Design and Development of a Three-Storey Dormitory Building in Muntinlupa City Lot 4-K-1-B-3-D-2, National Highway, Brgy.Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
Project by
Gilbuena, Roldan A. Itable, Daniel Laurence S. Mendoza, Khaled
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (Degree Program)
Mapua Institute of Technology Manila City
September / 2014 Previous Degrees
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Executive Summary The design and development of a three storey dormitory building aims to be of help primarily to the students of Lyceum Alabang which happens to be right across the project site. The building will also serve as an innovative structure for the entire Muntinlupa City for it is planned to be constructed using indigenous materials and some other "green structures" which will make the building environment friendly to nearby establishments.
Also, we are to design such a structure which will also be resistant to the expected and present loads and forces. We took into consideration the need for an environment-friendly structure, including the incorporation of large windows with reflective coatings, LED lights, and eliminating obstructions to ensure proper air ventilation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction 1.1. Problem Statement 1.2. Project Objectives 1.3. Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering 1.4.The Project Beneficiary 1.5.The Innovative Approach 1.6.The Research Component 1.7.The Design Component 1.8. Sustainable Development Concept
7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10
2.0
Environmental Examination Report 2.1. Project Description 2.1.1. Project Rationale 2.1.2. Project Location 2.1.3. Project Information 2.1.4. Description of Project Phases 2.1.5. Research Phase 2.1.6. Pre-construction Phase / Operational Phase 2.1.7. Operational Phase 2.1.8. Abandonment Phase 2.2. Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment 2.2.1. Physical Environment 2.2.2. Biological Environment 2.2.3. Socio-cultural, Economic and Political Environment 2.2.4. Future Environmental Conditions without the Project 2.3.Impact Assessment and Mitigation 2.3.1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts 2.3.2. Brief Discussion of Environmental Impacts 2.3.3. Brief Discussion of Significant Socio – economic Effects/ Impacts of the project 2.4. Environmental Management Plan 2.4.1. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement 2.4.2. Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16
4 2.4.3. Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures 2.4.4. Monitoring Plan 2.4.5. Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
18 18 19
3.0
The Research Component 3.1. Abstract 3.2. Introduction 3.3. Review of Related Literature 3.4. Methodology 3.5.Results and Discussion 3.6. Conclusions and Recommendations
20 20 20 20 28 29 29
4.0
Detailed Engineering Design 4.1.Loads and Codes 4.1.1. Introduction 4.1.2. Dead Load 4.1.3. Live Load 4.1.4. Earthquake Load 4.2.Structural Design 4.2.1. Beam Design 4.2.2. Column Design 4.2.3. Slab Design 4.3.Design of Foundation 4.3.1. Footing Computation 4.4.Plan Set 4.4.1. Architectural Design 4.4.1.1.Perspective 4.4.1.2.Floor Plan 4.4.1.3.Elevations 4.4.1.4.Section 4.4.2. Structural Design 4.5 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering 4.5.1 Major Area of Civil Engineering: Structural Engineering 4.5.2 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Construction Engineering 4.5.3 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Geotechnical Engineering
31 31 31 31 32 32 38 38 43 45 50 50 59 59 59 60 63 67 69 72 72 76 80
5.0
Promotional Material 5.1.Walkthrough
84 84
6.0
Budget Estimation
87
5 7.0
Project Schedule
88
8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Conclusion and Summary Recommendations Acknowledgements References Appendix 12.1. Article Type Paper 12.2. Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel Member 12.3. English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Rubric 12.4. Accomplished Consultation Forms 12.5. Compilation of Assessment Forms (Rubrics) 12.6. Copy of Engineering Drawing and Plans 12.7. Copy of Project Poster 12.8. Photocopy of Receipts 12.9. Relevant Pictures 12.10. Other Required Forms 12.11. Student Reflections (What have you achieved 3 to 5 years from date of graduation?) Resume of each Member
92 93 94 95 96 97
13.0
98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
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List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs
Figures: Fig.1 Project Location showing nearby streets………………....………………11 Fig. 2 Dead Load ………………………………………………………………26 Fig. 3 Live Load ……………………………………………………………….26 Fig. 4 3D Rendered View ……………………………………………………...27
Tables: Table. 1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development ….……….14 Table.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities ..………………………...16 Table.3 Monitoring Plan.……….………………………….……..…..…...19
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1.0 INTRODUCTION One of the major problems that we are experiencing today is pollution. Nowadays, pollution isn’t always caused just by vehicles plying the streets of Metro Manila, but also from the lights that we use and even our very way of consuming electricity. We commonly use CFC bulbs because we think that they are less expensive. But little do we know that they consume a lot more electricity than other lights do. We seldom take into consideration the interior design of the building and the possible savings we can get from carefully designed interiors.
Another problem encountered in Metro Manila is flooding. Floods are one of the hazards that can endanger the safety of the people. These are the primary cause of diseases nowadays in Metro Manila, such as dengue, among others. Not only that, they also delay the traffic in the roads.
These two problems are the primary considerations of our proposed design of a four-storey commercial building. It is our aim that the structure will be able to reduce significant amounts of energy that are usually caused by our appliances and lightings, and help in promoting the drive towards a friendlier environment.
1.1 Problem Statement The town of Tunasan in Muntinlupa City, where our project is situated, has an estimated population of 51,300 persons as of May 2010. Near our project sited are the Lyceum of Alabang College and Saint Peregrine Chapel. The beneficiary wishes to design an environment-friendly dormitory that will cater to the needs of the students of Lyceum College, and at the same time help them save significant amounts of energy.
1.2 Project Objectives The project’s primary objective is to develop and design a three-storey dormitory building that will be of help to the students of the said school and at the same time is designed well to save significant amounts of energy. Since economy is not a constraint, the beneficiary intends to consider putting up plants in the vicinity and incorporate sustainability in the structure by installing glass windows
8 with reflective coatings to reduce the need for lightings. LED lights will also be used for the structure since these also help reduce energy consumption.
1.3 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering The three fields of civil engineering that are concerned with our project are structural engineering, construction engineering, and environmental engineering. Above everything else, it is important that our structure will be sufficient enough to resist gravity loads that are caused by the structures and occupants, and lateral forces that result from seismic forces. Thus, structural engineering, being the major field, will take care of these concerns. Construction engineering, being one of the minor fields of civil engineering, will be in charge of the methodologies and materials for the green structure, and environmental engineering will handle the overall “green design” component of our structure.
1.4 The Project Beneficiary The whole project will be funded and implemented by Mr. William and Mrs. Ong. The said commercial building is situated along National Highway, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City. The students of Lyceum College Alabang and church goers from the said chapel will surely benefit from this project because of the accessibility of a temporary refuge for the students of the said school, as well as of food stalls, cafés, and school supply stores which will be located on the ground floor. Moreover, it may also help reduce unemployment in the said area since these stalls will require additional workers.
1.5 The Innovative Approach In this design project, our group utilized some commercialized programs to aid us in our design of the whole building. We used SketchUp8 for designing the perspective layout of our building. Other software were also needed, as follows: AutoCad 2012 This software will aid us in detailed sketching and efficient scaling of plans that will be used throughout our design process.
9 StaadPro 2007 It is an advanced structural design program that will serve as our basis in the design of structural members. This may also foresee the stability of our structure based on the loads that will be used in the structure.
Microsoft Excel 2010 This is a spreadsheet program that can be used to tabulate the computations and data of our structure.
Design Norms Considered Two design norms were noted in the design of this commercial building. The primary design norm of our structure is the safety of the structure against failure. A structure should not only be able to protect the environment, but the people using and are near the structure should be protected as well.
The next consideration for our design is the protection of the environment, since we are designing an environment-friendly structure. This is the primary reason why we incorporated green design in the structure.
1.6 The Research Component Because our structure will stand at a fault line, we took that into consideration, thus designing an earthquake resistant structure, and chose different materials and energy-saving procedures that can be used in constructing a green building.
1.7 The Design Component We considered and designed a three storey building that can resist different kinds of loads and forces, and its components such as the substructure, superstructure, and tested several lateral force resisting systems that would be the most suitable to minimize damage against earthquakes. For the substructure design, foundations were designed to resist the loads from the structure, depending on the type of soil present in that said area. A soil investigation may
10 have had to be done whenever deemed necessary. The slabs, beams, and columns were designed to resist gravity loads and lateral forces (such as seismic forces) in accordance with the provisions of the National Structural Code of the Philippines and other pertinent codes and standards followed in practice.
1.8 Sustainable Development Concept This whole project will benefit not only the students of the said school but it may also help the entire community of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City through the conservation of energy resources.
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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT 2.1Project Description 2.1.1 Project Rationale The main reason why we are planning to develop the building into a green structure is that Muntinlupa City experiences a huge consumption of energy because of the massive commercialized way of living occurring within the metro. It also covers the designing a building which is more developed and environmentfriendly to somehow address the said concern.
2.1.2 Project Location The project will be located at Lot 4-K-1-B-3-D-2Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City. However, we aim to put “green” construction methods in the design so that the building will meet the project’s objectives.
Fig. 1: Project Location showing nearby streets
2.1.3 Project Information The project will be about designing and developing a three-storey dormitory building along the main road of Muntinlupa City into a green structure to be able to improve further its efficiency to the said city.
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2.1.4 Description of Project Phase The project will have four phases: pre-construction/operational phase, construction phase, operational phase and abandonment phase. The preconstruction/operational phase includes the things to be done before the project starts; it is the preparation before the construction and operational phases. The construction phase includes the preparation of the site and construction of the structure. The operational phase of the project is how it operates or works. And lastly is the abandonment phase which discusses what should be done with the project if it is unoccupied.
2.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase •
Survey, sourcing of construction materials
•
Detailed Engineering study, review and designs
• City
Secure of permits and clearance from the local government of Muntinlupa
2.1.6 Construction Phase Clearing and Grubbing •
Removal/Disposal of trees, slumps, brush, roots, logs, rubbish and other objectionable matter.
Excavation •
Excavation and cut/fill of land.
Water and Sewer Lines •
Installation and organization of water and sewer lines.
2.1.7 Operational Phase The building will normally host people’s businesses on a regular basis. It will be typically be used to be of service to the students from the nearby school, Lyceum College, Alabang. And when one unit is vacant, it will just be open for people looking for a nice accessible place to temporarily live in.
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2.1.8 Abandonment Phase This phase is not expected in this project since each unit is expected be occupied by the buyers. Vacant unit/s will be occupied by the buyers. Abandonment will occur if the buyer cannot pay his obligations. The forfeited property will then be re-sold to other clients who are interested and more capable to pay.
2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment 2.2.1 Physical Environment Muntinlupa City is composed of 9 barangays and one of these is Barangay Tunasan, with an estimated land area of 890 hectares, a population of more or less 75,000 inhabitants residing in the barrio proper and in different subdivision, puroks and sitios. It has 13 subdivisions and ”villages,” 7 puroks, 12 sitios and 1 industrial complex, which houses 25 factories and business establishments.
The project location is surrounded by local retail stores, hospital, school, churches, residential houses, and other common establishments. There are malls near the place like SM and Puregold, and many others. The project area is generally along the main road of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City.
2.2.2 Biological Environment The biological status or condition of the surrounding environment of the project can be considered as already polluted for there is a minimal number of plants and trees and a large number of commercial establishments.
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2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment The area of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City experiences a lot of floods that cause heavy traffic which results in huge disturbance to a lot of residents of Muntinlupa and its nearby cities.
However, industrialization in Muntinlupa City has achieved a considerable and rapid pace of development and Muntinlupa is considered as one of the top industrialized cities here in the Philippines and as a result its working population has been increasing rapidly.
2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project Without having the flood problem being addressed properly, the disturbance it causes could affect the flow of cars exiting the San Pedro and Susana Exits of the South Luzon Expressway for these two exits are connected by the national road along Tunasan, Muntinlupa.
2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation 2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of development
POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM/ISSUES
LEVEL OF IMPACT
-
NOISE GENERATION
MODERATE IMPACT
-
WATER QUALITY
MODERATE IMPACT
-
AIR QUALITY
LOW IMPACT
-
FLORA AND FAUNA
MODERATE IMPACT
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2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Impacts on the Physical and Biological Resources 2.3.2.1 Air Quality The construction of the project will produce air pollutants during and after the construction.
2.3.2.2 Water Quality The possible residues that the construction will produce will be drained on the public sewer that the community had.
2.3.2.3 Noise Level The construction of the project will produce noise that may affect the establishments surrounding the project like schools.
2.3.2.4 Flora and Fauna The construction will not affect the fauna because there are very few plants and trees surrounding.
2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project The contractor must notify the residents and the management of the nearby establishments about the construction of the project. The contractors should also discuss the mitigation measures that were determined to reduce the distractions that might be faced during the construction of the said commercial building.
16 To avoid air quality and noise problems, temporary walls are to be created to contain or muffle the noise produced by the equipment, and to prevent dust from spreading all over the vicinity. Construction equipment is allowed for usage during night time, to obviate disturbances to the day time activities of Lyceum College and St. Peregrine Chapel. Also, to avoid accidents, hard hats and proper construction attires are required for the workers.
To avoid traffic congestion on the area, which lies along the main road of Muntinlupa City, strict traffic rules and policies must be implemented.
2.4 Environmental Management Plan 2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities Risk
Mitigations
Cost
Responsibiliti es
Construction Phase
Noise Level
Most of the noise that will be produced on the construction will be during daytime. If heavy equipment will be used, most of the work will be done to avoid disturbance to the establishments near it. n/a
Before Construction Phase The contractor will discuss to the workers the measures to avoid air related problems during the construction phase.
During Construction Phase Fences will be constructed along the
Contractor
17 perimeter of the project location to avoid disturbance. Regular sprinkling of water will be done for dust prevention. Air Quality
n/a
Contractor
n/a
Contractor
n/a
Contractor
After Construction Phase To control air infection in the area clearing of any objects that may affect air quality must be done after the construction phase.
Prevent emissions of harmful substances that may harm public’s health. Health
Solid Waste
Use of hardhats and have proper attire for the construction workers to avoid injuries.
In order to keep the cleanliness in the area, right solid waste disposal and regular garbage collection will be ensured.
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Construction Phase
Traffic
To prevent traffic congestion on the road near the project, adequate parking will be provided at the same time strict traffic enforcement will be applied.
n/a
Contractor
2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures The contractor must notify the management of the near establishments, and the residents about the construction of the project. The contractors should also discuss the mitigations determined to reduce the distractions that might be faced during the construction of the said commercial building.
To avoid air quality and noise problems, temporary walls are to be created to restrain the noise produced by the equipment, and to prevent dust generation all over the vicinity. Construction equipment is allowed for usage during night time, to obviate disturbances to the day time activities of Lyceum College and St. Peregreene Chapel. Also, to avoid accidents, hard hats and proper construction attires are required for the workers.
To avoid traffic congestion on the area, which lies along the main road of Muntinlupa City, a strict traffic rules and policies must be implemented.
2.4.3 Monitoring Plan In process of construction, a person will be assigned to make sure that each and every mitigation and enhancement measure that was previously identified will be followed. The monitoring must be strictly done to ensure safety.
19 Environmental Problem
Enhancement Measure
Monitoring
Noise
Noise Control
Daily
Air Quality
Dust control provided with water sprinklers to reduce air pollutants mainly dust.
Daily
Solid Waste
Proper Waste Management
Daily
Traffic
Signs and cautions will be provided and strict traffic management will be done.
Daily
2.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements For the institutional responsibilities and agreements of this project, it will comply with the requirements of the local municipality of Muntinlupa in building a structure in the area. Coordination with the Muntinlupalocal government will be done for the guidelines to be followed in constructing the project. In designing the project, references were made from NSCP 2010 (National Structural Codes of the Philippines 2010) for the loads to be considered.
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3.0 THE RESEARCH COMPONENT 3.1 Abstract The primary goal of our project is to construct an eco-friendly structure that will be able to serve the people surrounding the area of Tunasan, Muntinlupa City, without the need of sacrificing the lives of the people and the conditions of our streams and lakes. Also, it will, in a way, reduce unemployment in that area since new job opportunities will come from the stalls that will be opened for the convenience of the patrons.
3.2 Introduction In biogeography, a species is defined as native (or indigenous) to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism (as opposed to a domesticated organism) has its own natural range of distribution in which it is regarded as native. Outside this native range, a species may be introduced by human activity; it is then referred to as an introduced species within the regions where it was anthropogenically introduced.
An indigenous species is not necessarily endemic. In biology and ecology, endemic means exclusively native to the biota of a specific place. An indigenous species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration.
The terms endemic and indigenous do not imply that an organism necessarily originated or evolved where it is found (“Indigenous (ecology),” n.d., par. 1-3).
3.3 Review of Related Literature 3.3.1 The Science Behind Green Building Sustainable building takes most of us back to the classroom for a refresher on the physical properties of energy, air, and water. Green building practices, as well the selection of the appropriate building materials, revolve around a few
21 basic principles of science. Science is what sustainable building relies on, principles that once understood can guide you every step of the way, including: A house is a system of interrelated parts Energy loses some of its potential each time it is converted from one form to another, which explains why passive solar heat is much more efficient than electric heat Form follows function when it comes to design, meaning that construction should be tailored to the environment in which the house is built. Air leaks in the building envelope represent a significant loss of energy and open the door to moisture damage inside wall and ceiling cavities. Controlling the movement of heat, air, and moisture involves every part of the building and everyone on the building team (GreenBuilding.com, n.d.-1, “The Science,” par. 1-6).
3.3.2 Green Building Best Practices The following are taken from GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-1), “Best Practices,” par. 1-6: Look for designs that use energy as close to its sources as possible to minimize conversion losses: passive solar heat, for examples, over electrical resistance heating. Consider heat transmissions in all its forms - convection, conduction, and radiation - in selecting building materials and building practices. Create an effective air barrier and make sure everyone on the build team understands their role in maintaining it through various stages of construction. Include some form of mechanical ventilation in the house and strive for a "pressure neutral" interior as a minimum requirement. Make sure construction details are able to handle water movement via gravity, diffusion, and capillary action. In areas of high noise, consider window upgrades, sound barriers, and alternatives to conventional stick framing.
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3.3.2A House as a System Green doesn't have to be expensive to build, nor does it have to look "different". It can be designed in any style, or any shape. The main focus of green building is to provide benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that is designed, constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach, with the goal of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building and the site on which it sits.
Our built environment is changing the world significantly. Many of the homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy; building contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals:
Energy Effect –it is the cornerstone of any green building project. A welldesigned and green-built home consumes as little energy as possible and uses renewable resources of energy whenever possible. Lower energy use not only saves homeowners money but also has broader societal benefits, including: fewer disruptions in energy supplies better air quality reduced global climate change
Conservation of Natural Resources - There is a great variety of effective building strategies that conserve natural resources and provide other benefits, such as lower costs. Strategies include the use of durable products to reduce waste and specifying recycled-content products that reuse natural resources.
Indoor Air Quality - Poor indoor air quality is often caused by mold and mildew that are the result of leaks or poorly designed and maintained heating and cooling
23 systems. Another common source of indoor air pollution is the off-gassing of chemicals found in many building materials. Some are known carcinogens (GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-2), par. 1-6).
3.3.3 Glasses for Green Buildings Green buildings too are constructed using a variety of materials. The only difference being that - the materials come packed with a great deal of energyefficiency. Therefore, green buildings not only minimize the use of nonrenewable resources, but also maximize the reuse, recycling and utilization of renewable resources.
Glass is carving a niche for itself as one of the most popular 'green' building materials. It is highly sought-after, for its ability to extend both functional as well as aesthetic advantages. Glass has today transformed architecture across the globe. It gives a plethora of design options, helps use light and space and is used as a material for structural glazing or curtain wall of the building. It has truly become a symbol of futuristic architecture (glassisgreen.com, n.d., par. 1-8)).
3.3.4 Reflective Glasses in Green Building Design Reflective glass is a type of solar control glass which is energy efficient. It is widely used in green building and modern architecture because of its energy saving and aesthetic properties. It is manufactured by advanced online pyrolytic coating technology, wherein silicon based coating is applied to the glass surface by means of pyrolysis. This coating imparts a “mirror-like” appearance to the glass, giving it visual appeal while providing functional benefits like solar control and glare reduction.
Since it acts as a powerful barrier for sun’s heat from entering the building, it serves as an excellent material for window glazing, facades, skylights and glass for exteriors. Wherever there is a need to cut the heat coming in, and allow only the light to be transmitted, i.e., French glass door/patio glass doors and glass greenhouses - reflective glass is widely used.
24 Reflective solar control glass reflects a large proportion of incoming solar radiation, thereby restricting heat penetration into the building. It reflects the right quantity of sunlight so as to limit glare, while allowing adequate amount of natural light (Glazette, 2012 Nov. 8, par. 1, 3-4).
3.3.5LED Lights Lighting maintenance can be a costly and time consuming chore, especially in public buildings. The electrical maintenance required for lighting systems that daily receive harsh and continual use, sometimes 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year is overwhelming. The physical and financial effort needed to maintain public building lighting has, in the past, created pounding headaches and gaping holes in the budget.
LED lighting contributes to energy savings and sustainability by improving working conditions through deliberately directed light and lowering the energy needed to power lighting fixtures. LED lighting also dramatically lowers costs, an important asset for public building projects, by out-living previous solutions and lasting for many years beyond traditional lighting fixtures. In public building management, like any facility management or building upkeep, time is money, and because changing LED fixtures happens far less often than usual traditional lighting, public building management will spend less time on the ladder changing bulbs and more time devoted to other pressing needs.
The initial cost of an LED retrofit can frighten off the most dedicated user of green technology, but luckily, this cost pays itself back within five years of installation, if not sooner, for LED fixtures and bulbs can last for ten years, if not more. This impressive ROI means that a little initial planning for a greater initial cost results in future financial and sustainable benefits down the road. LED lighting is a positive addition for any facility, including public buildings.
There are two major benefits for installing and particularly in a public building project. LED financial benefits and notable physical benefits. By financial and physical impact, we see that the apparent.
LED lighting in any building, lighting produces measureable evaluating LED lighting by its benefits are overwhelmingly
25 LED lighting should pay for itself when all savings have been calculated. This benefit can be especially crucial in public building projects that may be operating on a severely limited budget. While the initial cost is something to consider, the benefits of LED energy savings and the helpful maintenance savings due to a much longer time before failure or routine bulb change, make a higher installment cost well worth the effort. In addition to the rapid ROI, many state and local utilities offer significant rebates that can pay for up to half the cost of the installation in certain areas, which may very well include public buildings. There are online calculators to help discover a building’s predicted ROI for an LED installation, should an electrical contractor, engineer, or designer need numbers for a specific example.
For physical benefits, it must be noted that LED lighting is measured in lumens, which captures the delivered light to a surface. Traditional lighting, conversely, is measured in watts. Because LED lighting has more direct stream of light beaming from its fixtures and in many cases its particular optics can be adjusted to point more accurately at the target area, it more effectively fulfills lighting needs, whether it be over bathroom sinks, lining hallways, or illuminating particular alcoves in any building, public or otherwise. This better efficiency often means that for public buildings, manufacturing facilities, or larger retrofits, a oneto-one fixture replacement is often not necessary.
As with any project, it’s necessary to do your research before jumping right in. Public buildings are no different, and there are three components to LED lighting that should be considered before installing a whole retrofit: the lifecycle, temperature, and color of fixtures.
Because it can be dimmed without affecting the life of the fixtures, lights that are frequently switched on and off experience no negative consequences. This is especially useful in applications with sensors where the fixture can be shut off when the area is not in use. Lights can also be dimmed when outside light is measured to be maintaining light levels, therefore saving energy in the process. These features are often particularly helpful in public building lighting design. A well-designed fixture can also retain 90 percent of its initial output after 70,000 hours, which is nearly twice the life of “long-life” fluorescent sources. Fewer fixtures will be required over time, which means the longer lifecycle does not pose environmental problems, and, unlike traditional lighting choices, LEDs do not contain hazardous materials, further improving the green initiative in a building.
26 LED lighting can work in very chilly temperatures, in fact performing better when temperatures are low, but can also work in hot temperatures as well. Most LED fixtures possess the ability to work in temperatures ranging up to 135o F as well as applications well below freezing, making them flexible for use in many buildings’ environments. This ability of LEDs to function well in cold environments makes them ideal for freezer applications where traditional lighting solutions have needed special technologies added to continue to perform properly. Besides this temperature benefits, LEDs in this cooler environment can see extended life and increased savings versus other fixture technologies due to the fact that they can be cycled on and off quickly, such as when occupancy sensors are installed, with no effect on the LEDs performance due to temperature.
LED lighting has the ability to natively produce a variety of colors that can suit a particular building’s needs, from directional use to ambiance. Because of this ability, LED lighting can generate specific colored light with fixtures that direct a majority of the light directly from the fixture to the space. This provides a distinct advantage over fluorescents where due to the nature of using lamps some of the light must first be reflected up and then back down to the space in question. This is why while both technologies can offer color temperatures to suit different facility needs, LED fixtures can use less energy for the same color at the same light levels.
LED lighting solutions contribute immense time and financial savings over the lifecycle of the fixtures. The best way to prove its worth is to view the impact of actual lighting initiatives (Fuller, 2013, par. 1-10).
3.3.6 Air Ventilation for Green Buildings Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.
The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the raising concerns regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use. Not only does natural ventilation provide ventilation (outdoor air) to ensure safe healthy and comfortable conditions for building occupants without the use of fans, it also
27 provides free cooling without the use of mechanical systems. When carefully designed, natural ventilation can reduce building construction costs and operation costs and reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.
The design for natural ventilation should incorporate maximizing both the wind and stack driven ventilation design concepts as mentioned above. General design considerations include:
Increasing air supply intake by ensuring no outside nor inside obstruction (such as furniture and interior partition) will obstruct inlet openings; Ensuring that rooms will have inlet and outlet openings located in opposing pressure zones. This includes openings on the windward and leeward walls or on the windward wall and roof; Inlets should supply air at a low location in the room. Outlets should be located across the room and at a higher level; The long facade of the building and the majority of the openings should be should be directed so that the windward wall is perpendicular to the summer wind; Including skylights in the design. They are very desirable for night time thermal comfort in houses to vent heated/warm air that rises, and allow heat to be radiated into the cold. It can also be a good outlet for wind ventilation; Providing at least three-meter clearance from floor to ceiling. Window areas should not be excessive in size; Designing high thermal capacity and exposed ceilings for night cooling. Reducing the possibility of wall warming by utilizing light-colored building exteriors, trees/shrubs to provide shading and evaporative cooling, grass and other groundcover to keep ground temperatures low; and Keeping internal loadings low (Green Building Tech, 2007, par. 1-3, 8, 14.111).
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3.4 Methodology “Green” Commercial Building
Review of Related Literature
Initial Design Planning
Green Design Find another concept YES
Is it effective? NO
Detailed Engineering Design
YES
Estimation of Cost
Consult the Beneficiary
Need Revision?
NO
Final Assessment
29
3.5 Results and Discussions A green structure doesn't have to cost so much with the process of building one, nor does it have to look "different." It can be designed in any manner, style or any shape. Thus, the main focus of green building is to provide benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that is designed, constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach, with the goal of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building and the site on which it sits.
Many of the homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy; buildings contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals: energy effect, conservation of natural resources, and indoor air quality.
3.6. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the findings, articles, and journals that were presented on the preceding pages, it was proven that LED lights are more economical to use and produces more light than incandescent bulbs. Together with energy-saving measures, LED Lights can be advantageous to use, and will help save energy consumption for future use.
Architectural measures can also be incorporated to lessen use of electricity such as designing large windows and reflective glasses. These measures are popular methodologies in green building design. Large windows allow fresh air outside to flow inside the home. This allows more air to circulate inside the home. In this way, these measures can help lessen the need for air conditioning units.
30 The researchers recommend the use of bright colors in the architectural design since it was proven that these measures will aid to lessen the need for electricity. Provisions for window sizes should be confirmed first on the existing building codes and use the maximum size of window that the code allows to comply with the existing codes.
31
4.0 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN 4.1
LOADS AND CODES
4.1.1
Introduction
The structural codes used in the proposed four-storey dormitory conform to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 (Buildings and other Vertical Structures) and to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code for Buildings. Minimum design loads are considered based from the NSCP 2010, as well as the seismic considerations.
For the structural plan, different load combinations were considered for the design to be safe. In the software that was used, STAAD pro 2007, the considerations were Dead Load combination, Live load combination, and Earthquake load combination along X and Z.
4.1.2
Dead Load
Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 Table204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)
DEAD LOAD Ceiling = 0.8 kPa Exterior walls =2.2kPa (hollow concrete masonry) Interior Walls = 0.93 kPs (50x100mm @ 400mm, 15mm gypsum insulated .10mm siding) Floor Finish = 1.1 kPa (ceramic or quarry tile) Waterproofing = 0.26 kPa (bituminous gravel covered) Roof Deck Finish = 0.77 kPa (ceramic quarry tile)
32 4.1.3
Live Load
LIVE LOAD Ground Floor = 4.8 kpa (commercial/store) *Typical Floor = 1.9 kPa (residential) Roof Deck = 1.9 kPa (residential)
4.1.4
Earthquake Load
Seismic Loads (Seismic Zone 4)
Total Design Base Shear (Using Static Force Procedure)
Total Design Base not exceeded:
Total Design Base Shear shall not be less than:
For Zone 4, Total Design Base Shear shall also not be less than:
E = The Earthquake load of an element of the Structure resulting from the combination of Horizontal Component (Eh) and Vertical Component (Ev). Eh = The Earthquake load due to the Base Shear, V. Ev = The load effect resulting from the Vertical Component of the earthquake ground motion and is equal to an addition of 0.5CaID to the dead load effect, D, for the Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for allowable Stress Design. Ρ = Reliability / Redundancy Factor = 1.0 V = Total Design Base Shear R = 3.5 (for Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame, OMRF) W = Total Seismic Dead Load I = Importance Factor = 1.0 (for Standard Occupancy Structure) T = Ct (hn) ¾ = Elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds Ct = 0.0488
33 Base Shear Computation Table 208-4 Near Source Factor, Na Seismic Source Closest Distance to known Type Seismic Source < 5 km >10 km A 1.2 1.0 B 1.0 1.0 C 1.0 1.0 Table 208-5 Near Source Factor, Nv Seismic Closest Distance to known Source Type < 5 km >10 km > 15 km A 1.2 1.2 1.0 B 1.0 1.0 1.0 C 1.0 1.0 1.0 Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone, Z Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4 Sa 0.16 0.32 Na Sb 0.2 0.4 Na Sc 0.24 0.4 Na Sd 0.38 0.44 Na Se 0.34 0.44 Na Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone, Z Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4 Sa 0.16 0.32 Na Sb 0.2 0.4 Na Sc 0.32 0.56 Na Sd 0.4 0.64 Na Se 0.364 0.96 Na Seismic Zone (Section 208.4.4.1) The Philippine Archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the provinces of Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, while the rest of the country is under Zone 4. Each Structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor, Z, in accordance with Table 208-3. Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor, Z Zone 2 Z 0.20
4 0.40
34
Occupancy Categories (Section 208.4.2) For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be replaced in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 103-1. Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, I and Ip, and structural observation requirements for each category Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factors Seismic Importance Occupancy Category Factor, I Essential 1.50 Hazardous Facilities 1.25 Special Occupancy 1.00 Structures Standard Occupancy 1.00 Structures Miscellaneous Structures 1.00
Seismic Importance Factor, Ip 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
Structure Period (Section 208.5.2.2) Response modification factor for lateral force resisting system, Rw, is the numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth in Table 208-11A Earthquake Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete System Limitation and Building Height Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ωo Limitation by Seismic Zone, m Zone 2 Zone 4 A.Bearing Wall Systems Special Reinforced Concrete shear 4.5 2.8 NL 50 walls Ordinary Reinforced Concrete shear 4.5 2.8 NL NP walls B. Building Frame Systems Special Reinforced concrete shear 5.5 2.8 NL 75 walls or braced frames Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear 5.6 2.2 NL NP walls or braced frames Intermediate Pre-cast concrete shear 5.5 2.8 NL walls or braced frames C. Moment Resisting Frame Systems Special Reinforced Concrete frames 8.5 2.8 NL NL Intermediate Reinforced Concrete 5.5 2.8 NL NL frames
35 Ordinary Reinforced Concrete frames D. Dual Systems Special Reinforced concrete shear walls Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear walls E. Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames Special Reinforced concrete shear walls Ordinary Reinforced concrete shear walls Shear wall frame interactive system with reinforced concrete moment frames and ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls F. Cantilevered Column Building System Cantilevered Column elements Shear Wall-Frame Interaction Systems
Figure 2: Dead Load
3.5
2.8
NL
NP
8.5
2.8
NL
NL
6.5
2.8
NP
NP
6.5
2.8
NL
50
4.2
2.8
NL
50
4.2
2.8
NP
NP
2.2 5.5
2.0 2.8
NL NL
10 50
36
Figure 3: Live Load
37
STAAD.Pro Report To:
From :
Copy to:
Date :
05/01/20 14 13:23:00
Ref:
ca/ Document1
3D Rendered View
Figure 4: 3D Rendered View
38
4.2 Structural Design The structural design of the Three Storey Dormitory Building was done using some design software. For the design of reinforced concrete beams and columns, the designers used STAAD pro 2007 software. For the design of slabs, the designers created a program using Microsoft Excel to solve for the required reinforcements.
4.2.1 Beam Computation INPUT Mu=69.7 KN-m Vu=32.37 KN f'c=28 Mpa fy=414 Mpa h=350 mm b=250 mm cc=40 mm Φmain=16 mm Φsec=10 mm OUTPUT b = 250
2- Φ12
h =350
d = 292
Φ 10 Stirrups
4 - Φ16 main bars
cs = 31.3333333333333
cc =40
say: Φ10 stirrup at 146 mm spacing
39
SOLUTION: d
h cc
sec
1 ( 2
main
)
d = 350-40-10-0.5(16) d = 292 mm
Ru
Mu bd 2
69.7x1000000 Ru = 0.9(250)(292)^2 Ru = 3.633160276 ρcalc
.75f' c 1 fy
1
2Ru .85f' c
ρcalc = .75(28) 1 - 1 - 2(3.63316027605763) 414 .85(28) ρcalc = 0.00844656
ρ bal
.85f' cβ1 600 fy(600 fy)
ρbal = .85(28)(.85)(600) 414(600+414) ρbal = 0.028914044
ρ min
1.4 fy
ρmin = 1.4 414
ρ max .75ρ bal
ρmax = .75x0.0289140439642112
40 ρmin = 0.003381643
ρmax = 0.021685533
Use ρ: 0.00844656 ρ min ρ calc ρ max As ρbd As = (0.0084)(250)(292) As = 616.5988845 AΦ16 = (Π)(16)^2 4 AΦ16 = 201.0624 mm2 n = __As__ AΦ16 n = 616.598884457113 201.0624
n = 3.06670409 use n = 4 bars s = 142
s
b
2(cc) 2( sec ) .5( main) 4 - Φ16
s = 250-2(40)-2(10)-.5(16) cs = 31.33
s = 142 mm
cs
s n 1
main
cs = 142-16 4-1 cs = 31.33333333 mm
cc = 40
41 DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 1 f' c bd 6
Vc
Vc = (1)( 28.5 )(250)(292) 6(1000) Vc = 64.37994857 KN 1 Vc 2
Vc
ΦVc = .9x64.3799485692384
.5ΦVc = .5 x 57.9419537123145
ΦVc = 57.94195371 .5ΦVc = 28.97097686 if Vu 1 Vc ; proceed to CASE 1 2
if Vu if
1 Vc 2
Vu
2 f' c bd ; proceed to CASE 3 3 2 f' c bd ; proceed to CASE 4 3
Vs
Vc ; proceed to CASE 2
Vc :
Vs
FOR CASES 3 & 4:
Vu
Vn
Vs
Vn = 32.37 0.9 Vn = 35.96666667 KN
Vn
Vs = 35.9667 - 64.3799 Vs = -28.4132819 KN
= 2(28.5 )(250)(292) = 257.52 KN 2 fc'bd 3 3(1000)
CASE 3: s
Avfyd Vs
s = (2)(п)(10)^2(414)(292) 4(-28.4133)
s = -668.3172717 mm use s = -668.31727 mm
Vc
42
Maximum Spacing: if
Vs
if
Vs
1 3 1 3
f' c bd
;
s
max
f' c bd
;
s
max
d 2 d 4
= 28(250)(292) 3 = 128.7598971 KN Smax = 146 mm say: Φ10 stirrup at 146 mm spacing
SUMMARY:
Schedule of Beams M ARK POSITION
B1 SUPPORT
BxD
B2 M IDSPAN
SUPPORT
250 x 350
M IDSPAN
250 x 350
TOP BAR
2-Ø12
2-Ø12
2-Ø12
2-Ø12
BOT BAR
4-Ø16
4-Ø16
3-Ø16
3-Ø16
STIRRUP
2-Ø10 @50, REST @ 75
2-Ø10 @50,REST @75
RB/CB SUPPORT
M IDSPAN
250 x 350 2-Ø16
2-Ø16
2-Ø16
2-Ø16
2-Ø10 @50,REST @75
43
B1
B2
4.2.2 Column Computation COLUMN
DIMENSION
VERTICAL BARS
TIES
C1
300mm x 300mm
8-20 mm Ø
2-10mm Ø @ 50mm, 20-10mm Ø @ 75mm, rest @
44 150mmo.c.
2C1
300mm x 300mm
8-16 mm Ø
C1
2C1
2-10mm Ø @ 50mm, 20-10mm Ø @ 75mm, rest @ 150mm o.c.
45 4.2.3 Slab Computation SOLUTION: Slab weight= 23.5kn/m3 x thickness = 23.5 x 0.1 = 2.35 FF+CEILING= 1.9 DEAD LOAD= 4.25 One-way slab Dead Load= 4.25 kPa Live Load= 1.9 kPa Length= 2 m fc'= 28 MPa fy= 414 MPa db= 12 mm cc= 20 mm ds= 10 mm Wu= 8.14 kPa Wu= 8.14 kN/m (Consider 1 m strip) Moment Mag Factor Mu+=wL^2/14 = 2.325714286 M- =wL^2/10 = 4.07 Mu max=4.07 Vu=8.14 x (1.85-d/1000) --EQ 1 Thickness: a) Vu=ØVc=0.85*√fc'/6*b*d --EQ2 d=19.87279673 t=45.87279673 t=50 mm b) Minimum thickness for deflection control Note: fy<415 Mpa tmin=L/28(0.4+fy/700) tmin=70.81632653 = 80 mm
46 c)For flexure Mu=ØMn=Øρfybd^2*(1-0.59ϱ fy/fc') ρmax=0.021685533 d=25.95420872 t=51.95420872 =60 tgov=80 Use t=100 mm REINFORCED AT MIDSPAN: Bottom Bars: d=74 Mu+=ØMn a = -8.723571429 b=1 c = -0.001139856 ρ=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)=0.001151422 ρ=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)=0.113480528 ρmin=0.003381643 ρmin=0.003195352 ρgov=0.003381643 As=250.2415459 sq.mm/m n=2.212621055 say 3 bars s=451.9526729 smin=3h smin=300 s=300 mm REINFORCED AT SUPPORT: Top Bars: d=74 Mu-=ØMn a = -8.723571429 b=1 c = -0.001994748
47 ρ=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a) = 0.002030723 ρ=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)= 0.112601227 ρmin=0.003381643 ρmin=0.003195352 ρgov=0.003381643 As=250.2415459 sq.mm/m n=2.212621055 say 3 bars s=451.9526729 smin=3h smin=300 s=300 mm Shrinkage Bars As=0.002bh =200 sq.mm/m n=2.546479089 say 3 bars s=392.6990818 smin=3h smin=300 s=300 mm SUMMARY: Schedule of One way Slab Shorter Direction Sla b No.
S1
Thk
100m m
Botto m Bars
Longer Direction Direction Top Bars
Botto m Bars
Dia
Spacin g
Dia
Spacin g
10mm
300m m
10m m
300m m
Top Bars
Dia
Spacin g
12mm
300m m
Dia
12mm
Spacin g
300m m
48
Schedule of Girders M ARK POSITION
G1 SUPPORT
BxD
G2 M IDSPAN
SUPPORT
250x 400
M IDSPAN 250x 400
TOP BAR
4-Ø16
2-Ø16
4-Ø16
2-Ø16
BOT BAR
2-Ø16
2-Ø16
3-Ø16
2-Ø16
STIRRUP
Ø12-2 @50, REST @ 85
Ø12-2 @50, REST @ 85
G1
G2
49
Schedule of Footing Tie Beams M ARK POSITION
FTB SUPPORT
BxD
M IDSPAN 250x 400
TOP BAR
3-Ø16
3-Ø16
BOT BAR
3-Ø16
3-Ø16
STIRRUP
2-Ø10 @50,REST @ 170
FTB
50
4.3 Design of Foundation The design of foundation will show the design of isolated square footing for the support that carries the greatest axial load. The dead load and live load combination governs. Using the STAAD Support Reaction Output, we can solve all the required steel reinforcements in the footing in compliance with the NSCP 2010
4.3.1 Footing Computations Input values: Cc = 75 mm Df=1.5 m qa=210.00 kPa γsoil= 15.00 KN/m3 f'c=28.00 Mpa fy=414.00 Mpa Diameter of bars = 16.00 mm c.s.(mm) = 300 x 300 DL= 192 KN
51 LL= 100 KN A. Square Footing: Approx. Area of footing = (192KN + 100KN)/(210 kPa – (1.5m*15 kN/cu. m) = 1.5573 sq. m B/L = sqrt(1.5573) = 1.2479 m; say 1.3m Therefore, assume 1.3m x 1.3m square footing!
Depth of footing: qu = (factored Load/ Area of footing) qu =((1.2*192)+(1.6*100))/(1.3*1.3) qu = 231.006 kPa = 0.231006MPa A. Based on wide-beam shear: Vu = q u Ashaded Vu = (0.231006MPa)(1300mm*(500-d)) Vu = 300.3078(500-d)
d 150 mm
500-d
650 mm
Vu =
Vc
300.3078(500-d) = 859.869d done-way = 129.4233 mm
B. Based on two-way or punching shear Vu = q u Ashaded
Vu = 0.231006((1300)2 -(300+d)2 ) 300 mm
300+d
b o = 4(300+d)
52
Vcap = 7.05 5(300d+d2 )
Vu =
Vc = 0.75Vc
d = 145.9664 mm. (governing)
t= 145.9664mm +75mm + 1.5(16mm) t=244.9664mm (say, 250 mm)
Required Steel Area: d = 145.9664 mm
0.65 m 0.15 m
0.5 m
Mu = (231.006)(0.5)(1.3)(0.25) = 37.538475kN-m Mu =
Ru bd2
37.538475 x 106 = 0.9 Ru (1300)(250-75-8)2 qu = 231.006 kPa
Ru = 1.1504 MPa
= 0.00285
min
= 0.00338 (use this!)
As = bd As = (0.00338)(1300)(151)
53 As = 663.82 mm2 Number of 16-mm bars:
N = 3.3016; say 4 bars Center-to-center spacing of bars: Soc = 1300-(75*2)-16/(209 kPa) Soc = 378 mm; say 370 mm Clear spacing of bars: Sclear = 370 mm -16 mm = 354 mm B. Rectangular Footing I. Effective Soil Pressure: = 187.5 kPa
II. Size of Footing:
Shorter Length =
= 0.8824 m; say 0.9m
Longer Length = 2*0.8824 m = 1.7648 m; say 1.8m Rectangular Footing Dimensions = 0.9 m x 1.8 m
III. Depth of Footing:
qu = 240.988 kPa = 0.240988 MPa
54
a. Based on wide beam shear: Vu = qu Ashaded Vu = (0.240988)(900)(750-d) Vu = 216.8892(750-d) *900*d 750 - d
Vc=793.7254d Vu = Vc
300
750 900
d = 200.28 mm (governing)
b. Based on two-way shear: Vu = qu Ashaded Vu = 0.240998[900(1800)-(300+d)2 ]
Vc = 7.0553(600d+d2 ) Vu = 0.75Vc d = 164.3 mm Total Depth = 200.28 +1.5(16) +75 Total Depth = 299.28 mm; say 300 mm
Steel Requirements: Along long direction d = 145.9664 mm Mu = (240.998)(0.75)(0.9)(0.375) = 61.0026kN-m
55 Mu =
Ru bd2
61.0026 x 106 = 0.9 Ru (900)(300-75-8)2 Ru = 1.59928MPa
= 0.004
min
= 0.00338 (use this!)
As = bd = 724.1 mm2 Number of 16-mm bars:
N = 3.6014; say 4 bars Center-to-center spacing of bars: Soc = 900-(75*2)-16/(209 kPa) Soc = 244.67 mm; say 240 mm Clear spacing of bars: Sclear = 240 mm -16 mm = 224 mm C. Rectangular Combined Footing
56
Figure.
Figure. Use dows dtws dgov T Thickness: dact dlonger dshorter
610.26 199.62 610.26 709.26
642 626
I. Along Longer Direction:
725 725
unit mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
57
Asreq N Use So.c. Sclear
1 1737 8.638 9 79.25 63.25
2 1736.8 8.6382 9 79.25 63.25
5 1736.81 8.63819 9 79.25 63.25
3 1736.8 8.6382 9 79.25 63.25 > >
4 1737 8.638 9 79.25 63.25 25 OK! 16.00 OK!
II. Along Shorter Direction: under column 1 Asreq n So.c. Sclear under column 2 Asreq n So.c. Sclear.
Along A Asmin n So.c. Sclear Along B Asmin N So.c. Sclear
1298 6.454 88.33 72.33
mm2 7 mm mm
1960 9.75 102.9 86.89
10 mm mm
4012 19.95 146.4 130.38 635.5 3.161 101 85.00
20
bars > >
25 16
OK! OK!
> >
25 16
OK! OK!
bars
mm mm
22 > >
bars 25 OK! 16 OK!
mm mm
5 > >
bars 25 OK! 16 OK!
4
58 Footing Schedule Long Direction (BARS) Mark
Size
Short Direction
Depth
(BARS)
Sets
Bottom (in mm)
(in mm)
Bottom Left
1400x1400 F1
CF1
Mid
Right
Left
Mid
Right
1500
t = 275
5100x800
1500
t = 725
1500
5-16mm ǿ
5-16mm ǿ
4
9-16mm ǿ
7-16mm ǿ, 20-16mm ǿ, 14-16mm ǿ,
4
59
4.4 Plan Set 4.4.1 Architectural Design 4.4.1.1 Perspective
60
4.4.1.2 Floor Plans
61
62
63
4.4.1.3 Elevations
64
65
66
67
4.4.1.4 Sections
68
69
4.4.2 Structural Design 4.4.2.1 Foundation Plan
70
4.4.2.2 Framing Plans
71
72 4.5 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering 4.5.1 Major Area of Civil Engineering: Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering is one of the most important fields of Civil Engineering which focuses on the design of beams, slabs, columns and even the foundations underneath the structure. The goal of a structural design is to ensure the safest yet most conservative design for the structure. It is the reason why codes provide safety factors/ multipliers in the design formula. It is important that the structure to be design should be able to resist gravity loads such as rain, wind, seismic loads, among others. When satisfied, it is ensured that the structure will be safe for usage.
Structural designers are the ones who design the structural components. Their role is primarily to ensure the safety and integrity of the structure in consideration, and that the gravity loads can be resisted by the structure. While ensuring that the structure is safe, the engineer should be able to come up with an economical design. When these two components are met, the structure has achieved the best design possible. They should also incorporate the aesthetic requirements of the structure and to choose the appropriate materials (steel, concrete, timber) to be able to meet certain design requirements.
In this paper, the researchers have designed a three-storey building with a roof deck in Muntinlupa City that will cater to the needs of the students in that Municipality. The major area in this research will be structural engineering since it is the field which will take care of the overall structural integrity of the structure. The purpose of the said project is to propose a three-storey dormitory building that can withstand all kinds of gravity loads, ensure a long lifespan for the structure, and to design a safe yet economical design while incorporating innovations in the structure. The design project covers both the substructure and the superstructure of the building, specifically the foundations, beams, girders, columns, beams, and slabs. The beneficiary of this project is Mr. William and Mrs. Merlyn Ong. In their aim to help the students of Lyceum College of Muntinlupa City, they aim that the end-product of this project will benefit the students and help those who live far from the school have an affordable residence, and at the same time, contribute something towards a greener environment. The beneficiaries will be the one who will implement the construction of the whole project.
73 The reference for all the design procedures that were done in this design project is the sixth edition of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, which were mostly based on international codes from the United States of America such as the American Concrete Institute codes on the design of reinforced concrete structures, among others.
The infrastructure being proposed in this project is a dormitory building that has a roof deck on the top that will serve as a venue of the beneficiary’s events, parties, etc. The first procedure of the design process is to determine all the possible sources of loads in the structure such as the dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and earthquake loads. Dead loads are the loads that are permanent and stay constant for a long period of time. It includes the weight of the structure and immovable materials such as the ceiling. Dead loads are calculated the values indicated under Table 204-1 (Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials) and Table 204-2 (Minimum Design Dead Loads) in Section 204 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. Live loads, on the other hand, are loads which do not remain constant over a long period of time. They vary in magnitude and position, and do not include loads caused by the construction and environment such as fluid loads, wind loads, rain loads, and earthquake loads. Values for the live load are determined based on the values indicated under Table 205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads) in Section 205 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines. Lastly, environmental loads also affect the structural integrity of the structure. For this design project, the researchers primarily focused on earthquake loads. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves. Earthquake loads are calculated using the design values stated in Section 208 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.
According to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, buildings, towers and other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations specified in Section 203.3 or 203.4 and the special seismic load combinations of Section 203.5. It is considered that the most critical effect will occur when one or more of the contributing loads are not acting and all applicable loads shall be considered in accordance with the specified load combinations. Basic load combinations values indicated under Section 203.3.1 and the alternate basic load combinations under Section 203.4.2 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 are used for the strength design computations.
74 The design moments that were used for the beam and column computations were done using STAAD Pro 2007. All values that were generated by this program were transferred to a program that the researchers programmed using Microsoft Excel 2010. This program is capable of computing the dimensions of the beams, columns, footings, and the diameter of the bars that are to be used for the structure. According to Section 408.4.2 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines, approximate methods of frame analysis may be used
The design project primarily uses concrete as a construction material for the whole structure. Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. When incorporated with steel bars it is now called as reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete has been chosen by the researchers because it is advantageous to use because of its considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared to other materials, and it is more resistant to the actions of fire and wind. Compared to steel structures, concrete is known to be very rigid and is a low-maintenance material. This makes concrete more economical to use in a very long period of time and meets the needs of the beneficiary to offer a dormitory that is affordable to the students and at the same time will accommodate the aesthetic requirements. Another reason why the researchers chose concrete as a structural material is because it has a very long service life. Under proper conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load-carrying abilities. It is made known from recent studies that the strength of concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases over a very long period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the cement paste. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement walls, piers, and similar applications. Concrete only consumes low amounts of steel and cement, which also makes this project more viable for implementation.
After designing the were the first specifies that T-beam.
the design moments were determined, the researchers started components of the reinforced concrete structure. Beams and slabs ones to be designed. The National Structural Code of the Philippines for monolithic construction continuous slabs shall be designed as a
75 For the footings, there are primarily three kinds of footings that were used in this project. They are the square footing, rectangular footing, and the rectangular combined footing. These were determined from the geotechnical engineering report that the researchers got from the Municipal Hall of Muntinlupa City.
Still the National Structural Code of the Philippines specifies that all members of frames or continuous construction shall be designed for the maximum effects of factored loads as determined by the theory of elastic analysis except as modified by Section 408.5. It shall be permitted to simplify the design
76 4.5.2 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Construction Engineering
Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and management of infrastructures. This means that everything from the design up to the planning on the construction will be covered by our thesis. It also includes some modifications that will be applied on our building. It is one of the most important field of engineering because it will manage on how the building will be constructed starting from land surveying up to the finishing.
Construction engineers are problem solvers, they help create infrastructure that best meets the unique demands of its environment. They must be able to understand infrastructure life cycles and have the perspective to solve technical challenges with clarity and imagination. Therefore individuals should have a strong understanding of maths and science, but many other skills are required, including critical and analytical thinking, time management, people management and good communication skills.
Our thesis is about the design and development of a Three – storey dormitory building, as we all know it is just a simple construction but managing the construction is just the same on every structures. Our thesis also provide some “green” modifications that should be applied on the building that’s why we consider it as construction part of the thesis. This thesis also shows the total project cost, project schedule and equipment utilization schedules. The beneficiary of our project is Mr. and Mrs. Ong that’s why they should know every detail of the project.
The main reference for the estimation of the project cost is what the group have learned on our courses, while the prices are from the average material costs that is present near the area. It is also the same with the making of project schedule, the group also used what we’ve learned from the course.
The building is a three – storey dormitory, which is made mostly of concrete and steel that is a usual type of building that’s why most of the construction method that being applied is used for most of the buildings. Even
77 though the development part on the thesis, which is providing some materials or modifications for it to be called a “green” building, it just slightly affect the construction.
The first part on having a project is designing a plan that will suit what the beneficiary wants which is having a dormitory building that also have open spaces on the first floor to be used for commercial use. The researchers first consulted the beneficiary what they really want to see on the building, according to them they want some rooms that will be suited for students, who are the target customer. Even though the beneficiary are not strict about the details the group want to provide a building that exceeds there expectation. To achieve that the group consulted some engineers and architects regarding for the planning stage so that everything about the plan follows all specification like spacing of the columns, dimension of each rooms, the location of fire exit and many more. As the group consulted to architect and other engineers. The researchers found out that there are still many things to be considered in making a plans.
As the set of plans have been done, the group also added some modifications to make the building “green”. The thesis shows that green doesn't have to be expensive to build, nor does it have to look "different". It can be designed in any style, or any shape. The main focus of green building is to provide benefits to the occupants. A green building is a building that is designed, constructed, and operated utilizing a whole-system design approach, with the goal of enhancing the overall environmental performance of the building and the site on which it sits.
Our built environment is changing the world significantly. Many of the homes built today consume an inordinate amount of natural resources and energy; building contribute over 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, more than either industry or transportation alone. Green building is a systematic approach that covers every step of design and construction from land use and site planning to materials selection, energy efficiency and indoor air quality. At its most basic, green building is a tripod of three interrelated goals which are energy effect, conservation of natural resources and indoor air quality.
78 The group provides the use of glasses, LED lights and natural air ventilation as the “green” application on our building. Glass is widely used as a part of “green” building because it just not provide nice aesthetics for the building, it also help the lighting so that it will lessen the use of electricity during the daytime. The group also suggests the use of reflective glasses so that it will reflect much light to block the heat penetration on the building.
Lastly, the group also provide the use of LED lights rather than commercial fluorescent bulbs. Lighting maintenance can be a costly and time consuming chore, especially in public buildings. The electrical maintenance required for lighting systems that daily receive harsh and continual use, sometimes 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year is overwhelming. The physical and financial effort needed to maintain public building lighting has, in the past, created pounding headaches and gaping holes in the budget. LED lighting contributes in energy saving and has lower costs.
After applying the development on the project the group proceeds in designing the structural parts of the building. As the structural plan is finished the group proceed in estimating the project cost. The process of estimation cost is starting to the estimating of materials that will be used. Includes cement, bars, hollow blocks, woods and many more. Each materials are estimated based on what the group have learned on the school. Each materials have some percentage so that the group will not experience shortage in materials. The material cost is based on the available material cost on the hardware shops near the area. The group also includes the added materials so that it will be included on the total project cost.
After having the estimated project cost, the group proceed on project scheduling. The group specifies the step by step process on the construction so that we can allot times regarding on the project. The researchers decided to provide long amount of days on each step for the reason that it may be delayed due to some external factors like weather and many more. The group also shows what step are the critical ones and which are the minor so that even the project is in delay it can still coupe up with the schedule. Another thing is that the group also provide the manpower and equipment schedule to know how many manpower and equipment are to be used.
79 For the project schedule, the group used the MS Project as a powerful tool to program the flow of the project, from the start until the end. The researchers provided pertinent details on the said program and at the same time, projected all possible delays in the construction process such as the days where in the project construction cannot commence due to legal holidays.
80 4.5.3 Minor Area of Civil Engineering: Geotechnical Engineering
The site is located within the residential areas of TunasanMuntinlupa City. On the eastern, western and southern boundaries were existing; while on the northern part was road. The general topography is flat and the surface is believed to be natural gradeline.
A geotechnical evaluation was prepared for the foundation designed of a three storey commercial building at Sto Nino Village TunasanMuntinlupa City. One borehole was drilled by means of wash boring procedures with rock coring to determine the conditions of the foundation soil. This incorporates all the field and laboratory procedures and results adopted in the investigation as well as the evaluation of the test results for the foundation analysis. The level of information is believed adequate to judge the probable engineering performance of the sub soils.
Thus the primary objective of the soil collected was to meet all the foundation requirements of the project, along with these are; to conduct a detailed soil investigation of the area and check the integrity of the foundation of the soil, to be able to recommend the most suitable type of foundation scheme and the associated net bearing capacities, to evaluate the magnitude of the expected foundation settlements and to recommend any mitigation procedures and to identify any foundation soil stability problems within the project area.
Laboratory test procedures include the classification of soil for engineering purposes, Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) was used to classify the soils. Also, the particle size analysis of soil where soil is passed thru a series of sieves and the weight of the soil retained in each sieve is determined. A graph is drawn relating the percent finer by weight and the particle size on a semi log scale. The percentage can be obtained and used for foundation evaluation. The liquid limits of soils, the liquid limit is the moisture content at the point of a change between the liquid and the plastic states of the soil. Plastic limits of soil where in the moisture content at the point of a change between the liquid and the plastic states of the soil. And the moisture content of the soil.
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One borehole was carried out to depth reaching hard bearing layer. The borehole was located in accessible area within the project site. To advance the borehole was boring was employed. Standard penetration (SPT) was carried out in soil at depth intervals of not more than 2.0 m. The SPT is performed using the standard split spoon sampler, having 50 mm outside diameter, 35 mm inside diameter and about 710 mm length, which is attached at the bottom of a string of drill rods. The sampler is driven into the bottom of the borehole by means of 63 kg hammer falling freely along a guide from a height of 760 mm onto an anvil at the top of the drill rods. The sampler is driven to an initial penetration of 150 mm to bypass disturbed soil at the bottom of the borehole. Then it is driven 300 mm further. The number of blows required for each 150 mm is recorded. The total number of blows for the last 300 mm of penetration is known as the standard penetration resistance (N) of the soil. Correlations have been developed between the SPT N value and soil parameters which can be used for bearing capacity estimates. During the SPT disturbed soil samples are obtained in the split barrel sampler as it penetrates into the soil. Part of the retrieved soil is placed in moisture-tight plastic bags for further examination and laboratory testing.
The analysis of the soil project begins with the site investigation of soil, rock, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest to determine their engineering properties including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. Site investigations are needed to gain an understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place. Investigations can include the assessment of the risk to humans, property and the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows and rock falls.
The soil within this area can be idealized as four layers in which the upper layer consists of clayey sand dark gray moist, loose to medium dense with appreciable amount of gravel. The second layer is silty clay light gray in color, wet, medium dense to dense. The third layer is silty sand light gray in color, dry, and dense. The bottom layer is clay and sandstone light to dark brown, coarsegrained, poorly cemented, massive formation. Groundwater table was not observed below the ground during the investigation.
82 As we evaluated the field and laboratory data and arrived at a conclusion that the proposed structure can be supported on mat foundation. The net allowable soil bearing capacity recommended for footing at depth of 1.5m is 210 Kpa.
Considering the type of structure under study, the loads expected there from the subsurface conditions at the site, spread footing foundation would be most economical foundation for the proposed building. The spread foundation could be in the form of isolated spread or combined.
Isolated spread footing shall be placed on firm layer formation below the natural grade line at depths which can be established in the course of excavation. This layer may be encountered at depths ranging from 1.5 m and below. At this depth the footing are expected to bear on firm layer of clayey sand. Combined footing, if adjacent footings are to each other it is suggested to be combined for ease of construction. It is further suggested to integrate the grade beams with the combined footings to obtain a stiffer foundation from the inverted T configuration. The foundation can then be analyzed as part of the moment resisting frame which may result in a more economical safer structure.
To prepare the site for this type of foundation surface materials consisting of old pavements, footings and debris should be removed as these would not only interfere with the construction of the foundation but can be a source of uncertainty in the soil structure interaction. Excavation works through soil are expected to be fairly routine by manual methods but would be more expedient with the use of back-hoes. Pneumatic hammers may be needed to break up existing concrete pavements and substructures.
A major procedure is done on the site, and this starts with the site preparation. Site preparation involves staking out of the site. The site location would be surveyed and marked out for the location’s boundary lines. The topographical heights of the site would also be determined. It is followed by clearing of the site. Obstruction on the location would then be removed, allowing space for the equipments, materials and machinery that is to be used for the construction. Then for the last step for the site preparation would be excavation. This is for the foundation construction and design.
83 The site coefficient S and seismic zone factor Z required to determine the design S is design base shear V for structural design S is defined in terms of the soil profile (see National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), 4th ed., 1992, Table 2.2B, p.2-48). Based on the geology of the site and the soil profiles as determined from the borings it is recommended to use an S factor 1.2. for this site stated by the study’s codes and provisions, the maximum zone factor of Z=.4 shall be used.
After such is we now then determine and design the type of foundations, earthworks, and/or pavement sub-grades required for the intended man-made structures to be built. Foundations are designed and constructed for structures of various sizes such as high-rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial buildings, and smaller structures where the soil conditions do not allow codebased design. Foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow and deep foundations. Retaining structures include earth-filled dams and retaining walls. Earthworks include embankments, tunnels, dikes, levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition of hazardous waste and sanitary landfills.
The primary considerations for foundation support are bearing capacity, settlement, and ground movement beneath the foundations. Bearing capacity is the ability of the site soils to support the loads imposed by buildings or structures. Settlement occurs under all foundations in all soil conditions, though lightly loaded structures or rock sites may experience negligible settlements. For heavier structures or softer sites, both overall settlement relative to unbuilt areas or neighboring buildings, and differential settlement under a single structure, can be concerns. Of particular concern is settlement which occurs over time, as immediate settlement can usually be compensated for during construction. Ground movement beneath a structure's foundations can occur due to shrinkage or swell of expansive soils due to climatic changes, frost expansion of soil, melting of permafrost, slope instability, or other causes. All these factors must be considered during design of foundations.
Many building codes specify basic foundation design parameters for simple conditions, frequently varying by jurisdiction, but such design techniques are normally limited to certain types of construction and certain types of sites, and are frequently very conservative.
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5.0 PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL 5.1 Walkthrough
Three Storey Dormitory / Commercial Building in Tunasan, Muntinlupa
Ground Floor is used for commercial establishment and the remaining floors are dormitories.
Rooftop is an open space that serves as a multipurpose area for the clients of the building.
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Walkthrough of the ground floor commercial area.
Room design sample, 2 space saver double decks for 4 occupants.
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Walking through the 2nd and 3rd floor hallway.
Roof deck.
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6.0 BUDGET ESTIMATION In estimating the bill of quantities, the researchers considered the following costs as shown below. The group canvass the unit cost for each of the following materials (see figure below) in order to obtain a grand total of Twelve Million One Hundred Sixty-nine Thousand Five Hundred Sixty-five (PHP. 12,169,565) respectively. The group also provided 35 Percent (35%) of Material Cost for computing the Labor cost of each of the following direct costs.
DESCRIPTION I. SITE WORKS Clearing and Grubbing Excavation & Backfilling
UNIT
QUANTITY
UNIT COST
AMOUNT
Sq. m.
198.9882
250
49747.05
Cu. m
298.48
2000
596960
Total
-
II. FORMWORKS Form Lumber Plywood Nails oil
Pcs. Pcs. Kg li.
2352 166 32 2
40 300 45 40 Total
94080 49800 1440 80 -
III. CONCRETE WORKS Reinforcing Steel Bars Concrete Works
Kg Cu. m.
6562.36 1707.90
40 3000 Total
262494.47 5123700 -
IV. MASONRY WORKS 6” CHB w/ Mortar 4” CHB w/ Mortar
Sq. m. Sq. m.
655.2 625.8
420 400 Total
275184 250320 -
V. METAL WORKS Stair Railings Balcony Railings
Pc. Pc.
12 9
1500 1200 Total
18000 10800 -
VI. CARPENTRY Ceiling Cabinets & Others
Sq. m. Pc.
795.92 15
Sq. m.
198.9882
200 250 Total 120
159184 3750 23878.584
VII. WATERPROOFING
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VIII. DOORS & WINDOWS Panel Doors Door Locks Lavatory w/ Faucet Windows
Sets Sets Sets Sets
40 40 33 31
IX. ARCHITECTURAL FINISHES Floor Finishes CR Floor Finishes CR Wall Finishes Exterior Wall Finishes Interior Wall Finishes Ceiling Finishes
Sq. m. Sq. m. Sq. m. Sq. m. Sq. m. Sq. m.
792 36.48 159.6 479.50 479.50 792
MATERIAL COST LABOR COST DIRECT COST MOBILIZATION CONSUMABLES TOTAL PROJECT COST
Total
-
3000 300 1528 3000 Total
120000 12000 50424 93000 -
450 350 350 600 550.75 550 Total 8292719.029 2902451.66 11195170.69 559758.5345 414635.9515 12169565.18
356400 12768 55860 287700 264084.625 435600 8292719.029
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7.0 PROJECT’S SCHEDULE This chapter pertains to the project scheduling that will be followed to complete the whole project from start until the end. The following project schedules were made possible in coordination with the beneficiary, project adviser and the panel members that gave their valuable suggestions.
By subdividing the project into different phases, the group has come up with three hundred and sixty nine days in total to finish the whole project, assuming that there are no delays in the construction of the whole project. Stated below are the detailed engineering works and the duration of each construction work. The Project is expected to start on March 2014 and is expected to end on March 2015, giving us a total of 369 days.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Summary of Project Duration CLASSIFICATION DURATION General Requirements 20 Earth Works 22 Concrete Works 117 Masonry Works 52 Plumbing/ Sanitary Works 57 Electrical Works 30 Ceiling Works 21 Architectural Works 30 Specialty Works 20
Manpower Utilization Schedule DESIGNATION Project Manager Structural Engineer Rebars/Concreting Works Engineer Formworks Engineer Line/Grade and Earthworks Engineer Electrical Engineer Sanitary Engineer Quality Assurance and Control Officer Accountant CAD Operator
QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
90 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Warehouse Purchaser Time keeper Foreman Carpenter Steel Man Masonry Electrician Welder Laborer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 1 3 5 10 5 3 3 75
Equipment Utilization Schedule EQUIPMENT QUANTITY Excavator 2 Hauler 1 Dam Truck 1 Concrete Mixer 4 Elf Truck 2 Pick-up Truck 3 Vibrator 4
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8.0 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY This study answers to the challenge of having a complete structural and construction design of the three-storey dormitory that the beneficiary wants to be constructed, while satisfying the requirements of making it an environmentallyfriendly structure at the same time. The group was able to design a dormitory that will safeguard the end-users, provide natural lighting, and make it flood-free by incorporating a ramp in the structure. The group was also able to design rooms that will not just be spacious to the users, but also be energy-efficient.
The group incorporated the use of LED lights, one of the latest inventions today in the lighting industry. At first, LED lighting may seem to be expensive, but test shows that in the long run, it will be more economical than the conventional ones. It is also proven to be durable, thus eliminates the need to buy a new one from time to time. LED lights are also brighter and strikes directly into the ground because it is measured in lumens. The beneficiary also needed to use large windows to let larger volume of air pass through the building. These eliminated the need for air conditioning equipment and lessen the emission of CFC’s. Bright colors were incorporated into the architectural design to eliminate the need for electricity-powered lighting during daytime and lessen the need for lighting.
Structural integrity is also important in designing this structure because students will be utilizing this building. It is therefore important to keep the students safe from accidents by following accepted standards and practices. These were done by using a reliable computer program and following the design provisions of the National Structural Code of the Philippines. Architectural specifications were also followed to avoid accidents and satisfy the needs of the dormitory users. The group considered the most economical design to minimize costs while avoiding sacrificing the safety of everyone involved.
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9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS As for the recommendations, for the building to be right and proper towards the nearby establishments, we would say that it would be better for the property line to have an at least .7 meter allowance from the building right beside it so that the isolated footing designed on the top-right side of the project will still be within the property line. In addition to that, as we can see on the 3D rendered view, the stairs going to the roof deck has some kind of housing or covering; we recommend eliminating it entirely. Because with that on the design the slab where it is standing, which is a two-way slab and which happens to be the only two-way slab of the project, it will be much thicker than all the other slabs, making it not so good in terms of aesthetics. For a more economical yet user-friendly structure and to increase the net return of income, we also suggest using tiles instead of granite flooring.
We also recommend the use of large windows with reflective coatings and eliminating all kinds of obstructions on the windows to ensure proper ventilation. Light colors should also be used to lessen the need for lighting during daytime. If there are incandescent bulbs present, they should be replaced with LED lights. The architects and engineers should ensure that the clearance from floor to ceiling is at least three meters to ensure proper ventilation and lighting. The architects should also be informed that windows must not be excessively large so as to balance aesthetic requirements. Lastly, internal loadings must be kept low.
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10.0 Acknowledgements The group wishes to convey its sincerest thanks to Mr. William Ong and Mrs. Merlyn Ong for entrusting this project to us. This research would not become possible if not because of their help.
We also sincerely extend our deepest gratitude to our parents for supporting us in the duration of this project, and for encouraging us even when the challenges are tough. Their help has been very helpful in the hardest times of this thesis preparation.
Lastly, we thank God for this exciting opportunity of helping someone satisfy their needs, and also help others in the long run. It was only through His grace that we were able to finish this paper
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11.0 References 1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 6th Edition. 2010
2. Indigenous (ecology). (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology) 3. GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-1), “What is green building science?” Retrieved from: http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/what-greenbuilding-science 4. GreenBuilding.com (n.d.-2), “A house as a system.” Retrieved from: http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/house-system 5. Green Building Technology Net. (2007). “Natural Technology.” Retrieved from: http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html 6. glassisgreen.com (n.d.). “Green products for green buildings.” Retrieved from: http://www.glassisgreen.com/green-product.php 7. Glazette (2012 Nov. 8), “Reflective glass for building design,” par. 1, 3-4. Retrieved from: http://www.glazette.com/reflective-glassfor-buildingdesign-348.html 8. Fuller, S. (2013 October 3). “The financial and environmental benefits of LED lighting in public buildings.” Triplepundit.com. Retrieved from: http://www.triplepundit.com/2013/10/led- lighting-public-buildings/
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12.0 APPENDIX
97
12.1 ARTICLE TYPE PAPER
98
12.2 ORIGINAL PROJECT REPORT ASSESSMENT SHEET BY PANEL MEMBERS
99
12.3 ENGLISH EDITOR ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION RUBRIC
100
12.4 ACCOMPLISHED CONSULTATION FORMS
101
12.5 COMPILATION OF ASSESSMENT FORMS (RUBRICS)
102
12.6 COPY OF ENGINEERING DRAWING AND PLANS
103
12.7 COPY OF PROJECT POSTER
104
12.8 PHOTOCOPY OF RECEIPTS
105
12.9 RELEVANT PICTURES
106
12.10 OTHER REQUIRED FORMS
107
12.11 STUDENT REFLECTIONS
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13. RESUME OF EACH MEMBER
