COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes These are the codes we are going to compare: • ASME Section VIII, Division 1 • ASME Section VIII, Divi...
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Comparison of pressure vessel codes
Why do the codes differ and How do they differ
Presented by: Ray Delaforce
03/24/11 By Ray Delaforce 3/24/2011
By Ray Delaforce
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes These are the codes we are going to compare: • ASME Section VIII, Division 1 • ASME Section VIII, Division 2 • PD 5500 • EN 13445 Part 3
But first we look at the most fundamental requirement What is the ALLOWABLE STRESS ? y stress we must not exceed This is the primary A PRIMARY stress results from internal pressure There are SECONDARY stresses – we do not discuss them 03/24/11 By Ray Delaforce 3/24/2011
By Ray Delaforce
2
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We first look at a couple of important material properties Let us look at the Stress-Strain diagram – we get a lot of information Collapse can occur when we reach the yield point Let us look at the important features of our steel Elastic El ti Range
Plastic Range Fracture Ductile Range
Stre ess σ
Yield Point
All Allowable bl Stresses St about b t here h
0.2% strain
Strain ε
3
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Consider steel: UTS = 70 000 psi (482 MPa) Yield 38000 psi (262 MPa) Let us look at the Stress-Strain diagram – we get a lot of information Collapse can occur when we reach the yield point Let us look at the important features of our steel There are three important features we must consider 1. There is the limit of proportionality
Yield Point 0.2% strain
2. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
When fracture occurs
3. The Ductility = Yield / UTS
Must be less than 1.0
There is a 4th one – Creep which occurs at higher temperatures
4
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Allowable stress is base on these characteristics of the metal ASME Section VIII Division 1 S
= smaller of:
UTS / 3.5
or
Yield / 1.5
= 20 000 psi (138 MPa)
or
Yield / 1.5
= 25 300 psi (174 MPa)
ASME Section VIII Division 2 Sm = smaller of: EN 13445 f = smaller of:
UTS / 2.4
Both based on PED European requirements UTS / 2.4
or
Yield / 1.5
= 25 300 psi (174 MPa)
PD 5500 f = smaller of:
UTS / 2.35 or
We consider Carbon Steel for simplicity
Yield / 1.5
= 25 300 psi (174 MPa)
5
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We look at this on the Stress Strain diagram ASME VIII, Division 1 has a larger safety margin – safer This code is still the favoured code throughout the World
Stre ess σ
Yield Point ASME VIII Division 2, EN 13445 & PD 5500 ASME VIII Di Division i i 1
Strain ε
6
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation – the cylindrical shell Here are the basic dimensions
We shall ignore joint efficiency E (z)
W now do We d the th calculation l l ti for f the th cylinder: li d P = 300 psi (207 MPa)
By ASME VIII Division 1
D = 60 ins (1 524 mm) S(f) = 20 000 psi (174 MPa)
t = 0.454 in (11.534 mm)
By ASME VIII Division 2 t = 0.453 in (11.516 mm)
By EN 13445
DO Di
t ASME e EN 13445 & PD5500
7
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation – the cylindrical Elliptical Head shell Here are the basic dimensions
We shall ignore joint efficiency E
W now do We d the th calculation l l ti for f the th cylinder: li d P = 300 psi (207 MPa)
By ASME VIII Division 1
D = 60 ins (1 524 mm) S(f) = 20 000 psi (174 MPa)
t = 0.454 in (11.534 mm)
By ASME VIII Division 2 t = 0.453 in (11.516 mm)
That is why the differences are so small – the formulae are nearly the same !
By EN 13445 t=0 0.453 453 iin (11 (11.516 516 mm))
This formula looks odd, but is actually just about the same as the others
By PD 5500 t=0 0.453 453 in (11 (11.516 516 mm) 8
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation – the cylindrical Elliptical Head shell Here are the basic dimensions
We shall ignore joint efficiency E
W now do We d the th calculation l l ti for f the th cylinder: li d By ASME VIII Division 1 Cylinder based on the equilibrium equation
t = 0.454 in (11.534 mm)
By ASME VIII Division 2 t = 0.453 in (11.516 mm)
That is why the differences are so small – the formulae are nearly the same !
By EN 13445 t=0 0.453 453 iin (11 (11.516 516 mm))
This formula looks odd, but is actually just about the same as the others
By PD 5500 t=0 0.453 453 in (11 (11.516 516 mm) 9
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation – the Elliptical Head Minor
P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 iins (1 524 mm)) S(f) = 20 000 psi (138 MPa)
t = 0.451 in
t = 11.447 mm
Head formula almost identical to the cylinder formula: Cylinder:
Elliptical head:
10
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation – the Elliptical Head Minor
Shape is based on true ellipse D/2h = 2
h Major D
ASME Division 2 – complicated calc.
P = 300 psi (207 MPa)
1 There are many steps to do
D = 60 iins (1 524 mm))
2 Cannot calculate t directly . . . only P
S(f) = 25 300 psi (174 MPa)
Division 2 allows higher stress On the next slide we show the calculation per PV Elite 11
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 The Elliptical head is transformed in equivalent Torispherical Head
Crown radius Knuckle radius
12
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Next we must calculate some geometry factors
13
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Even more geometry and other factors……… factors and more – lots of factors
14
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Even more geometry and other factors and more – lots of factors
Finally we end up with our starting pressure
PV Elite does an iterative calculation to end up with the pressure
15
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 We had to start the calculate with a ‘guess’ thickness t
And we ended up with our starting pressure
We have to use a computer to do this calculation ! The computed thickness is
t = 0.3219 in
t = 8.1767 mm 16
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 EN 13445 has a similar method – slightly less complicated than ASME
The final computed thickness is: t = 0.3886 in
t = 9.8619 mm 17
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes The method of computing the head by PD 5500 is very different Minor
1 Calculate h / D = 0.25 2 Calculate P / f = 0.119
h Major D P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 iins (1 524 mm)) f = 25 300 psi (174 MPa)
PD 5500 uses a graphical solutions – like this
18
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Here is the Graph used to compute this head thickness 1 Calculate h / D = 0.25 2 Calculate P / f = 0.119
e/D
e = D x (e/D)
19
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite
t = 0.3792 in
t = 9.6317 mm
Each code has its own way of computing a head – and other parts But, where do codes ‘borrow’ procedures from other codes ?
20
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes ‘Copy’ codes – some examples
Flange analysis
ASME Division 1
ASME Division 2
EN 13445-3
PD 5500
21
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes ‘Copy’ codes – some examples
Access openings in skirt
AD Merblatter (AD 2000)
EN 13445-3 22
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes ‘Copy’ codes – some examples
Pressure – Area method
PD 5500
ASME Division 1
ASME Division 2
EN 13445-3
E h off the Each th codes d has h modified difi d the th method th d – same principle i i l 23
COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We have looked at various codes of construction We have learned some important issues 1. ASME VIII Division 1 requires thicker metal – high safety factor 2 Th 2. The other th codes d we discussed di d use thinner thi metal, t l but b t the allowable stresses are nearer the yield point – less safety 3 S 3. Some procedure d in i the th codes d have h been b ‘borrowed’ ‘b d’ from other codes 4. ASME VIII Division 2 and EN 13445 are based on the PED (European Pressure Equipment Directive)
It is hoped you got some value out of this webinar 24
