UANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Download Uang dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. Manusia telah mempergunakan berbagai cara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Pada tingkat peradaban ya...

0 downloads 500 Views 54KB Size
5HVHQVL%XNX

5(6(16,%8.8 -XGXOEXNX  0RQH\ LQ ,VODP $ 6WXG\ LQ ,VODPLF3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\ 3HQXOLV  0DVXGXO$ODP&KRXGKXU\ 3HQHUELW  5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ GDQ 1HZ
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

$O0DZDULG(GLVL;7DKXQ

5HVHQVL%XNX

DGDODKVHEDJDLDODWWXNDU PHGLXPRIH[FKDQJH 'LVDPSLQJIXQJVLXWDPD WHUVHEXW IXQJVLIXQJVL GHULYDVL XDQJ DGDODK VHSHUWL XDQJ VHEDJDL VWRUH RI YDOXHXQLWRIDFFRXQWVWDQGDUGRIYDOXHGDQVWDQGDUGRIGHIHUUHGSD\PHQW 'HPLNLDQIXQJVLXWDPDGDQIXQJVLWXUXQDQPDWDXDQJ  'DODPVLVWHPSHUHNRQRPLDQNDSLWDOLVXDQJGLSDQGDQJWLGDNKDQ\D VHEDJDLDODWWXNDU\DQJVDK OHJDOWHQGHU PHODLQNDQMXJDGLSDQGDQJVHEDJDL NRPRGLWDV2OHKNDUHQDLWXPHQXUXWVLVWHPHNRQRPLNDSLWDOLVXDQJGDSDW GLSHUMXDOEHOLNDQGHQJDQNHOHELKDQEDLNRQWKHVSRWPDXSXQVHFDUDWDQJJXK 'DODP SHUVSHNWLI VLVWHP HNRQRPL NDSLWDOLV XDQJ MXJD GDSDW GLVHZDNDQ OHDVLQJ   'DODP,VODPEHQGDDSDSXQ\DQJGLMDGLNDQVHEDJDLXDQJIXQJVLQ\D KDQ\DODK VHEDJDL PHGLXP RI H[FKDQJH 'DODP SDQGDQJDQ ,VODP XDQJ EXNDQODK VXDWX NRPRGLWDV \DQJ GDSDW GLSHUMXDOEHOLNDQ GHQJDQ NHOHELKDQ EDLN VHFDUD RQ WKH VSRW PDXSXQ EXNDQ 6XDWX IHQRPHQD SHQWLQJ GDUL NDUDNWHULVWLN XDQJ VHSHUWL WHUVHEXW GL DWDV DGDODK EDKZD XDQJ WLGDN GLSHUOXNDQ XQWXN GLNRQVXPVL WLGDN GLSHUOXNDQ XQWXN GLULQ\D VHQGLUL PHODLQNDQGLEXWXKNDQXQWXNPHPEHOLEDUDQJ\DQJODLQVHKLQJJDNHEXWXKDQ PDQXVLDGDSDWWHUSHQXKL3HQMHODVDQWHQWDQJIXQJVLXDQJGDODP,VODPGDQ VHNDOLJXVPHPEHGDNDQIXQJVLXDQJGDODPVLVWHPHNRQRPLNDSLWDOLVPHQMDGL SRNRN EDKDVDQ EXNX  EHUMXGXO 0RQH\ LQ ,VODP$ 6WXG\ LQ ,VODPLF 3ROLWLFDO (FRQRP\  3HQXOLVEXNXLQLDGDODK0DVXGXO$ODP&KRXGKXU\\DQJPHPSHUROHK JHODU'RNWRUGDQ0$GDODPELGDQJHNRQRPLSDGD7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR GDQ JHODU 03KLO GDQ 06F GDODP ELGDQJ PDWHPDWLND GDUL 7KH 4XDLG( $]DP8QLYHUVLW\3DNLVWDQ3HQXOLVDGDODKSDNDUGDODPELGDQJHSLVWHPRORJL GDQ PHWRGRORJL HNRQRPL SROLWLN 'LD DGDODK VHRUDQJ JXUX EHVDU HNRQRPL SDGDWKH8QLYHUVLW\&ROOHJHRI&DSH%UHWRQ6\GQH\1RYD6FRWLD&DQDGD GLUHFWRURIWKH&HQWUHRI+XPDQRPLFVGDQHGLWRURIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDO +XPDQRPLFV  %XNX LQL WHUGLUL GDUL VHSXOXK EDE \DLWX GDVDUGDVDU HSLVWHPRORJLV ,VODP WHQWDQJ WHRUL XDQJ WHRUL XDQJ GDODP VLVWHP SHUEDQGLQJDQ GDODP SHUVSHNWLI  ,VODP KLVWRULVLWDV XDQJ GDODP ,VODP MRLQW YHQWXUH VHEDJDL LQVWUXPHQ NHXDQJDQ GDODP  ,VODP VHEXDK WLQMDXDQ XPXP WHQWDQJ WHRUL PRQHWHU ,VODP SDVDU EXUVD GDODP ,VODP XDQJ GDQ OHPEDJD NHXDQJDQ GDODP VLVWHP HNRQRPL SROLWLN ,VODP KXEXQJDQ WLPEDO EDOLN XDQJ GHQJDQ VHNWRUHNVWHUQDOSHPEHUODNXDQNHVHLPEDQJDQXPXPXDQJNHXDQJDQGDQ SHUGDJDQJDQGLGXQLDPXVOLPGDQJOREDOLVDVLNDSLWDOLVGDQSHPEHUODNXDQ NHVHLPEDQJDQXPXPWHQWDQJXDQJNHXDQJDQGDQSHUGDJDQJDQHNRQRPL SROLWLN,VODPGDQJOREDOLVDVL

$O0DZDULG(GLVL;7DKXQ

5HVHQVL%XNX

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¿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¶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

$O0DZDULG(GLVL;7DKXQ

5HVHQVL%XNX

VHJDOD IXQJVL GHULYDVLQ\D 3DUD XODPD ,VODP VHSDNDW EDKZD LOODW GDODP HPDV GDQ SHUDN WDN GLKDUDPNDQ SHUWXNDUDQQ\D NHFXDOL VHUXSD GHQJDQ VHUXSDVDPDGHQJDQVDPDDWDX³VXPXQL\DK´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¿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µDLQ  'HQJDQGHPLNLDQMHODVODKEDKZDFLUFXODWLQJFDSLWDOGDODPNDLWDQLQLDGDODK XDQJWLGDNDNDQPHQGDSDWNDQUHWXUQRQFDSLWDOGDODPEHQWXNXSDKVHZD GDODPLMDUDKVHSHUWLSDGDEDUDQJPRGDO\DQJPDVXNGDODPNDWHJRULWHWDS VHSHUWL NHQGDUDDQ PRELO EDQJXQDQ GDQ \DQJ VHMHQLVQ\D .DUHQD XDQJ GDODP,VODPEXNDQNRPRGLWDV\DQJGDSDWGLVHZDNDQDWDXGLSHUMXDOEHOLNDQ GHQJDQNHOHELKDQ8DQJGLEXWXKNDQKDQ\DVHEDJDLDODWWXNDU$NDQWHWDSL XDQJ DNDQ PHQGDSDW UHWXUQ RQ FDSLWDO MLND GLNHPEDQJNDQ  GDODP EHQWXN

$O0DZDULG(GLVL;7DKXQ

5HVHQVL%XNX

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







$O0DZDULG(GLVL;7DKXQ