FIBRILLAZIONE ATRIALE

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FIBRILLAZIONE ATRIALE

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Definizione Aritmia caratterizzata da una rapida e disordinata attivazione elettrica degli atri (400-600 b/m) con perdita della contrazione atriale.

La trasmissione degli impulsi atriali ai ventricoli è parziale, per cui il battito cardiaco risulta irregolare e spesso rapido. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Elettrocardiogramma Pulsus Inaequalis et Irregularis Einthoven W. Le télécardiogramme. Arch Int Physiol 1906;4:132-164.

•Parossistica •Persistente •Permanente Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Epidemiologia „

„

„

La  fibrillazione  atriale  (F.A.)  è l’aritmia  sostenuta  più frequente nella  pratica  clinica. Colpisce  circa  l’1‐2%  della  popolazione  generale nei paesi occidentali. In Italia  – 500.000 sono i pazienti in FA – 60.000 nuovi casi ogni anno – Nel  2050  si    prevede  un  raddoppio  di  tali  numeri

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Prevalenza della FA nella popolazione generale Uomo/donna: 1,5/1 10

Prevalenza %

8 6 4 2 0 50-59

60-69

70-79

80-89

Età

Wolf, Stroke 1991 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Fattori di rischio per fibrillazione atriale (Indice di rischio aggiustato per età) Maschi

Femmine

Ipertensione arteriosa

1.8

1.7

IMA

2.2

2.4

Insufficienza cardiaca

6.1

8.1

Valvulopatie

2.2

3.6

Diabete

1.7

2.1

Fumo

1

1.4

BMI

1.03

1.02

Alcol

1.01

0.95

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Wolf, Stroke 1991

Fibrillazione Atriale,  aritmia benigna (?)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Fibrillazione Atriale, aritmia benigna  Aritmie “benigne” „ „ „

„ „

Extrasistolia SV e V isolata Tachicardia atriale Tachicardia  sopraventricolare Flutter atriale Fibrillazione atriale

Aritmie “maligne” „

„ „

Extrasistolia ventricolare  ripetitiva Tachicardia ventricolare Fibrillazione ventricolare

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Fibrillazione atriale: sintomi 1  100

80 Pazienti (%)

78 68

60

69

49

40

29

20

33

14 0

Sincope

Angina

Vertigini Intolleranza Dispnea Affaticabilità Palpitazioni all’esercizio

Levy S et al    Alfa  Study 1999 Nieeuwlaat R et al  Euro Heart Survey 2005 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Fibrillazione atriale: qualità di vita

Jung W et al,JACC 1999; 33(2): 104A Ware JE et al SF‐36 Health Survey: Manual & Interpretation Guide. 1993; 10:14‐25 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Progressione della FA „

La FA è una malattia progressiva:  * nel 14‐24% la FA parossistica evolve in FA  persistente      Schoonderwoerd BA et al  Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005 * nel 30% la FA “lone” evolve in Fa permanente  Jahangir A et al Circulation 2007

„

Se non viene gestita adeguatamente la FA puo’ determinare conseguenze temibili:  danno  emodinamico,  ictus, scompenso cardiaco, morte  Fuster V et al Eur Heart J 2006 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

AF Ablation: Substrate Evolution

ROLE OF PV

ROLE OF MUSCLE & SCAR

Clinical AF results from the complex interplay between the triggers for the initiatio of AF and the substrate for maintenance and perpetuation of AF. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La Fibrillazione Atriale,  aritmia potenzialmente molto  maligna ‐1 Aumento del rischio di ictus

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

AF and Stroke ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

3 million in US and 4.5 million in the EU have AF 2/3 of AF population are at high-risk of stroke AF is responsible for 15-20% of ischemic strokes AF Incidence increases with age -- 0.4% in general population -- 0.2% of 25-34 yrs of age -- 2-5% of >60 yrs of age -- 10% of > 80 yrs of age

Relationship of AF and stroke

Incidence of AF with aging

ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines: Circulation 2006;114;e257

18

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

With AF, LAA blood flow velocity decreases, increasing risk of thrombus formation

Hemodynamic Changes in LAA with AF

LAA Emptying Flow Velocity Echo Signals

Sinus Rhythm Mean peak velocity 52 cm/s

Clot in the LAA on MRI

AF Mean peak velocity 26 cm/s

Clot in the LAA on Echo

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Thrombus

19

Association of LAA Clot and Stroke

A. 3-D CT B. Angio: Red arrow—normal MCA White arrow– absence of MCA C. CAT scan: Arrow showing LAA clot MM00453 (01) Intl 06/09 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

20

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La FA aumenta il rischio di ictus „ „

„ „

La FA comporta una condizione pro‐trombotica Il rischio di ictus è lo stesso indipendentemente dal fatto che il paziente sia affetto da forma parossistica o  persistente Lo stroke cardioembolico presenta una mortalità a 30  giorni del 25% L’ictus relato alla FA comporta una mortalità di ~50% a  1 anno

1. Wolf PA, et al. Stroke 1991;22:983‐988; 2. Rosamond W et al. Circulation. 2008;117:e25–146; 3.Hart RG, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:183‐187;  4. Lin H‐J, et al. Stroke 1996; 27:1760‐1764;  5. Marini  C, et al. Stroke 2005;36:1115‐1119.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Gravità dell’ictus in pazienti con FA Effetti del primo evento ischemico in patienti con FA (n=597) 60%

% patienti

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Invalidante

Fatale Gladstone DJ et al.  Stroke. 2009; 40:235‐240

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La Fibrillazione Atriale,  aritmia potenzialmente molto  maligna ‐2 Aumento del rischio di  ospedalizzazione Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La FA e’ l’aritmia che causa il maggior numero di ospedalizzazioni

Bialy D, Lehmann MH, Schumacher DN. JACC. 1992;19:41A Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La FA e’ l’aritmia che causa le ospedalizzazioni di  maggiore durata 900 Fibrillazione atriale 800

Flutter atriale Arresto Cardiaco

700

Disturbi di conduzione 600

Giunzionale

500

Battiti prematuri Malattia del nodo del seno

400

Fibrillazione ventricolare Tachicardia ventricolare

300

Aspecifica 200 100 0

Aritmia presente Camm AJ. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(8A):3‐11. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

La Fibrillazione Atriale,  aritmia potenzialmente molto  maligna ‐3 Aumento del rischio di morte

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Rischio di morte: studio di Framingham n = 5209; Follow-up = 40 anni 80

Uomini con FA Donne FA Uomini senza FA Donne senza FA

% decessi nel follow-up

70 60

In pazienti senza rilevante malattia cardiovascolare la sola presenza della FA aumenta il rischio di mortalità di 1.5 volte negli uomini e 1.9 nelle donne.

50 40 30 20 10 0

0

1

2

3

4

5 6 Follow-up (anni)

7

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital Benjamin of Pisa (Italy)EJ

8

9

10

et al. Circulation 1998; 98: 946-952

La Fibrillazione Atriale,  aritmia potenzialmente molto  maligna ‐4 Aumento del rischio di …..

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: data from a community-based cohort Yoko Miyasaka1,4, Marion E. Barnes1, Ronald C. Petersen2, Stephen S. Cha3, Kent R. Bailey3, Bernard J. Gersh1, Grace Casaclang-Verzosa1, Walter P. Abhayaratna1, James B. Seward1, Toshiji Iwasaka4, and Teresa S.M. Tsang1*

Demenza e deficit cognitivo sono frequenti dopo la diagnosi di FA European Heart Journal (2007) 28, 1962–1967 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

AF AF Is the most common sustained cardiac  Is the most common sustained cardiac  arrhythmia and is  not a benign condition arrhythmia and is not a benign condition „ AF is associated with: ‐ mortality  ‐ hospitalization ‐ stroke ‐ heart failure ‐ tachycardiomyopaty  ‐ substantial costs

2 fold 10% per year 4,5 fold 2‐3 fold (underrecognized) approx 1‐2% health care  budget (excluding any  costs for stroke)

Framingham Study, Euro Heart Survey on AF Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Barbieri C et al     Best Practice dell'Istituto Italiano di Ricerche Cliniche ed Epidemiologiche (IST.RI.C.E.) Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Eziologia A) Senza causa apparente (giovani) • FA isolata (Lone AF)

B) Cause Cardiache • Scompenso cardiaco • Post-infartuale • Cardiomiopatie • Post CCH • Degenerativa-Senile • Cardiopatie valvolari

C) Cause Extracardiache • FA vagale • FA adrenergica • Tireotossicosi • Disturbi elettrolitici • Abuso di alcool, cocaina Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Meccanismi della FA PULMONARY VEINS

HIGH FREQUENCY SOURCES

MACROREENTRANT TACHYCARDIAS

GANGLIONATED PLEXY

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Atrial Fibrillation

therapeutic Approach

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Ablazione transcatetere

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Efficacy  Maintaining NSR ≥ 6 Months

Ami o Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Catheter Ablation Efficacy  Maintaining NSR Fu = 14 mths 77% 71% 57%

72% 25%

1404 pts ; mean f‐u = 57±17  mths

Bhargava M et al. Heart Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital ofRhythm Pisa (Italy)2009; 6: 1403‐12

CTAF Trial

N Engl J Med. 2000;342:913-920.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

AFFIRM: AFFIRM: Antiarrhythmic Antiarrhythmic drug drug Substudy Substudy

(n=106)

(P<0.01) (n=125) (n=116)

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:20-29. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Confronto ablazione – AAD  Studi prospettici randomizzati

9 RF ablation vs AAD as first‐line treatment for AF Wazni OM et al. JAMA 2005; 293: 2634‐2640 9 Catheter ablation in drug‐refractory AF Stabile G et al. EHJ 2006; 27: 216‐221  9 Circumferential PV ablation for chronic AF Oral H et al. NEJM 2006; 354: 934‐941 9 Circumferential PV ablation for paroxysmal AF Pappone C et al. JACC 2006; 48: 2340‐2347 9 Catheter ablation vs AAD for AF Jais P et al. Circulation 2008; 118: 2498‐2505 9 AAD vs RF ablation for paroxysmal AF Wilber D et al. JAMA 2010; 303: 333‐340

Complicanze Ablazione FA 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Tamponamento Cardiaco Eventi Tromboembolici Stenosi delle VP Lesione del Nervo Frenico Fistola Atrio-Esofageo Lesione vagale Periesofagea Complicanze Vascolari Occlusione Arteria Cx Embolia Gassosa Intrappolamento Cat. VM Flutter/Tachicardia ASx

0.8 – 2.9% 0 – 7% 0.5 – 2% 0.1 – 0.5% 0.25% 1% 0 – 13% 0.002% 0.01% 3 – 50%

In: Atrial Fibrillation Ablation. A Natale, A Raviele eds, Blackwell Publishing 2007 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Ablazione transcatetere della  FA I farmaci sono più sicuri?

Better Prevention of AF Recurrence with  Amiodarone Did Not Translate into Less CV  Mortality Patients without Recurrence (%)

Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators 100

Amiodarone (n=201)

80 60

p<0.001 40

Sotalol or propafenone (n=202) 20 0.0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Days of Follow-up CV mortality Amiodarone: Sotalol or Propafenone:

2.48% 1.98% 54

N Engl J Med. 2000 of Mar 30;342(13):913-20. Division Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

ABLAZIONE DELLA FA

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Maze

September 25, 1987 Crioablazione, 1999

Moe Æ rientri multipli Velocità di conduzione, periodo refrattario, massa

Mantenimento FA necessari un numero critico di circuiti di macroerientro

Interrompere circuiti di macrorientro J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:406–426. Cox JL, al. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;12: 2-14,15–19. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Ablazione trans‐catetere della Fibrillazione Atriale

VP Æ Trigger di FA (Haissaguerre et al.  NEJM 1998)

VP ed AS Æ Substrato della FA (Mandapati et al. Circ.  2000; Wu et al. Circ. 2001; Mansour et al. Circ. 2001)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

F A Parossistica: Ablazione Transcatetere

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

F A Persistente: Ablazione Transcatetere

SUBSTRATO

Ablazioni lineari CFAEs

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Atrial Fibrillation ablation transeptal puncture (fluoro)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Mappaggio elettroanatomico

Malattie Cardiovascolari II – Division of CardiovascularOspedale S.Chiara – Diseases - University Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Mapping elettroanatomico

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Mapping elettroanatomico CARTOMERGE™ integrato Mapping elettroanatomico CARTOMERGE™ integrato

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Angio RMN Tecniche indipendenti dal flusso che permettono un “calco” del lume vasale attraverso l’iniezione di un mezzo di contrasto paramagnetico.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

RMN Æ 3D Map Æ Segmentazione

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Procedura ablativa vene polmonari

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Mappaggio elettroanatomico Eco integrato CartoSound – Carto 3 (Biosense Webster)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Mappaggio elettroanatomico Eco integrato CartoMerge – Carto 3 (Biosense Webster)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

CartoMerge Italian Registry

Bertaglia et al., Europace 2009

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Raccomandazioni per il trattamento della FA mediante ablazione Linee Guida AIAC 2010 Classe I: Pazienti con FA parossistica o persistente senza cardiopatia o con cardiopatia lieve, con sintomi che compromettono la qualità della vita, in cui l’aritmia è refrattaria ad almeno 1 farmaco AAD e la strategia clinica preferibile sia il mantenimento del ritmo sinusale stabile (livello di evidenza A). Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Raccomandazioni per il trattamento della FA mediante ablazione Linee Guida AIAC 2010 Classe IIa: Pazienti con FA persistente di lunga durata senza cardiopatia o con cardiopatia lieve, con sintomi che compromettono la qualità della vita, in cui l’aritmia è refrattaria ad almeno 1 farmaco AAD e la strategia clinica preferibile sia il mantenimento del ritmo sinusale stabile (livello di evidenza B). Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Raccomandazioni per il trattamento della FA mediante ablazione Linee Guida AIAC 2010 Classe IIa: Pazienti con FA parossistica/persistente o persistente di lunga durata in cui la comparsa e la persistenza dell’aritmia comportano un significativo peggioramento della funzione ventricolare sinistra nonostante adeguata terapia antiaritmica e per l’insufficienza cardiaca (livello di evidenza B). Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

Raccomandazioni per il trattamento della FA mediante ablazione Linee Guida AIAC 2010 Classe IIb: Pazienti con FA parossistica/persistente o persistente di lunga durata con cardiopatia organica, con sintomi che compromettono la qualità della vita, in cui l’aritmia è refrattaria ad almeno 1 farmaco AAD e la strategia clinica preferibile sia il mantenimento del ritmo sinusale stabile (livello di evidenza C). Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)

AF Ablation: Substrate Evolution Leads to Change in Ablation Technique and Timing

ROLE OF PV

ROLE OF MUSCLE & SCAR

Clinical AF results from the complex interplay between the triggers for the initiatio of AF and the substrate for maintenance and perpetuation of AF. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases - University Hospital of Pisa (Italy)