Universe Ninth Edition Roger A. Freedman • Robert M. Gellar • William J. Kaufmann II CHAPTER 24 Quasars and Active Galaxies 25-1 The distinctive featu...
THE CHURCH LETTER By: Robert J. Sargent Typically, when a member of a Baptist church moves to a new location and unites with another Baptist church, he moves his
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Roger A. Freedman • Robert M. Gellar • William J. Kaufmann III
Universe Ninth Edition
CHAPTER 24 Quasars and Active Galaxies
By reading this chapter, you will learn 25-1 The distinctive features of quasars 25-2 The connection between quasars and distant galaxies 25-3 What Seyfert galaxies and radio galaxies are and how they compare to quasars 25-4 The properties of active galactic nuclei 25-5 How supermassive black holes can power active galactic nuclei 25-6 Why many active galaxies emit ultrafast jets of material
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Quasars: A quasar looks like a star but has a huge redshift. These redshifts show that quasars are several hundred megaparsecs or more from the Earth, according to the Hubble law. To be seen at such large distances, quasars must be very luminous, typically about 1000 times brighter than an ordinary galaxy. About 10% of all quasars are strong sources of radio emission and are therefore called radio-loud ; the remaining 90% are radio-quiet. Some of the energy emitted by quasars is synchrotron radiation produced by high-speed particles traveling in a strong magnetic field.
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Seyfert Galaxies: Seyfert galaxies are spiral galaxies with bright nuclei that are strong sources of radiation. Seyfert galaxies seem to be nearby, low-luminosity, radio-quiet quasars. Radio Galaxies: Radio galaxies are elliptical galaxies located midway between the lobes of a double radio source. Relativistic particles are ejected from the nucleus of a radio galaxy along two oppositely directed beams.
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Black Holes and Active Galactic Nuclei: The preponderance of evidence suggests that an active galactic nucleus consists of a supermassive black hole onto which matter accretes. As gases spiral in toward the supermassive black hole, some of the gas may be redirected to become two jets of high-speed particles that are aligned perpendicularly to the accretion disk. An observer sees a radio galaxy when the accretion disk is viewed nearly edge-on, so that its light is blocked by a surrounding torus. At a steeper angle, the observer sees a quasar. If one of the jets is aimed almost directly at the Earth, a blazar is observed.
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Blazars: Blazars are bright, starlike objects that can vary rapidly in their luminosity. They are probably radio galaxies or quasars seen end-on, with a jet of relativistic particles aimed toward the Earth. Active Galaxies: Quasars, blazars, and Seyfert and radio galaxies are examples of active galaxies. The energy source at the center of an active galaxy is called an active galactic nucleus. Rapid fluctuations in the brightness of active galaxies indicate that the region that emits radiation is quite small.
