Chapter 1 Active Reading Guide Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life ... Biological matter can also be organized into levels of ... Study Figure 1...
Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 3 are ordered into In multicellular organisms similar cells are organised into Large scale communities classified by
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Roksana Korbi
Name:
6/19/2015
_____ Roksana Korbi _________________ AP Biology ______________
Chapter 1 Active Reading Guide Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological concepts that you may have learned in an earlier course and give you an overview of what you will study this year.
Section 1 1. What are emergent properties? Give two examples. Emergent Properties-the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interaction. Examples: Cell-tissue-organ-organ system-animal Biological matter can also be organized into levels of increasing complexity: Macromolecule-cell-tissue-organ and organ system-organism-populationcommunity and ecosystems-biosphere 2. Life is organized on many scales. Figure 1.3 zooms you in from viewing Earth from space all the way to the level of molecules. As you study this figure, write in a brief definition of each level.
Level
Definition
biosphere:
Consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists
ecosystem:
Is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment
community:
The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
population:
Consists of all the individual of a species living within the bounds of a specified area
organism:
An individual living thing
organs/organ systems:
Organs are body parts that carry out a particular function in the body. Organ systems-each team of organs that cooperate in larger functions
tissues:
Group of cells that work together performing a specialized function
cells:
An organism’s basic unit of structure and function
organelles:
The various functional components present in cells
molecules:
A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms st
3. Our study of biology will be organized around recurring themes. Make a list here of the themes that are presented, and give an example that illustrates each theme. Watch for these themes throughout your study this entire year. This will help you see the big picture and organize your thinking. Theme1:New properties Emerge at successive Levels of Biological Organization Theme2: Life’s processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information Theme3: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
Theme4: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
Aerodynamics of a bird's wing permits flight.
Core theme: Evolution
Widespread use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotic resistance in disease-causing bacteria.
Biotechnology has allowed the development of genetically modified plants. CO2 + H2O --- (sunlight) ---> O2 + C6H12O6 (a.k.a photosynthesis)
4. As you read this section, you will be reminded of things you may have studied in an earlier course. Since this material will be presented in detail in future chapters, you will come back to these ideas, so don’t fret if some of the concepts presented are unfamiliar. However, to guide your study, define each of the terms in bold as you come to them.
Term
Definition
eukaryotic cell:
are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton
prokaryotic cell:
are organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
genes:
A stretch of DNA arranged along the chromosomes-the units of inheritance
genome:
The genetic instructions that an organism inherits
Roksana Korbi
6/19/2015
Section 2 5. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies organisms. Because of new molecular information, there have been many changes in placement of certain groups in recent years. Notice that all life is now organized in your text into three domains rather than the five kingdoms you may have learned earlier. Put the kingdoms mentioned in the text in the space above the proper domain names shown here.
Domain Bacteria:
Kingdom(s) They are classified in multiple kingdoms
Archaea:
Include multiple kingdoms.
Eukarya:
Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia , Kingdom Fungi and Protists
6. What two main points were articulated in Darwin’s The Origin of Species?
The species have arisen from a succession of ancestors that differed from them His proposal that “ natural selection’ is a mechanism for descent with modification ion
7. What did Darwin propose as the mechanism of evolution? Summarize this mechanism. Natural Selection: A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. 8. Study Figure 1.16 in your text, which shows an evolutionary “tree.” What is indicated by each twig? What do the branch points represent? Where did the “common ancestor” of the Galápagos finches originate? Each twig represents one species. Each branch point represents the common ancestor of the evolutionary lineages originating there and their descendants. The common ancestor of the Galapagos fincher originated on the South American Mainland.
Section 3 9. What are the two main types of scientific inquiry? Give an example of each.
Making an observation: Detailed observation of cell structure. Forming and testing hypothesis: Inside the cell there are organelles which have a specified function.
10. What is data? Data are items of information on which scientific inquiry is based. 11. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Which type would be presented in a data chart and could be graphed? Which type is found in the field sketches made by Jane Goodall?
Quantitative data are generally recorded as measurements and can be organized into a chart or graph Qualitative data are often recorded in form of descriptions such as the field sketches made by Jane Goodall.
12. In science, how do we define hypothesis? In science a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well framed question based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning.
13. A scientific hypothesis has two important qualities. The first is that it is testable. What is the second? The second is that it is falsifiable.
14. Are scientific hypotheses proved? Explain your answer! We can never prove that a hypothesis is true. No amount of experimental testing can prove a hypothesis beyond a shadow of doubt because it is impossible to test all alternative hypotheses
15. What is a controlled experiment? A controlled experiment is one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.
16. What is a common misconception about the term “controlled experiment?” A common misconception is that the term “controlled experiment” means that scientists control the experimental environment to keep everything constant except the one variable being tested.
17. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory by giving the three ways your text separates a theory from a hypothesis or mere speculation. A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis A theory is general enough to spin off many new specific hypotheses that can be tested. Compared to any one hypothesis, a theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence.
