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The Indian Journal of Pediatrics December 2007; Volume 74 : Number 12
CONTENTS Page ORIGINAL ARTICLES Clinico-Laboratory Profile of Pediatric HIV in Karnataka Ramesh R. Pol, T.A. Shepur and Vinod H. Ratageri
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Antibiotic Resistant β-hemolytic Streptococci Charmaine A.C. Lloyd, Swarna E. Jacob and Thangam Menon
Baseline Widal Titres in Healthy Children Anand M. Patil, M.L. Kulkarni and Akhil M. Kulkarni
Conservative Treatment for Round Worm Intestinal Obstruction A.N. Gangopadhyay, Vijai D. Upadhyaya, D.K. Gupta, S.P. Sharma and Vijayendra Kumar
Prevalence and Correlates of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Adolescents in Mangolia Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Seter Siziya, Jargalsaikhan Dondog and Adamson S. Muula
Tobacco Use Amongst Children in Karnataka G. Gururaj and N. Girish
SPECIAL ARTICLES Accuflow an Infusion Rate Monitor: An Evaluation in Pediatric Patients Prerana Shroff, R.D. Patel, Sona Dave, Anita Shetty, Darshan Dave and Vijaya Jaiswal
Redefining the Management of Pediatric Tonsillopharyngitis with Cefprozil Nameet Jerath and Ganesh Shetty
CLINICAL BRIEFS Obstructed Morgagni’s Hernia A.N. Gangopadhyay, Vijai D. Upadhyaya, D.K. Gupta and S.P. Sharma
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Following Single Wasp Sting R. Rathi Sharmila, G. Chetan, P. Narayanan and S. Srinivasan
Kallmann’s Syndrome M.L. Kulkarni, M.D. Balaji, Akhil M. Kulkarni, S. Sushanth and Bhagyavathi M. Kulkarni
Multicentric Castleman’s Disease in Two Cases Rajni Sharma, Rachna Seth, V. Thavaraj, A. Bagga, S.K. Kabra, A.K. Karak and S. Atri
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 1 Presenting as Leukemoid Reaction Peymaneh Alizadeh, Akbar Ali Rahbarimanesh, Mirsaeid Ghazi Bahram and Hojjat Salmasian
Neonatal Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia Rahul P. Bhamkar and Prisca Colaco Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74—December, 2007
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Page Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, an Unusual Cause of Hypoxemia S. Sindhu, P. Ramesh, R. Juneja and S.K. Kabra
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CONTENTS (Vol. 74; No. 1-11)
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SUBJECT INDEX (Vol. 74; No. 1-12)
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AUTHORS' INDEX (Vol. 74; No. 1-12)
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NOTES AND NEWS
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR Polio Eradication in India:The Way Forward Subhash C. Arya and Nirmala Agarwal
Kuppuswamy's Socioeconomic Status Scale-Updating for 2007 N. Kumar, C. Shekhar, P. Kumar and A.S. Kundu
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Letter to the Editor poliovaccine: will it help eradicate polio or cause the next epidemic? Isr Med Assoc J 2006; 8: 312-315. 6. Gidding HF, Backhouse JL, Gilbert GL, Burgess MA. National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia 1996-99. Aust NZ J Public Heal 2005; 29 : 48-52. 7. Requirements for the production and control of poliomyelitis
vaccine (inactivated). In WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Biological Standardization Fifty-first report. Geneva; WHO Technical Report Series 2002; vol 913: 32-65 [Annex]. 8. Gidding HF, Backhouse JL, Gilbert GL, Burgess MA. National serosurvey of poliovirus immunity in Australia 1996-99. Austr NZ J Public Health 2005; 29 : 48-52.
Kuppuswamy’s Socioeconomic Status Scale-Updating for 2007 Sir,
Price index by old base for 1976 was 296.
Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status is an important tool in hospital and community based research in India. It was proposed in 1976.1 This scale takes account of education, occupation and income of the family to classify study groups in to high, middle and low socioeconomic status. As pointed out rightly by Mishra and Singh2 from Rewa, “An income scale usually has relevance only for the period under study. Due to the steady inflation and consequent fall in the value of the rupee, the income criteria in the scale lose their relevance.” Mishra, therefore, undertook important task of revision of family income per month (in Rs.) for 1976 when the price index was 296 according to base year 1960=100. (Table 1) He however revised it for 1998 using base year 1982=100. The base year has been changed from 2001.
Conversion factor for 1976 by new base was calculated2 as follows: 100/490 × 296 = 60.04. To know the price increase in 1998, price index by than new base (1982) was divided by conversion factor. Mishra thus determined new income criteria for 1998 by multiplying old income ranges of 1976 by 6.745 (obtained by dividing price index of 1998 by 60.04 (405/ 60.04=6.745) on the basis of base year of 1982. Now in view of new base for 2001 updating for current year is attempted hereby to help researchers in formulating their ranges of income for upcoming research. Conversion factor for 1982 base year has changed with considering 2001 as base year. To get updated conversion factor same exercise is adopted as follows: Price index by old base for 2001=458
TABLE 1. Reference Index
Price index by base for 2001 =100
year
Reference index
1960 1976 1982 1998 2001 2007 April
100 (base) 296 490 – 100 (new base) 405 458 – 100 (new base) 128
We have attempted the same exercise using the new base year of 2001 for CPI-IW (All India average consumer price index for industrial workers). Price index for 2001 by old base (1982=100) was 458. One needs to divide given years price index by price index of the base years. For e.g. Kuppuswamy’s price index for 1976 was based on 1960 as 100. In other words means that any thing which cost Rs 100 in 1960 would cost Rs 296 in 1976. The criteria were however changed in 1982 to 100 (called as new base). As per criteria of 1960 (old base), the price index for 1982 was 490. Therefore, we get price index of 1976 converted to new base: Price index by old base for 1982=490 Price index by new base for 1982=100 Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74—December, 2007
Price index by old base for 1998 was 405 Price index by new base for 1998=100/458 X 405=88.42 To calculate conversion factor for the year 2007, we have to divide price index by 88.428. All-India Average Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers (Base 2001=100) shows general index as 128 on April 2007: http://labourbureau.nic.in/indexes.htm-Labour Bureau Government of India, as per survey done in 19992000. A conversion factor can be obtained by calculating from 1976 index also, and it comes as 9.764, which implies TABLE 2. Kuppuswamy’s Socioeconomic Status Scale1 (A)
Education
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Profession or Honours Graduate or post graduate Intermediate or post high school diploma High school certificate Middle school certificate Primary school certificate Illiterate
Score 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Letter to the Editor (B)
Occupation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Profession Semi-Profession Clerical, Shop-owner, Farmer Skilled worker Semi-skilled worker Unskilled worker Unemployed
(C)
Family income per Score month(in Rs)- original
Modified for 1998 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
=2000 1000-1999 750-999 500-749 300-499 101-299 =100
=13500 =19575 6750-13499 9788-19574 5050-6749 7323- 9787 3375-5049 4894- 7322 2025-3374 2936-4893 676-2024 980-2935 =675 =979
Total Score 26-29 16-25 11-15 Middle 5-10 Lower <5
Score
12 10 6 4 3 2 1
10 6 5 4 3 2 1 Modified for 2007
Socioeconomic class Upper (I) Upper Middle (II) Lower middle (III) Upper lower (IV) Lower (V)
9.764 times price increased as compared to 1976. Multiplying 1976 income by the factor of 9.764 would also provide scale for 2007. Now the prices from 19982 levels have increased, and that increase can be obtained by multiplying prices of that time by the factor obtained as follows: 128/88.428 = 1.45.
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Revised table (Table 2) for scales in 2007 to define socioeconomic status has thus obtained as follows (by multiplying 1998 income ranges by the factor 1.45): This revised prices scale for different socioeconomic status has shortcomings as educational and occupational factors also need to be revised by large scale survey. Another lacuna is also the same as were in modification for the year 1998.2 However, this exercise will provide some clue for setting income group in researches as per current inflation rate. Acknowledgements Prof. D Mishra for explanations in understanding the changes in price index. N. Kumar1, C. Shekhar, P. Kumar1 and A.S. Kundu 1
Research Officer Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, ICMR Head Quarters, and Medical Physics1, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
E-mail :
[email protected] REFERENCE 1. Kuppuswamy B. Manual of socioeconomic status (Urban), Manasayan, Delhi, 1981. 2. D. Mishra, H.P. Singh. Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale- A revision. Indian J Pediatr 2003; 70(3) : 273-274.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74—December, 2007
