481.6 6627.0 189.3 508.3 90.6 88.7 38.1 46.7 28.3 166.6 223.4 1380.1 60.1 31.0 57.7 112.0 42.5 99.0 40.3 46.1 304.2 749.4 76.2 41.6 36.6 325.1 225.0 10.9 199.4 37.0 290.4 49.2 69.4 1542.2 30.0 272.8 47.6 38.0 337.9 74.2 241.5 454.4 112.4 218.2 6272.5 623.7 70.2 98.3 91.1 589.0 254.8 331.1 2058.1 127.7 208.8 444.0 409.9 1190.4 398.4 68.5 9224.1 90.1 2085.9 477.1 1240.8 240.1 35.0 168.6 98.0 194.7 644.3 271.8 282.5 150.4 144.3 15814.5 33342.5 12804.1 20538.4 3442.7 2312.2

5445.0 531.6 481.4 6458.1 193.4 491.3 91.0 91.1 37.3 49.2 28.4 164.0 232.1 1377.9 62.2 33.9 50.7 117.6 45.5 102.3 37.2 43.1 309.7 751.1 73.4 44.4 38.4 336.2 207.6 11.3 207.5 37.0 290.1 53.9 69.1 1521.9 30.1 289.4 47.3 38.9 343.0 82.8 190.3 433.4 115.1 226.2 6240.7 616.5 73.5 108.3 108.5 611.7 275.2 333.9 2127.5 136.4 211.4 421.8 422.9 1192.6 413.6 75.4 9164.5 90.9 2157.4 492.5 1206.6 247.6 35.1 177.1 107.0 206.5 654.0 270.3 287.7 166.9 154.1 15907.2 33303.9 12665.9 20638.0 3477.0 2230.6

5350.4 527.4 470.3 6348.0 194.3 458.0 95.9 89.0 35.0 53.1 25.8 161.0 236.1 1348.2 63.2 33.9 53.7 120.2 42.9 105.2 38.9 44.6 316.0 760.8 70.5 45.8 40.5 336.9 207.2 11.6 212.5 37.5 299.0 52.9 69.2 1490.1 30.7 282.4 49.1 37.5 361.8 83.2 206.9 406.4 117.0 230.6 6258.5 630.9 72.9 108.6 106.7 621.8 288.0 338.8 2167.8 136.0 220.6 425.7 426.6 1209.0 408.9 78.5 9123.0 93.1 2271.1 531.4 1191.2 263.8 35.2 192.7 119.9 220.9 662.1 276.2 292.0 167.0 173.3 16100.5 33432.0 12574.4 20857.7 3485.1 2220.4

-2.0% -1.1% -2.6% -2.0% 0.2% -7.0% 5.1% -2.6% -6.4% 7.6% -9.4% -2.1% 1.4% -2.4% 1.3% -0.2% 5.7% 1.9% -6.0% 2.5% 4.4% 3.1% 1.7% 1.0% -4.3% 2.8% 5.4%

-1.1% -0.7% 0.9% -1.0% 2.9% 4.0% 4.2% 5.8% 4.2% 5.6% 3.7% 1.4% 0.8% 3.1% -1.9% 0.4% -1.0% -1.6% -0.6% -1.9% -3.5% -3.2% -2.2% -0.9% -3.4% -2.5% -2.2% -3.3% 3.5% -1.3% -1.6% -0.1% -0.6% -2.0% -3.1% 0.2% -2.4% -2.5% -2.4% -1.1% 4.1% 5.3% -4.9% -2.8% 0.7% 0.5% -1.0% 3.5% 0.8% 2.7% 10.3% 5.2% 5.2% 3.0% 4.2% 5.4% 3.4% 0.7% 3.5% 2.6% 1.1% 7.3% 4.2% 1.8% 6.0% 3.7% -0.6% 3.3% -0.5% 2.7% 4.2% 4.8% 2.3% 0.1% 2.4% 6.8% 0.9% 3.6% 1.6% -0.9% 3.4% -2.0% 0.1%

◆

-0.5% 2.0% 2.1% 1.1% 2.8% -2.2% -0.1% -2.4% 1.7% -2.7% 3.6% -4.0% 5.2% 0.2% 8.4% -6.5% 1.4% 1.7% ◆

2.1% -1.1% -0.1% -1.9% 1.4% 4.4% 1.2% 1.6% -0.5% 4.1% 0.6% 0.6% 1.1% -1.4% 3.9% -0.7% 2.1% 5.0% 7.6% -1.5% 6.3% 0.1% 8.5% 11.8% 6.7% 1.0% 1.9% 1.2% -0.2% 12.1% 0.9% 0.1% -1.0% 0.8%

◆

-0.7%

Share 2016

16.0% 1.6% 1.4% 19.0% 0.6% 1.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.7% 4.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.9% 2.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.6%

◆

0.6% 0.1% 0.9% 0.2% 0.2% 4.5% 0.1% 0.8% 0.1% 0.1% 1.1% 0.2% 0.6% 1.2% 0.3% 0.7% 18.7% 1.9% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 1.9% 0.9% 1.0% 6.5% 0.4% 0.7% 1.3% 1.3% 3.6% 1.2% 0.2% 27.3% 0.3% 6.8% 1.6% 3.6% 0.8% 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.7% 2.0% 0.8% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% 48.2% 100.0% 37.6% 62.4% 10.4% 6.6%

◆Less

than 0.05%. Notes: The carbon emissions above reflect only those through consumption of oil, gas and coal for combustion related activities, and are based on ‘Default CO2 Emissions Factors for Combustion’ listed by the IPCC in its Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006). This does not allow for any carbon that is sequestered, for other sources of carbon emissions, or for emissions of other greenhouse gases. Our data is therefore not comparable to official national emissions data. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years.


47

Appendices Approximate conversion factors Crude oil*

Units

From

To

Tonnes (metric) Kilolitres Barrels US gallons Barrels per day

tonnes (metric)

US gallons

tonnes per year

kilolitres

barrels Multiply by

1 0.8581 0.1364 0.00325 –

1.165 1 0.159 0.0038 –

7.33 6.2898 1 0.0238 –

307.86 264.17 42 1 –

– – – – 49.8

tonnes kilolitres to barrels to tonnes Multiply by

tonnes to kilolitres

*Based on worldwide average gravity.

Products To convert barrels to tonnes

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Gasoline Kerosene Gas oil/diesel Residual fuel oil Product basket

0.086 0.120 0.127 0.134 0.157 0.125

11.60 8.35 7.88 7.46 6.35 7.98

0.542 0.753 0.798 0.843 0.991 0.788

1.844 1.328 1.253 1.186 1.010 1.269

Natural gas (NG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) From

To billion cubic metres NG

1 billion cubic metres NG 1 billion cubic feet NG 1 million tonnes oil equivalent 1 million tonnes LNG 1 trillion British thermal units 1 million barrels oil equivalent

billion cubic million tonnes million tonnes trillion British million barrels feet NG oil equivalent LNG thermal units oil equivalent Multiply by

1 0.028 1.11 1.36 0.028 0.16

35.3 1 39.2 48.0 0.99 5.74

Country and geographic groupings

Country and geographic groupings are made purely for statistical purposes and are not intended to imply any judgement about political or economic standings. North America US (excluding US territories), Canada, Mexico. South & Central America Caribbean (including Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands), Central and South America. Europe European members of the OECD plus Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Europe & Eurasia All countries listed above under the headings Europe and CIS. Middle East Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria. North Africa Territories on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to western Sahara.

48


Calorific equivalents

One tonne of oil equivalent equals approximately: Heat units 10 million kilocalories 42 gigajoules 40 million British thermal units Solid fuels 1.5 tonnes of hard coal 3 tonnes of lignite and sub-bituminous coal Gaseous fuels See Natural gas and liquefied natural gas table Electricity 12 megawatt-hours

6.16 0.17 6.84 8.37 0.17 1

One million tonnes of oil or oil equivalent produces about 4400 gigawatt-hours (= 4.4 terawatt-hours) of electricity in a modern power station.

West Africa Territories on the west coast of Africa from Mauritania to Angola, including Cape Verde, Chad.

European Union members Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK.

0.90 0.025 1 1.22 0.025 0.15

0.74 0.021 0.82 1 0.021 0.12

35.7 1.01 39.7 48.6 1 5.80

Definitions Statistics published in this review are taken from government sources and published data. No use is made of confidential information obtained by BP in the course of its business.

1 metric tonne = 2204.62lb = 1.1023 short tons 1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels = 1 cubic metre 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4.187kJ = 3.968Btu 1 kilojoule (kJ) = 0.239kcal = 0.948Btu 1 British thermal = 0.252kcal unit (Btu) = 1.055kJ 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 860kcal = 3600kJ = 3412Btu

East and Southern Africa Territories on the east coast of Africa from Sudan to Republic of South Africa. Also Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia Pacific Brunei, Cambodia, China, China Hong Kong SAR*, China Macau SAR*, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Oceania. *Special Administrative Region. Australasia Australia, New Zealand. OECD members Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK. Other member countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, US. OPEC members Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. North Africa: Algeria, Libya. West Africa: Angola, Nigeria. South America: Ecuador, Venezuela.

1 barrel of ethanol = 0.58 barrels of oil equivalent 1 barrel of biodiesel = 0.86 barrels of oil equivalent 1 tonne of ethanol = 0.68 tonnes of oil equivalent 1 tonne of biodiesel = 0.88 tonnes of oil equivalent

Non-OECD All countries that are not members of the OECD.

Methodology

The primary energy values of nuclear and hydroelectric power generation, as well as electricity from renewable sources, have been derived by calculating the equivalent amount of fossil fuel required to generate the same volume of electricity in a thermal power station, assuming a conversion efficiency of 38% (the average for OECD thermal power generation). Fuels used as inputs for conversion technologies (gas‑to-liquids, coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas) are counted as production for the source fuel and the outputs are counted as consumption for the converted fuel. Percentages Calculated before rounding of actuals. Rounding differences Because of rounding, some totals may not agree exactly with the sum of their component parts. Tonnes Metric equivalent of tons.

More information Quoting from the review Publishers are welcome to quote from this review provided that they attribute the source to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. However, where extensive reproduction of tables and/or charts is planned, permission must first be obtained from: The Editor BP Statistical Review of World Energy BP p.l.c. 1 St James’s Square London SW1Y 4PD UK [email protected] The redistribution or reproduction of data whose source is Platts is strictly prohibited without prior authorization from Platts.

Acknowledgements Data compilation: Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy, Heriot-Watt University, ceerp.hw.ac.uk Design and typesetting: Whitehouse Associates, London Printing: Pureprint Group Limited, UK ISO 14001, FSC® certified and CarbonNeutral®

Paper: This document is printed on Oxygen paper and board. Oxygen is made using 100% recycled pulp, a large percentage of which is de-inked. It is manufactured at a mill with ISO 9001 and 14001 accreditation and is FSC® (Forest Stewardship Council) certified. This document has been printed using vegetable inks.

Printed in the UK by Pureprint Group using their printing technology. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

49

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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

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