THIRD EDITION. GAS. Turb ine1. Combustion. Alternative Fuels and Emissions. Arthur H. Lefebvre and. Dilip R. Ballal. CRC Press. Taylor &Francis Group...
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THIRD EDITION
GAS 1
Turb ine
Combustion
Alternative Fuels and Emissions
Arthur H. Lefebvre and
Dilip R. Ballal
CRC Press Taylor &Francis Group Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
4.9 Temperature Traverse Quality 4.10 Dilution Zone Design 4.10.1 Cranfield Design Method 4.10.2 NASA Design Method 4.10.3 Comparison of Cranfield and NASA Design Methods 4.11 Correlation of Pattern Factor Data 4.12 Rig Testing for Pattern Factor 4.13 Swirler Aerodynamics 4.14 Axial Swirlers 4.14.1 Swirl Number 4.14.2 Size of Recirculation Zone 4.14.3 Flow Reversal 4.14.4 Influence of Swirler Exit Geometry 4.15 Radial Swirlers 4.16 Fiat Vanes Versus Curved Vanes Nomenclature References
5. Combustion Performance
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Combustion Efficiency 5.2.1 The Combustion Process 5.3 Reaction-Controlled Systems 5.3.1 Burning Velocity Model 5.3.2 Stirred Reactor Model 5.4 Mixing-Controlled Systems 5.5 Evaporation-Controlled Systems 5.6 Reaction- and Evaporation-Controlled Systems 5.7 Flame Stabilization 5.7.1 Definition of Stability Performance 5.7.2 Measurement of Stability Performance 5.7.3 Water Injection Technique 5.8 Bluff-Body Flameholders 5.8.1 Experimental Findings on Bluff-Body Flame Stabilization 5.8.1.1 Homogeneous Mixtures 5.8.1.2 Heterogeneous Mixtures 5.8.2 Summary of Experimental Findings 5.9 Mechanisms of Flame Stabilization 5.9.1 Homogeneous Mixtures 5.9.2 Heterogeneous Mixtures 5.10 Flame Stabilization in Combustion Chambers
Introduction Concerns Regulations 9.3.1 Aircraft Engines 9.3.2 Stationary Gas Turbines Mechanisms of Pollutant Formation 9.4.1 Carbon Monoxide 9.4.1.1 Influence of Equivalence Ratio 9.4.1.2 Influence of Pressure 9.4.1.3 Influence of Ambient Air Temperature 9.4.1.4 Influence of Wall-Cooling Air 9.4.1.5 Influence of Fuel Atomization 9.4.2 Unburned Hydrocarbons 9.4.3 Smoke 9.4.3.1 Influence of Pressure 9.4.3.2 Influence of Fuel Type 9.4.3.3 Influence of Fuel Atomization 9.4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 9.4.4.1 Thermal Nitric Oxide 9.4.4.2 Nitrous Oxide Mechanism 9.4.4.3 Prompt Nitric Oxide 9.4.4.4 Fuel Nitric Oxide 9.4.5 Influence of Pressure on Oxides of Nitrogen Formation 9.4.6 Influence of Fuel Atomization on Oxides of Nitrogen Formation Pollutants Reduction in Conventional Combustors 9.5.1 Carbon Monoxide and Unburned Hydrocarbons 9.5.2 Smoke 9.5.3 Oxides of Nitrogen 9.5.3.1 Water Injection 9.5.3.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction 9.5.3.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Pollutants Reduction by Control of Flame Temperature 9.6.1 Variable Geometry 9.6.2 Staged Combustion Dry Low-Oxides of Nitrogen Combustors 9.7.1 Solar Dry Low-Emissions Concepts 9.7.2 Siemens Hybrid Burner 9.7.3 General Electric DLN Combustor 9.7.3.1 Primary 9.7.3.2 Lean-Lean