第三章 動詞的時態 ( Verb Tenses ) - hosenglish.com

Ð 1 T Ð ì b ¶ ß Þ a W 81 ② 字尾是s,x,z,sh,ch 或o 時,加es。 如: I kiss... He kisses... We teach... Mr. A teaches...

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第三章

動詞的時態 ( Verb Tenses )

國語裡表示動作或狀態的動詞之形式不因動作或狀態的時間而有所變化,如昨 天來、現在來、明天來中的“來”字都一樣;但英語裡動詞的形式往往因該動詞所 代表的時間而有不同,如 come ( 現在 ),came ( 過去 ),shall / will come ( 未 來 )。此種因時間之不同而形成的種種動詞的形式,即為動詞的各種時態。 如:

(1) He goes to church every Sunday. ( 現在式 ) ( 他每個星期日做禮拜。)

(2) He went to church last Sunday. ( 過去式 ) ( 他上個星期日做禮拜了。)

(3) He will go to church next Sunday. ( 未來式 ) ( 他下個星期日要做禮拜。)

一、時態的種類 動詞的時態一共有以下十二種:

1. 現在簡單式 ( Simple Present Tense ) 簡稱為現在式。這種時態的句子裡的動詞一律用現在式。倘若主詞是第三 人稱單數 ( 如 he / she / it,以及所有單數名詞 ),動詞的字尾須加“ s ”( 見下 面的註 )。 如:

(1) I / You / We / They / Diligent people work.... (2) He / She / It / A diligent person works....

:(a) be 動詞的現在式是 am, are 或 is。 如: I am.... ; You are.... ; He / She / It is.... ; We / They are.... (b) have 動詞的現在式是 have 或 has。除了單數第三人稱的主詞必須用 has 外,其餘都用 have。 如:

He / She / It / The boy has.... I / You / We / They / The boys have.... ( c ) 現在式動詞加 s 字尾的原則: ① 大多數動詞直接在字尾加 s。 80

I kiss... He kisses...

We teach...

Mr. A teaches...

You fix...

She fixes...

You wash...

She washes...

They buzz...

It buzzes...

They go...

It goes...

③ 字尾是“母音+ y”時,直接加 s;是“子音+ y”時,將 y 改成 i 再加

es。 如: I play... He plays... We employ...

They try...

She employs...

He tries... You apply...

She applies...

第 六 篇  第 三 章  動詞的時態

② 字尾是 s,x,z,sh,ch 或 o 時,加 es。 如:

④ 原來以 i 結尾的字只加 s。 如:

I taxi... He taxis...

We ski...

She skis...

2. 過去簡單式 ( Simple Past Tense ) 簡稱為過去式。這種時態的句子裡的動詞都用過去式 ( 沒有人稱的變化 )。 如:

(1) I / You / He / They worked.... (2) I / You / He / They came....

:(a) 規則動詞的過去式原則上是在現在式的字尾加 ed 而成,但也有些字尾須 經改變後才能加 ed。

(b) am 和 is 的過去式是 was,are 的過去式是 were。 (c) have 和 has 的過去式都是 had。 (d) 所有過去式動詞的字尾都不可加 s 或 es。 (e) 另有不規則動詞,只好隨學隨記。

3. 未來簡單式 ( Simple Future Tense ) 簡稱為未來式。動詞是由“shall / will +原形動詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / We shall ( or will ) work.... (2) He / She / It / You / They will work....

:shall 與 will 的區別可閱“未來式的用法和助動詞裡的 shall / will ”。

4. 現在進行式 ( Present Progressive Tense ) 81

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(1) I am working.... (2) He / She / It is working.... (3) You / We / They are working....

5. 過去進行式 ( Past Progressive Tense ) 由“was / were +現在分詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / He / She / It was working.... (2) You / We / They were working....

6. 未來進行式 ( Future Progressive Tense ) 由“ shall / will be +現在分詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / We shall ( or will ) be working.... (2) He / She / It / You / They will be working....

7. 現在完成式 ( Present Perfect Tense ) 由“ have / has +過去分詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / We / You / They have worked.... (2) He / She / It has worked....

8. 過去完成式 ( Past Perfect Tense ) 由“ had +過去分詞”而成。 如:

(1) He / She / It / I / You / we / They had worked.... (2) He / She / It / I / You / We / They had come....

9. 未來完成式 ( Future Perfect Tense ) 由“shall / will have +過去分詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / We shall ( or will ) have worked.... (2) He / She / It / You / They will have worked....

10. 82

現在完成進行式 ( Present Perfect Progressive Tense )

(1) I / We / You / They have been working.... (2) He / She / It has been working....

11. 過去完成進行式 ( Past Perfect Progressive Tense ) 由“ had been +現在分詞”而成。 如:

(1) He / She / It / I / You / We / They had been working.... (2) He / She / It / I / You / We / They had been waiting....

第 六 篇  第 三 章  動詞的時態

由“ have / has been +現在分詞”而成。 如:

12. 未來完成進行式 ( Future Perfect Progressive Tense ) 由“shall / will have been +現在分詞”而成。 如:

(1) I / We shall ( or will ) have been working.... (2) He / She / It / You / They will have been waiting.... ☀注意:(a) 相同的時間未必用相同的時態。 如: ① a. It will rain tomorrow.

b. If it rains tomorrow, I will not go with you. ② a. I shall leave now in order not to be late.

b. He is studying now. (b) 相同的時態未必表示相同的時間。 如: ① a. What are you doing now?

b. What are you doing tomorrow? ② a. He went to America last year.

b. I’ d rather you went now. 這個句子裡為何用過去式的 went 指現在?可否改用 go ?請閱“異 乎尋常的過去式 —— 3.”。

二、時態的用法

1. 現在式的用法 83

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1. 敘述公認的事實或真理。—— 沒有時間性,任何時候都是如此。 如: (1) Things equal to the same thing are equal to one another. ( 與同一事物相等的各事物彼此相等。)

(2) A guilty conscience needs no accuser. ( 心裡有愧不需要控告者。—— 多行不義必自斃。)

(3) A forced kindness deserves no thanks. ( 虛情假意不值一謝。) (4) To be loved is the happiest thing in the world. ( 被愛是世界上最幸福的事情。)

(5) A good husband makes a good wife. ( 一個好丈夫才會有個好妻子。—— 對別人好,必會得到相應的回報。)

(6) A good fence makes good neighbors. ( 鄰居之間有個適當的圍籬才能成為好鄰居。—— 君子之交淡如水。)

(7) Wealth does not always bring happiness. ( 財富未必帶來幸福。) (8) A humble man wins respect. ( 謙虛者贏得尊敬。) (9) Beside the rotten apple the good one also spoils. ( 在爛蘋果旁好的蘋果也會變壞。—— 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。)

(10) Discontent is the first necessity of progress. ( 不滿是進步的首要條件。)

2. 敘述現在的習慣或日常的活動。—— 此種用法的現在式往往有表示習慣 性的副詞、副詞片語或副詞子句的修飾語。這類副詞如 often, usually,

occasionally, sometimes, always, never, seldom, rarely, generally, every day / week, once a year, on Sundays 等;副詞子 句則有 whenever ... , when ... , as soon as ... 等。 如: (1) I always distrust people who try to flatter me. ( 我總是不信任想奉承我的人。)

(2) Do you go to ( the ) market on Saturdays? ( 你是不是每逢星期六上菜市場? )

(3) Our son goes to school by bus six times a week. ( 我們的兒子每星期有六次乘巴士去上學。) 84