BASF Agricultural Products 26 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA +1 919-547-2000 Kixor, Integrity, OpTill, Sharpen and Treevix are trademarks of BASF. ©2009 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved. APN-09-01-079-0020
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Kixor™ Herbicide Technical Brochure
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PREFACE This technical brochure provides general information about Kixor™ herbicide – a new active ingredient under development from BASF Crop Protection. Kixor is not currently registered for use in the United States. The registration dossier for Kixor was submitted for tri-lateral review in the United States, Canada and Australia in January 2008.
DISCLAIMER The product discussed in this technical brochure is not registered and is not available for sale. This technical and educational material is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to promote the sale of the product. Any sale of this product after registration is obtained shall be solely on the basis of approved product labels, and any claims regarding product safety and efficacy shall be addressed solely by the label.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
5
Key Benefits of Kixor™ Herbicide
5
General Characteristics
6
Weeds Controlled
7
Crop Development Targets
8
Application Considerations
8
The Kixor Herbicide Family of Products
9
Integrity™ Herbicide for Corn and Grain Sorghum
10
OpTill™ Herbicide for Soybean, Dry Field Peas and Chickpeas
11
Sharpen™ Herbicide for Burndown
12
Treevix™ Herbicide for Fruit and Nut Trees
13
Mammalian Toxicology
14
Ecotoxicology
14
Environmental Fate
15
Physical and Chemical Properties
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Kixor is an innovative, new active ingredient under development by BASF and represents a new standard for broadleaf weed control. Kixor is a highly effective herbicide that will be suitable for contact and residual control of broadleaf weeds. Row crop research has shown that Kixor will be able to be applied prior to crop emer gence for burndown of emerged broadleaf weeds in a number of crops and at higher rates in corn and sorghum for season-long residual broadleaf control. Kixor has also shown potential to be used as a directed postemergence treatment in citrus fruit, pome fruit, stone fruit and nut trees, as a sunflower desiccant, as a postharvest burndown treatment, and as a postemergence treatment in fallow cropland.
KEY BENEFITS OF KIXOR HERBICIDE n
A unique chemistry for the herbicide market.
n
Excellent control of all major broadleaf weeds, including glyphosate, ALS and atrazine-resistant biotypes.
n
Broad-spectrum weed control without the need for atrazine.
n
Rapid foliar burndown and residual soil activity.
n
Safe for use in multiple crops and rotational crop systems.
n
Compatible with other herbicides to provide broad-spectrum weed control.
n
Favorable environmental, toxicological and ecotoxicological profile.
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
This list is a general indication of the burndown and residual spectrum demonstrated in testing.
New Chemistry Kixor™ herbicide is the first in the class known as pyrimidinedione in North America. Kixor was designed with a novel side chain (Figure 1). This novel side chain means that Kixor is readily metabolized by tolerant crops, which leads to excellent crop safety. The novel side chain also imparts chemical properties that result in soil bioavailability and foliar activity that enhance weed control.
Figure 1
WEEDS CONTROLLED Common Name Amaranth, Palmer
Scientific Name Amaranthus palmeri
Common Name Morningglory, pitted
Scientific Name Ipomoea lacunosa
Bedstraw, catchweed
Galium aparine
Morningglory, tall
Ipomoea purpurea
Beggarticks, hairy
Bidens pilosa
Mustard, black
Brassica nigra
Beggarweed, Florida
Desmodium tortuosum
Mustard, tumble
Sisymbrium altissimum
Bindweed, field
Convolvulus arvensis
Mustard, wild
Sinapis arvensis
Crop Safety
Buckwheat, wild
Polygonum convolvulus
Nettle, burning
Urtica urens
Lab studies have shown that tolerant crops, like corn, are capable of rapidly metabolizing Kixor (Figure 2) whereas sensitive weeds, like morningglory, cannot (Figure 3).
Canola, volunteer (rapeseed)
Brassica spp.
Nightshade, black
Solanum nigrum
Carpetweed
Mollugo verticillata
Nightshade, cutleaf
Solanum triflorum
Cocklebur, common
Xanthium strumarium
Nightshade, Eastern black
Solanum ptycanthum
Cowcockle
Vaccaria pyramidata
Nightshade, hairy
Solanum saccharoides
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale
Pennycress, field
Thlaspi arvense
Eveningprimrose, cutleaf
Oenothera laciniata
Pigweed, prostrate
Amaranthus blitoides
Falseflax, smallseed
Camelina microcarpa
Pigweed, redroot
Amaranthus retroflexus
Fleabane, hairy
Conyza bonariensis
Pigweed, smooth
Amaranthus hybridus
Flixweed
Descurainia sophia
Puncturevine
Tribulus terrestris
Groundcherry, cutleaf
Physalis angulata
Purslane, common
Portulaca oleracea
Groundsel, common
Senecio vulgaris
Ragweed, common
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Horseweed (marestail)
Conyza canadensis
Ragweed, giant
Ambrosia trifida
Knotweed, prostrate
Polygonum aviculare
Sesbania, hemp
Sesbania exaltata
Kochia
Kochia scoparia
Shepherd’s Purse
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Ladysthumb
Polygonum persicaria
Sida, prickly
Sida spinosa
Lambsquarters, common
Chenopodium album
Lambsquarters, narrowleaf
Chenpodium pratericola
Smartweed, Pennsylvania
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Lettuce, prickly
Lactuca serriola
Sowthistle, annual
Sonchus oleraceus
Sowthistle, spiny
Sonchus asper
Sunflower, common
Helianthus annuus
Tansymustard, pinnate
Descurainia pinnata
Corn
Morningglory
Rapid metabolism
No metabolism 100% Kixor 33% Kixor
Figure 2: 4 hours after treatment
Figure 3: 4 hours after treatment
Data provided by Dean Riechers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Uptake and Translocation Kixor is readily absorbed by plant roots, shoots and leaves. Once absorbed, Kixor is predominantly translocated via the xylem, with some movement in the phloem.
Mallow, common
Malva neglecta
Mallow, little (cheeseweed)
Malva parviflora
Mallow, Venice
Hibiscus trionum
Marestail (horseweed)
Conyza canadensis
Thistle, Canada
Cirsium arvense
Morningglory, entireleaf
Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula
Thistle, Russian
Salsola kali
Velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrasti
Morningglory, ivyleaf
Ipomoea hederacea
Waterhemp
Amaranthus tuberculatus
Morningglory, palmleaf
Ipomoea wrightii
Willowweed
Epilobium adenocaulon
Mode of Action Kixor is a potent inhibitor of chlorophyll biosynthesis resulting in a rapid buildup of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation of the cellular membranes. This results in a rapid loss of membrane integrity leading to cellular leakage, tissue necrosis and, ultimately, plant death.
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KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE
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CROP DEVELOPMENT TARGETS
THE KIXOR HERBICIDE FAMILY OF PRODUCTS
Kixor™ herbicide has demonstrated the potential for utility in a variety of cropping systems. Crop selectivity is most often based on physical placement and metabolism but will ultimately depend on the crop species, use rate, soil characteristics and application timing. Kixor cannot be applied after crop emergence or injury will occur.
Integrity™ Herbicide Corn, Grain Sorghum
OpTill™ Herbicide Soybean (Midwest), Chickpeas, Dry Field Peas
Treevix™ Herbicide Citrus Fruit, Pome Fruit, Stone Fruit, Nut
Sharpen™ Herbicide Small Grain Cereals, Corn, Cotton, Fallow, Grain Sorghum, Chickpeas, Dry Field Peas, Soybean, Sunflower (desiccation)
Proposed Crop Species Cereals: barley, oat, wheat
Proposed Application Timing PP, PPI, PRE
Chickpeas and Dry Field Peas
PP, PPI, PRE
Corn
PP, PPI, PRE
Cotton Fallow and Post Harvest Grain Sorghum
PP POST PP, PPI, PRE
Soybean
PP, PRE
Sunflower
POST-Desiccant
Fruit and Nut Trees
POST-Directed
Key: PP = Preplant Surface; PPI = Preplant Incorporated; PRE = Preemergence; POST = Postemergence
APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS Kixor is being developed as a water-based spray alone or, more commonly, in combination with other herbicides for broad-spectrum control. Studies indicate that when Kixor is applied as a contact herbicide to emerged weeds it should be mixed with a suitable adjuvant system. Maximum burndown activity has been achieved with a an adjuvant system including a crop oil concentrate or methylated seed oil plus a spraygrade, ammonium containing fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate. Adjuvant Crop Oil Concentrate or Methylated Seed Oil PLUS Ammonium Sulfate or Urea Ammonium Nitrate
Rate 1 gal/100 gal (1% v/v) 8.5-17 lb/100 gal (1-2% w/v) 1.25-2.5 gal/100 gal (1.25-2.5% v/v)
Ground applications for which water is the carrier should be made with a proposed minimum spray volume of 5 gal/A. Higher spray volumes typically improve spray coverage and control of larger weeds and denser weed populations. Kixor is nonvolatile, but spray drift must be managed to avoid contact with non-target plant foliage.
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INTEGRITY™ HERBICIDE FOR CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM
OPTILLTM HERBICIDE FOR SOYBEAN, DRY FIELD PEAS AND CHICKPEAS
Integrity is Kixor™ herbicide plus dimethenamid-p formulated as a liquid emulsifiable concentrate (5.57 lb ai/gal). BASF is developing Integrity for use in corn and grain sorghum as a preplant, preplant incorporated or preemergence treatment in all types of tillage. Integrity has been shown to be effective when used as a full-rate, one-pass treatment or as a reduced-rate setup for a POST, in-crop herbicide application.
OpTill is a dry formulation (68% WG) of Kixor™ herbicide plus imazethapyr in development by BASF for burndown and residual weed control when applied preplant through preemergence.
Key Development Targets n
One-pass, season-long broadleaf and grass control
n
Broad-spectrum weed control without the need for atrazine
n
Unique Kixor chemistry
One-Pass Broadleaf Weed Control (7-10 WAT) 2005-2008 BASF Corn Trial Results
C. Cocklebur (19*) Giant Ragweed (13)
n
Residual broadleaf and grass control
Morningglory spp. (9) Sunflower (3) 40
50
60
70 80 % Control
Treatments**
Untreated
Fast, complete burndown
OpTill + glyphosate
Velvetleaf (36) 90
100
Velvetleaf (6) Waterhemp (5)
n Atrazine-based premix
6 WAT Seymour, IL
Grasses† (23)
* Number of trials ** Treatments applied preemergence +/- 3 days of planting
7 WAT University of Wisconsin
n
Lambsquarters (6*)
C. Sunflower (6)
n Integrity
Key Development Targets
Residual Weed Control (3-8 WAT) 2008 University Soybean Trial Results
Morningglory spp. (26)
Integrity
40 Integrity
glyphosate + 2,4-D ester
One-Pass Broadleaf Weed Control (6-8 WAT) 2008 University Sorghum Trial Results
50
Treatments** n OpTill + glyphosate + COC + AMS
60
70 80 % Control
90
100
n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS
* Number of trials ** All treatments applied preplant † Includes: annual bluegrass, barnyardgrass, foxtail spp., johnsongrass, large crabgrass, sprangletop spp.
Ann. Grass (6*) C. Sunflower (2) Morningglory spp. (3) 7 WAT Seymour, IL
Untreated
Palmer Amaranth (6) Integrity
Velvetleaf (3) 0
20
Treatments** n Integrity
40 60 % Control
80
100
n Atrazine-based premix
* Number of trials ** Treatments applied preemergence +/- 3 days of planting
6 WAT Richland, IA
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KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE
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SHARPEN™ HERBICIDE FOR BURNDOWN Sharpen is being developed by BASF for fast, complete burndown of broadleaf weeds. Field and row crop research has shown that Sharpen will provide excellent burndown control when applied either in preplant to preemergence treatments (corn, chickpeas, dry field peas, grain sorghum, small grain cereals and soybean), in preplant treatments (cotton), for sunflower desiccation, or fallow and postharvest treatments.
Untreated
Broadleaf Weed Burndown (1-2 WAT) 2008 University Soybean Trial Results
Dandelion (4*)
Marestail (8)
9 DAT Washington County, NC
Treevix has been designed for directed, postemergence applications in bearing and non-bearing tree crops (citrus fruit, pome fruit, stone fruit and nut trees). BASF and independent research have confirmed its ability to control over 75 broadleaf weeds with excellent tree safety. Treevix will be formulated for easy tank mixing with other herbicides to provide a complete weed control program. Preharvest intervals are being projected at 0 days for citrus, pome fruit and stone fruit trees and 7 days for nut trees.
Untreated Check
Key Development Targets
Henbit (9)
Sharpen + glyphosate
TREEVIXTM HERBICIDE FOR FRUIT AND NUT TREES
G. Ragweed (3)
n
Fast, complete broadleaf weed control
n
Tree safe and nonvolatile
n
Application timing flexibility
Treevix + glyphosate
Broadleaf Weed Burndown (<3 WAT) 2005-2008 BASF Fruit and Nut Tree Field Trial Results
Shepherd’s Purse (4) 40
50
Key Development Targets
Treatments**
n
Fast, complete burndown
n Sharpen + glyphosate + COC + AMS
n
Wide range of crops
* Number of trials ** All treatments applied preplant
n
No antagonism with other herbicides
60
70 80 % Control
90
100 Cheeseweed (8*)
n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS
13 DAT Kern County, CA
Fleabane (9) Broadleaf Weed Burndown (<2 WAT) 2008 University Cereal Trial Results Marestail (3) Kochia (4*)
20
Lambsquarters (3)
30
Treatments** n Treevix
Prickly Lettuce (2)
n flumioxazin
40
50
60 70 % Control
80
90
100
n oxyfluorfen
* Number of trials ** All treatments + glyphosate + COC + AMS
Russian Thistle (2) Wild Buckwheat (3) 40
50
Treatments** n Sharpen + glyphosate + COC + AMS
60
70 80 % Control
90
100
n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS
* Number of trials ** All treatments applied preplant
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KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE
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MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY Acute mammalian toxicology studies indicate Kixor™ herbicide has low toxicity for mammals after ingestion, dermal exposure or inhalation. It is not an eye or skin irritant and does not act as a sensitizer. Results also indicate Kixor is not a selective reproductive or developmental toxicant, and is not neurotoxic or carcinogenic. Kixor is not genotoxic. Mammalian Toxicology Species Rat Rat Rat Rabbit Rabbit Guinea pig
Study Acute oral Acute dermal Acute inhalation Skin irritation Eye irritation Skin sensitization
Active Ingredient Effect Level LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw LC50 > 5.5 mg/L Not irritating Slightly irritating Not sensitizing
ECOTOXICOLOGY Ecotoxicological testing indicates low toxicity and no dangerous acute or chronic effects on birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates, sediment-dwelling organisms, earthworms, honey bees or beneficial arthropods. Ecotoxicology Species Study Active Ingredient Effect Level Mallard duck Acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw Bobwhite quail Acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw Mallard duck Acute dietary LD50 > 5000 mg/kg diet Bobwhite quail Acute dietary LD50 > 5000 mg/kg diet Bobwhite quail Reproductive study NOAEL 1000 mg/kg diet Mallard duck Reproductive study NOAEL 1000 mg/kg diet Sheepshead minnow Acute (most sensitive) LC50 > 98 mg/L Fathead minnow Sub-chronic NOEC > 9.1 mg/L Daphnid, Daphnia magna Acute EC50 > 100 mg/L Daphnid, Daphnia magna Chronic NOEC > 2.5 mg/L Mysid, Americamysis bahia Acute EC50 > 8.0 mg/L Eastern Oyster, Shell deposition EC50 > 6.0 mg/L Crassostrea virginica Sediment dweller, Acute EC50 > 7.7 mg/kg dry sediment Chironomus riparius Duckweed, Lemna gibba Acute NOEC = 0.077 mg/L Alga, Pseudokirchneriella Acute (most sensitive) EC50 = 0.041 mg/L subcapitata Earthworm, Eisenia fetida Acute (14d) EC50 > 1000 mg/kg soil Honeybee Acute contact LD50 = 100 µg/bee
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KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE
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ENVIRONMENTAL FATE Laboratory and field studies have been conducted to determine the fate of Kixor in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Under typical conditions, Kixor was found to degrade rapidly in the environment. Environmental Fate Sorption Soil Dissipation Hydrolysis Photostability
Koc 9-56 (6 soils) Lab aerobic metabolism, DT50 15 days (4 soils) Field DT50 17 days (7 sites) Stable at pH < 7 Half-life 5 days at pH 9 DT50 29 days under soil photolysis
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Common Name
Saflufenacil
CAS Number
372137-35-4
Chemical Name IUPAC
N´-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4(trifluoromethyl)-3,6-dihydro-1(2H)pyrimidinyl) benzoyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methylsulfamide
Empirical Formula
C17H17ClF4N4O5S
Molecular Weight
500.9
Appearance
White powder
Odor
Odorless
Vapor Pressure
2.0x10-14 (Pa @ 25C)
Solubility Water Acetone Acetonitrile Methanol
pH 5: 25 mg/L pH 7: 2100 mg/L 27.5 g/100 mL 19.4 g/100 mL 2.98 g/100 mL
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BASF Agricultural Products 26 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA +1 919-547-2000 Kixor, Integrity, OpTill, Sharpen and Treevix are trademarks of BASF. ©2009 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved. APN-09-01-079-0020
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Kixor™ Herbicide Technical Brochure
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