HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN
Oleh: Dr. Miftahul Huda, SH, LLM Disampaikan Dalam Kuliah
HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN Program S1 Reguler/Paralel/Ekstensi Fakultas Hukum - Universitas Indonesia Semester Genap Tahun Akademik 2014/2015 Jakarta, 23 Pebruari 2015
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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APA & BAGAIMANA PRINSIP-PRINSIP JUAL BELI? •
Perjanjian khusus (1457-1540 KUH Perdata)?
•
Asas konsensuil - obligatoir (1458 KUH Perdata)?
•
Hak-hak & kewajiban-kewajiban?
•
Beralihnya resiko?
•
Beralihnya hak milik?
•
Cara pembayaran?
•
Jual beli dengan L/C - penegasan kembali hak dan kewajiban?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? •
UCP 600 :
•
Jenis L/C - Dari segi penggunaan: (1) (2)
•
2007 Revision berlaku 1 Juli 2007
Documentary L/C - Commercial L/C/Merchandise L/C Standby L/C – SBLC - Security
Istilah & Definisi (1) Istilah: Commercial Credit Letter of Credit Documentary Credit Credit
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? ARTICLE 2 Meaning of Credit ([UCP 500] For the purposes of these Articles, the expressions "Documentary Credit(s)" and Standby Letter(s) of Credit" (hereinafter referred to as "Credit(s)"), mean any arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank (the "Issuing Bank") acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the "Applicant") or on its own behalf, i. is to make a payment to or to the order of a third party (the "Beneficiary"), or is to accept and pay bills of exchange (Draft(s)) drawn by the Beneficiary, or ii. authorizes another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bills of exchange (Draft(s)); or iii. authorizes another bank to negotiate, against stipulated document(s), provided that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with.
For the purposes of these Articles, branches of a bank in different countries are considered another bank. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS INCOTERMS 2000 = 13 TERMS PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN
F CARRIER
E EXPEDITUR
B/L
GOODS
GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY PERJ. EXPEDISI
DOCUMENTS
B/L GOOD/SERVICES
SALES CONTRACT
A
EXW
SELLER
B BUYER
DDP
RP/$
DOCUMENTS
RP/$
L/C
Goods/ Services L/C
APPLICATION DOCUMENTS
TO PAY Rp/$
PRICE = PAYMENT
D
DOCUMENTS
ADVISING BANK
RP/$
AUTHORIZING:
TO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE
C ISSUING BANK
L/C AUTHORIZING: TO PAY TO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE
UCP 500/SKBDN By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS [UCP 600] “Credit" means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of issuing bank to honour a complying presentation. “Honour” means: a. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment. b. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment. c. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity of the credit is available by acceptance. “Issuing bank” means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf. “Complying presentation” means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice. “Presentation” means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered. “Nominated bank” means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank. “Beneficiary” means the party whose favour a credit issued.
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS INCOTERMS 2010 = 11 TERMS PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN
F CARRIER
E EXPEDITUR
B/L
GOODS
GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY PERJ. EXPEDISI
DOCUMENTS
B/L GOOD/SERVICES
SALES CONTRACT
A
EXW
SELLER
B BUYER
DDP
RP/$
DOCUMENTS L/C
RP/$ B/E
Goods/ Services L/C
APPLICATION DOCUMENTS
Rp/$
TO PAY AT SIGHT
PRICE = PAYMENT
D
DOCUMENTS
ADVISING BANK
RP/$ L/C UNDERTAKING TO REIMBURSE NOMINATED BANK TO HONOUR:TO PAY AT SIGHT PAYMENT, TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT, TO ACCEPT B/E & PAY OR NEGOTIATE WITHOUT RECOURSE
ANY ARRANGMENT – DEFINITE UNDERTAKING TO HONOUR:
C ISSUING BANK
TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT TO ACCEPT B/E (DRAF) TO NEGOTIATE
ISSUES A CREDIT AT THE REQUEST OF APPLICANT OR ON ITS OWN BEHALF
UCP 600/SKBDN By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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“Sample L/C Application” ?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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“Sample L/C” ?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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“Sample SBLC”?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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“Mike Tyson v. Lennox Lewis”?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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“L/C Pertamina” ?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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SURAT WESEL Jakarta, 05/11/2012 Disetujui [Dibayarkan di BNI] JKT 05/12/2012
Kepada Yth Tuan B Di Jakarta
- Dasar Hukum = Ps 100Ps 173 KUHD - Syarat formal & materiil = Ps 100 KUHD
Pada tanggal 05/12/2012 harap Saudara membayar Wesel ini kepada Sdr. C atau penggantinya di Jakarta uang sejumlah Rp 100.000.000,- (seratus juta Rupiah).
AVALIST
Hormat kami, TT
Tuan D
[Meterai] PT A By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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TUJUAN & FUNGSI ?
• Merchant’s LC? • Banker’s L/C?
• Fungsi (Banker’s) L/C: -
perjanjian bank-bank pengamanan para pihak yang terlibat pemastian pembayaran dokumen-dokumen pemberian fasilitas pembiayaan
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN ? • KELEBIHAN (?) (1)
(2)
Penjual – Kreditur – Jaminan pembayaran Penjual – Pembiayaan (back to back L/C dsb) Pembeli – Debitur – pembiayaan + (re)financing
• KEKURANGAN (?) -
Biaya? Waktu? Bank-bank – dokumen? Pembeli - barang/& harganya? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM?
Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam (pembukaan) L/C?
(1)
Pembeli – Debitur ?
(2)
Penjual – Kreditur (Beneficiery)?
(3)
Bank (Issuing Bank)?
[4]
Bank (Advising Bank + Nominated Bank)
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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ISSUES ? •
A (Beneficiery) telah menerima L/C bernilai US$100,000 dari D (Advising Bank) yang diterbitkan oleh C (Issuing Bank) atas permintaan dan atau instruksi B (Applicant). Dokumen (-dokumen) yang dipersyaratkan dalam L/C tersebut, khususnya Wesel telah diserahkan kepada D, dan D telah mengakseptasi Wesel dimaksud. Wesel tersebut kemudian dijual/dibeli oleh E dengan diskonto 20%. Pada saat jatuh tempo (due) E menyerahkan Wesel kepada D untuk mendapatkan pembayaran. Alangkah terkejutnya E karena D menolak membayar Wesel tersebut.
• • •
Siapa yang harus bertanggung jawab terhadap ‘kerugian’ E? Upaya hukum apa yang dapat ditempuh oleh E? Jelaskan dan berikan argumentasi Saudara berikut dasar hukumnya?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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ISSUES – Contn’d •
Hubungan hukum antara A dengan B ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara B dengan C ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara C dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara A dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara E dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara E dengan B ?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM? 1. Pembeli (Debitur) v Bank ? Pemberian kuasa [dengan upah] (1792-1819 KUHPerdata)? Perj. melakukan beberapa pekerjaan (1601, 1601 b KUHPer)? Pinjam-meminjam (1754-1773 KUHPerdata)? 2
Pembeli (Debitur) v Penjual (Kreditur) ? Janji membuka L/C pada saat perj. jual beli? Janji membuka L/C setelah perj. jual beli? Saat-saat prestasi penjual & pembeli dipastikan kembali? Hak penjual terhadap pembeli setelah perintah membuka L/C?
3. Bank v Penjual [Kreditur] (Beneficiery)? • Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (borg) bagi Pembeli (1820 KUHPer)? • Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (aval) bagi Pembeli (131 KUHD)? • Bank memenuhi kewajiban membayar(kan) Pembeli? • Pelaksanaan “syarat untuk kepentingan P3” (1317 KUHPer)? • Irr. L/C sebagai delegasi - novasi subyektif pasif (1417 KUHPer)? • Sebagai akseptasi wesel (127 KUHD)? • “Sui generis” = karakteristik – separate transaction (Art 4(a) UCP 600)?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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SIFAT (HUBUNGAN) HUKUM L/C DENGAN KONTRAK? ARTICLE 4 Credits v. Contracts [UCP 600] a. A credits by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which they may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract, even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit. Consequently, the undertaking of a bank to honour, to negotiate or to fulfil any other obligation under the credit, is not subject to claims or defences by the applicant resulting from his relationships with the issuing bank or the beneficiary. Beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between the banks or between the applicant and the issuing bank. b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to include, as an integral part of credit, copies of the underlying cntract, proforma invoice and the like.
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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CONCERN & FOCUS BANK? ARTICLE 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performances [UCP 600]
Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or other performance to which the documents may relate.
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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AVAILABILITY, EXPIRY DATE & PLACE FOR PRESENTATION (ARTICLE 6) a.
L/C harus menyebutkan keberadaan dana – Nominated Bank = Issuing Bank.
b.
L/C harus menyebutkan cara dan atau waktu pembayaran = sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.
c.
L/C dilarang mencantumkan kondisi keberadaan/pembayaran dana berdasarkan wesel yang diterbitkan thd pembeli (pemohon) ?
d.
L/C harus mencantumkan tgl daluarsa penyerahan dokumen – tgl daluarsa ‘pembayaran’ (honour/negotiation) dianggap pada tgl daluarsa penyerahan (dokumen).
b.
L/C mencantumkan Bank tempat penyerahan dokumen.
c.
Kecuali Ps 29(1) penyerahan dokumen pada/sebelum tgl daluarsa.
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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FURTHER ISSUES ?
ADA BERAPA JENIS L/C MENURUT KETENTUAN UCP 600, DAN APA KRITERIA PENJENISANNYA?
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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PENUTUP
“TERIMA KASIH”
By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co
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