Water Refilling Station - Water Environment Partnership in Asia

People-Centered Approaches in Sustaining Water, Food and Environmental Sanitation in the Philippines: A Review C. M. Pascual, Pascual, C. P. Abadilla, Abadilla, and F. A. P. Acedebo Mariano Marcos State University

2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Outline ¾

Objective, Introduction/Rationale z

z z

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Case Studies z z z

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Environmental issues/concerns on water, food and sanitation Water Governance in the Philippines PeoplePeople-Centered Systems Approaches Water Supply and Sanitation Water Refilling Stations Food and Water Supply with cGMP and HACCP

Concluding Remarks


Objective ¾ To

conduct a critical state-of-the-art review of complex issues, challenges on water, foods and sanitation in the Philippines. Case studies reviews on: • Water Supply and Sanitation; • Water Refilling Stations; and • Food Product Dev’t and Water Supply with cGMP and HACCP (On-going)


Introduction/Rationale 3 serious issues/concerns ¾ (1)

widespread water scarcity and multiplicity in water governance; ¾ (2) the existing water systems are not much geared for the urban as well as rural poor; and ¾ (3) the food safety, sanitation and sewerage requirements have been neglected (FDC, 2004) 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Precipitation – the basic water resource WATER

People-Centered Systems Approach – a systematic management and integrative

Hidden ground water

tool to support decision making on sustainable water environment

E N V I R O N

Hidden ground water Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change

M E

With drainage/river basin perspective - the precipitation over the area represents the proper water resource, part of which is consumed in plant production and N evaporation from moist surfaces (green water flow) Surplus goes to recharge aquifers and rivers (blue water flow), available for nd International use and aquatic ecosystems. 2societal WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Governance ¾

Systems Approaches on Water Environment z

z

Some promising signs of a new approach to governance for sustainability are emerging through the Phil. Water Governance stakeholders– (e.g. involves devolution of responsibility into the community at a regional level); Moving towards sustainability will require a paradigm shift not just within government and other policy circles but also within the community as a holistic view;


T

Phils. Water Environment Situation and Issues ¾ Has

water storage potential sites for 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams. ¾ The total water withdrawal was estimated on the basis of the water rights issued by the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) to 55,422 million m3, of which 88% is for agricultural purposes; ¾ The water situation in the Philippines may be best described as an abundant scarcity 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Legal framework for water governance 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

1987 Constitution which mandates that all water resources belong to the State; Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or The Water Code of the Philippines; Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The Water Crisis Act; and Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, which created the Presidential Task Force on Water Resources Development and Management. Clean Water Act in 2004


Introduction/Rationale ¾ People-Centered Systems Approaches on

Water Environment z

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Sustainability is a new challenge for humanity that attracts a new paradigm for governance; The sustainability challenge is to adapt governance so that the human enterprise operates within an ecological and water resource constraint that lies within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.


Water, Environment & Poverty ¾

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Water scarcity and pollution have complex impacts on income poverty & environmental degradation on income poverty & environmental degradation through: - lowering industrial & agricultural productivities; - preventing productive activities and income, especially of the poor; - increasing burden to get water and diverting women’s productive time to fetch water; - depleting forests, biodiversities, aquatic ecosystems, etc; Reducing poverty & recovering environmental degradation will improve water availability and accessibility. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water, Environment & Poverty More than 3 million children die every year caused by waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters by waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters with even less access to clean water & sanitation, and more contaminated water; The burden of finding and carrying water is more damaging to women’s health and increasing the risks health during pregnancy and child birth; An integrated approach to clean up water resources & surrounding environment for better public health will significantly increase access in water services for food, water supply and sanitation.

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(

(a)

(

(b)

Fig. 1. Household access to: (a) safe water; and (b) sanitary facilities by province in the Philippines 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Supply and Sanitation ¾

Coverage on Safe Water

80% of population (2002) MDG Target (2015) – 87% MTPDP Target (2010) – 92% ¾ ¾

Coverage on Sanitation

86.1% of population (2002) MDG MDG Target Target (2015) (2015) –– 84% MTPDP MTPDP Target Target (2010) (2010) –– 86% 86% 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Refilling Station A water refilling station can be operated with a minimum area of at least 20-25 square metres. 9 It comprises the following sections: refilling and selling room, 9enclosed water purification room, container washing and sanitizing room, 9storage room for empty and refilled containers, 9source water storage facility, 9toilet and 9an office. (Source: Magtibay, 2004)


Water Refilling Station

Source: Magtibay, 2004 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Refilling Station The main processes in a water refilling station is dictated by raw water quality. The typical steps are 9filtration (several stages), 9softening, and 9 disinfection. Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Refilling Station The machines that could be installed for such processes are the following: 9Multi-media sediment filter - removes sediments such as rust, sand and particles that are invisible to the naked eye; employs a total of 5 filters. 9Ion exchanger - replaces hard minerals with soft minerals. 9Activated carbon filter - removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide, offensive odor and bad taste. 9Reverse osmosis membrane - the heart of the system and the most expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses while retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0.05 micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water volume. 9Post-carbon filter - improves the taste of water. 9Ultraviolet lamp - ensures that the water is free from disease-causing microorganisms. 9Ozone generator – inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and prolongs the shelf life of water. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Water Refilling Station Water quality monitoring (To avoid proliferation of WRS) Source water and product water are subject to regular monitoring by the local health office. The national standards for drinking water contains 54 parameters that must be complied with. Only DOH-accredited laboratories are allowed to conduct water testing and analysis. The frequency of monitoring is as follows: 9Bacteriological quality - at least monthly 9Physical quality - at least every six (6) months 9Chemical quality - at least every six (6) months 9Biological quality - at least once a year 9Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment. nd 2

International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Food Product Dev’t and Water Supply

R&D Initiatives of MMSU in Partnerships with Food Processors and Local Govenments (2006-2009)


GPS-Survey of Food Processors


Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards standards on some physical and chemical property values of some food products taken taken from food processors and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Norte, Philippines from JulyJuly-August 2007.

PROPERTY %Vol of Ethyl Alcohol at 200C

FOOD PRODUCT /VALUE Sugarcane Wine 10.36

NATIONAL STANDARD VALUE1

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD VALUE

7-16

n/a n/a



PROPERTY Mold and Yeast Count, cfu/g Salmonella, cfu/g S. aureus, cfu/g

FOOD PRODUCT /VALUE Empanada2 <10 zero zero



10 zero zero

n/a n/a n/a



PROPERTY Salmonella, cfu/g Staphylococcus, cfu/g Coliform Count, MPN/g Salmonella, cfu/g Staphylococcus, cfu/g Coliform Count, MPN/g

FOOD PRODUCT /VALUE Local Sausage absent 0 <1.8 Crispy Pork absent 0 <1.8



absent 0 <1.8

n/a n/a n/a

absent 0 <1.8

n/a n/a n/a



PROPERTY

FOOD PRODUCT /VALUE

Raw Water Total Coliform Count,mpn/100 mL <1.1 (negative) <1.1 (negative) E. coli Count, mpn/100 mL <1.0 Heterotrophic Plate Count, cfu/ml 7.33 pH, mg/L <1 Acidity, mg/l as CaCO3 Chloride, mg/L 38.77 Sulfate, mg/L 43.77 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 473.33 Total Hardness, mg/L 350.00



<2.2 <2.2 300 6.5-8.5 n/a 250.00 250.00 500.00 300.00

Water3 zero zero n/a 6.5-8.5 n/a 250.00 250.00 500.00 n/a


Food Product Dev’t

















Mobile toll packaging facility



HACCP


Aim of HACCP ¾

To address food safety hazards to protect consumer health.

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To prevent, eliminate or reduce food safety hazards to an acceptable level.


HACCP BIOLOGICAL ▪ Pathogenic bacteria ▪ Molds & mycotoxins ▪ Viruses ▪ Protozoae

CHEMICAL ▪ Pollutants (heavy metals…) ▪ Toxic products (pesticides, acids, cleaning chemicals…) ▪ Residues of veterinary drugs & pesticides

PHYSICAL ▪ Glass, metal shards from machinery & equipment ▪ Foreign bodies: sand, rocks, metal, wood… 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING PROCEDURE (SSOP) SAFETY OF WATER ¾ ¾

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Every 6 months for water samples. Twice year for the presence of coliforms. from at least four locations. Daily inspection of hoses for the presence of anti siphoning device. Floors in the processing area are inspected for adequate drainage. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING PROCEDURE (SSOP) ¾

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1. SAFETY OF WATER THAT: A. COMES INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD B. FOOD CONTACT SURFACES C. USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE

Control Measures: All water is from company-owned deep well. The water system was designed and installed by a licensed plumbing contractor. All hoses have anti-siphoning devices. Floors are sloped to facilitate drainage. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING PROCEDURE (SSOP) Safety of Water: ¾ Corrective Actions: ¾

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Stop production in case of; water treatment failure. sampling indicates fecal coliforms Contact sanitary engineer if: Coliform count is more than 5% of the plant water samples. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING PROCEDURE (SSOP) Safety of Water: ¾ Records

:

¾ Municipal

water quality. ¾ In-plant water quality test results. ¾ Daily Sanitation Report: - floor drainage inspection report. - hose inspection report. - corrective actions. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Needs and Opportunities– ¾ Water (i.e. water and sanitation) is

key factor in poverty reduction and attainment of MDGs ¾ Asia-Pacific likely to achieve water supply MDG; sanitation a greater challenge ¾ Water investments generate good rates of return; many target needs of the poor Time is very important 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Concluding Remarks ¾ Water,

food and sanitation are crucial to life and all forms of socioeconomic and environmental development that needs sustainability. ¾ Safe water, food and sanitation are prerequisite for achieving the MDGs and for sustaining good health, quality of life and to ensure wealth creation in developing countries. ¾ The capacity of the national, regional and local levels to address water, food and sanitation for environmental health 2problems International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan needs to be strengthened. nd

Concluding Remarks ¾ Water

refilling stations can be a good source of safe/clean drinking water in the Philippines. ¾ The efficient water purification processes can make the quality of water superior to the traditional water systems. ¾ However, the risk of contamination is possible if the handling practices are not closely monitored. ¾ To ensure water safety and prevent waterborne and food-borne diseases, the government should regulate the operation 2 International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan of water refilling stations. nd

Concluding Remarks ¾ Ultimately,

there is a need to improve the microbiological safety of drinking water to provide a harmonized framework and scientific basis for quantitative microbiological risk assessment of drinking water; ¾ The adoption of cGMP and HACCP on water supply systems and food industry has to be explored and considered.


Concluding Remarks ¾ HACCP,

as a process control oriented management system, can therefore help water and food authorities to coordinate the functions of their various water and food quality management systems to provide assurance of safe products; ¾ There is an urgent need to promote and enforce the more environmental laws and technologies to address access to clean water, safe foods and sanitation for people’s preferences. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan

Concluding Remarks ¾ The

centering of people as the “decision maker” using the Demand Responsive Approaches (DRA), ¾ The use of integrated approaches to water resource management, the potential health benefits of reduced pathogenic and toxic chemical contamination of water and the importance of community participation to ensure sustainability of environmental sanitation. 2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan


Water Refilling Station - Water Environment Partnership in Asia

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