Contents

4. Contents. 23. talk about days when I do things. Present Simple + time preposition . on. on Tuesday on 5th July. 31. 24. talk about times when thing...

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nts

Conte

LEVEL A2

To the student

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How Visual Grammar works

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I can …

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describe things

Present Simple be It’s + adjective

It’s big. It’s long.

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2

talk about the weather and time

It’s windy. It’s two o’clock.

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3

introduce myself and other people

Present Simple be It’s + weather It’s + time Present Simple be

I’m Irish. She’s my boss.

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say how people feel

Present Simple be + feeling adjectives

I’m hungry. They’re happy.

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say where things are (1)

Present Simple be + prepositions It’s on the shelf. of place (in, on, at) My parents are at work.

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say what is not true

Present Simple be – negatives

I’m not ready. Mark isn’t a doctor.

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ask about people’s lives (1)

Present Simple be – yes/no questions

Are you a nurse? Is he busy?

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give short answers

Present Simple be – short yes/no Yes, he is. answers No, they aren’t.

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ask about people’s lives (2)

Present Simple be – Wh- questions

What’s your name? Who’s your tutor?

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say what is in a place

there is / there are

There’s a beautiful mountain. There aren’t any clouds in the sky!

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talk about friends and relations

possessive adjectives

my father her best friend

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12

talk about things I have

have got / have + noun

I have two sisters. I’ve got a cat.

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talk about my health

have got / have + illness

I have a terrible backache. She’s got a cold.

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ask if people have things

Have you got …? and Do you have … ? questions

Have you got your books? Do you have a sweater?

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give short answers about things I have

Short answers: Yes, I have / No, I Yes, I have / No, I haven’t. Yes, I do / No, I don’t. haven’t / Yes, I do / No, I don’t.

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talk about things I haven’t got Negatives: haven’t got and

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use this, that, these, those

this, that, these, those

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say what I can do

can for ability and possibility

I can play the guitar. I can’t hear you!

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19

ask people to help me

Questions with Can you and Could you

Can you tell me the time? Could you pass me the salt?

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ask for permission

Questions with Can I and Could I Can I come in?

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talk about habits, routines and repeated actions

Present Simple statements

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say how often things happen

Present Simple + adverbs of frequency

don’t have

I don’t have any soap or shampoo. I haven’t got any conference information. This is my cat. These are my books.

Could I use this dictionary? I go to the gym every day. He gives us a grammar test every month. We never talk! I always go there on Tuesdays.

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Contents Present Simple + time preposition on

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talk about days when I do things

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talk about times when things Present Simple + time happen prepositions in and at

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talk about things that are generally true

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say what isn’t true

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ask about habits and routines Present Simple – yes/no

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ask for more information about habits and routines

Do you send tweets regularly? No, I don’t. Does your mother use the internet at home? Yes, she does. Present Simple – Wh- questions Where does she go to school? What do they want to eat?

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say where things are (2)

Prepositions of place

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talk about what is happening now

Present Progressive statements I’m waiting.

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make -ing endings correctly

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on Tuesday on 5th July

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at the weekend in the evening

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Present Simple statements

I wear glasses. We live in Geneva.

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Present Simple negatives

I don’t like spicy food. She doesn’t play football.

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questions and short answers

next to the tree opposite the park

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It’s snowing.

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Present participles

walking baking

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avoid unnecessary repetition

Present Progressive – omission of repeated verbs

She’s sitting in the lounge, eating chocolate cake and watching TV.

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send messages about what I’m doing now

Present Progressive statements I’m working at home.

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write an email about my life now

Present Progressive – meaning: I’m working in Madrid this month. temporary, around now She’s going to Thai lessons every week.

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talk about planned future events

Present Progressive – future meaning

I’m meeting her on Tuesday. We’re travelling next week.

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make an excuse about why I can’t do something

Present Progressive – excuses

Sorry. I can’t come to the meal. I’m meeting an important customer then.

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make Present Progressive negatives and questions

Present Progressive – negatives We aren’t going to Melbourne. and questions Why are you waiting?

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remember which verbs aren’t usually used in the Present Progressive decide whether to use Present Simple or Present Progressive talk about the past with was and were

Active and stative verbs

They know the answers. I believe in UFOs.

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Present Simple compared with Present Progressive

He plays piano. He’s playing piano.

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was and were

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talk about things that happened in the past (1)

Past Simple – regular verbs

Were you at school yesterday afternoon? No, I was at the dentist. looked, wanted, walked, played

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talk about things that happened in the past (2)

Past Simple – irregular verbs

grew, ran, wore, made

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ask about the past

Past Simple – yes/no questions

Did James buy some new books?

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ask Wh- questions about the past

Past Simple – Wh- questions

Where did you go?

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give short answers about the Past Simple – short answers past

Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

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say what didn’t happen in the Past Simple – negatives past

We didn’t go to the supermarket last night.

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say what order things happened in

Past Simple + when/then/after/ before

I phoned her before she came home. When you went out, I made supper.

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say when things happened

Past Simple – time expressions

yesterday last night last summer

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I’m walking on the beach.

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say how long before now something was

Past Simple + ago

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describe a journey

Past Simple + prepositions of movement

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make longer sentences

and/but

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talk about reasons and results

Past Simple + so/because

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tell a story about the past

Past Simple narrative

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use the Past Simple

Past Simple review

Where did you go at the weekend? He didn’t like it very much.

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ask about people’s life experiences

Present Perfect questions

Have you ever seen the pyramids? Has she ever been to Africa?

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make past participles

Past participles

walked, drunk, eaten, done

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talk about experiences I have Present Perfect + never never had

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talk about experiences and events ‘before now’

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I bought my first guitar a long time ago. We started our band ThunderMusic four years ago. across a field over the bridge She ran past the window and I waved at her. I went to the theatre last night, but I left after 30 minutes. Vicki went to the doctor because she felt ill. Vicki felt ill so she went to the doctor. Every night we put up tents and slept in them.

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I’ve never seen Star Wars. She’s never eaten a tomato.

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Present Perfect up to now

You’ve written three books. I’ve lived here for ages.

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talk about work I have finished

Present Perfect for completed actions

I’ve cleaned the bathroom. She’s made supper.

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talk about past actions that have a result now

Present Perfect for past actions The guests have arrived. with a connection to now I’ve broken my arm.

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say that something happened Present Perfect + just only a short time before now

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choose gone or been

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She’s just heard the news. I’ve just spoken to him.

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Past participles of go

Mike has gone to Moscow. Mike has been to Moscow.

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say that something has not happened

Present Perfect negatives + yet

I haven’t finished it yet. She hasn’t bought a present yet.

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talk about actions that happened before I expected

Present Perfect + already

I’ve already seen the film. The ferry has already left!

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talk about how long things lasted

Present Perfect + for and since

for four months since January

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choose whether to use Past Simple or Present Perfect

comparison of Past Simple and Present Perfect

She won first prize! She’s won first prize!

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talk about what people were doing at a time in the past

Past Progressive

What were you doing at 5? I was playing Crime City.

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Interrupted Past Progressive

I was playing Wizard World when my computer exploded!

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talk about what people were doing when something else happened use verb lists

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tell people about my plans

be going to

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ask and answer about what’s be going to – questions and short Are you going to dig up the trees? going to happen answers Yes, we are.

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be going to

It’s going to be a great party!

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predict what is going to happen (because I have evidence) say who things happened to

Subject and object pronouns Verb +preposition

She told me. We laughed at it.

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say who things belong to

Apostrophe ‘s Possessive pronouns

Whose is this? It’s mine.

Review of verb forms

80 I’m going to visit my grandma. She’s going to think about it.

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Contents 75

make plurals

Singular and plural

cars, loaves, children

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use a and an

Indefinite articles

a mouse, an elephant

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decide whether to use a, an or the

Indefinite and definite articles

a book, the book

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decide when the is not needed

Omission of articles

I love rice. We never buy potatoes.

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say why things happened

so that / infinitive of purpose

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tell people what to do

Imperatives/Let’s …

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use countable and uncountable nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

I saved my money to buy a motorbike. Oliver got a new passport so that he could go to Africa. Go home! Have a great day! Let’s dance! five fingers some milk

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ask people what they would like (food, drink, etc.)

a/an/some

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talk about quantities of uncountable things

Containers, quantities, divisions two bottles of milk

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ask if people have things

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Would you like an egg? Would you like some cake?

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a bar of chocolate

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some/any

Have you got any water? Have you got some cash?

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ask and answer about quantities

much/many/a lot of/lots of

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say how we do things

Adverbs of manner

How many coins? How much money? Lots of money I ran quickly. I crossed the bridge carefully.

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say what was in a place in the past

There was / There were

There was a table there before! Were there red curtains before?

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say what I decided to do

will (for decisions)

I’ll clean the floor. I’ll feed the fish.

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say what I think will happen

will (for future) Other functions of will

When will the film start? I’ll get your bag for you.

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talk about things I have, make have, make, do or do

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choose the right auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs

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talk about things I like and dislike doing

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talk about things I was able do in the past

love, like, enjoy, hate, etc. + infinitive / -ing would like + to + infinitive could

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say that something is really important to do

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listen to other people’s advice should/must

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say how people and things are different

-er comparatives

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compare books, films and other things

Comparatives with more and less This perfume is more expensive than

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say which things are the ‘most’

Superlatives

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tell a joke

Present Simple jokes

Irregular verbs Answer key

must

Have you done any exercise today? The factory makes tablet computers. Let’s have a break! I don’t want any ice cream. She wasn’t looking. I love going on rollercoasters. I’d like to go to a theme park. I watched an English film last night and I could understand it! We couldn’t swim last month because I hurt my leg. I must lose weight this year. I really must stop smoking.

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You should go to university. You must study harder.

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The elf is older than the thief. The thief is healthier than the wizard.

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that one. James is less friendly than Mark. The Metropole has the most stars. The Chaika’s the least expensive. A man walks into a pet shop ...

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nts

Conte

LEVEL B1 8

To the student How Visual Grammar works

10

I can …

1

refer to people and things

Nouns, pronouns, pronoun reference

helicopter, water, shoes I / me, he / him, we / us

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2

make sentences with good word order

Grammatical terms: subject, object, verb, SVO word order

The actors sang ‘Happy Birthday’. Martha gave Tom a great book.

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3

make simple descriptions

Adjectives

It’s freezing! It’s beautiful!

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use more than one adjective in my descriptions

Adjective order

This is a famous 16th-century house. It has beautiful black and white walls.

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talk about people’s feelings and opinions

-ed / -ing adjectives

Are you frightened? Yes! This film is really frightening!

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say how ‘strong’ something is Adverbs of degree

It’s fairly hot. It’s pretty hot. It’s extremely hot.

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7

talk about extremes

Gradable and ungradable adjectives

It’s extremely big. It’s absolutely wonderful.

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make my descriptions more interesting

Noun phrases

the street light at the corner of 14th Street and Pearl Street a friendly man in a space alien costume

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describe actions

Adverbs (compared with adjectives)

The customers are ordering very slowly. The Petersens always arrive late.

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10

ask and answer about large quantities

much, many, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of

We’ve got plenty of toasters. There’s so much noise!

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11

talk about different quantities all, every, most, the whole,

The whole town centre was affected. A couple of drivers started fighting.

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12

refer to things without repeating their name

one, ones

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talk about people/things when I don’t know exactly who or what they are

Indefinite pronouns: someone, Do you think that anybody lives here? Nothing’s going to happen to us! somebody, something, Nobody’s here! not + anyone, not + anybody, not + anything, no one, nobody, nothing

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name groups of people

Collective nouns

the audience, the company, the army, our class

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say which person I’m talking about by saying what they are doing

-ing clauses

Mrs Ashe is the old woman sitting at the table. Can you see the men walking and talking by the fountain?

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identify a person or thing by giving more information about them or it

Relative clauses with who, that, A Martian is an alien who lives on Mars. An FTL ship is a spaceship which flies where and which

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several, a couple, none, both, a few, a little, no

identify a person by giving Relative clauses with who more information about them

I’ve bought a guidebook. Do you want one? I want some of those souvenirs. Which ones do you fancy?

faster than the speed of light.

The man who recommended the THS45X is a computer engineer. I’ve met the artists who painted Night Lightning.

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decide if it’s possible to leave out who

Omission of who in relative clauses

This is the woman Tom told you about.

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say which thing I’m talking about

Relative clauses with that or which

These are some books which I’ve already read. This is a lamp that my grandma gave me.

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compare things

Comparison review

Factory B is a little bigger than Factory A. Factory C is the most modern building and it has the fewest workers.

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say that some things are ‘less’ than others

not as ... as

Dinah isn’t as busy as Sheldon. The Empire State Building isn’t as tall as the Burj Khalifa.

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say that things are similar

as … as

I can bounce as high as you. This machine is as good as that one.

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emphasise the meaning of adjectives

so, such

This is such a great idea for a holiday! It’s so hot that you could fry an egg on the pavement.

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say that there is more of something than is good

too

The lights are too bright and the room’s too hot. Sorry, I’m too busy to talk to you now.

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say that there is less of something than is good

enough

I’ve only got $7. It’s not enough. You’re not fit enough to run round the park!

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talk about things I am interested in

Adjective + preposition collocations (1)

I’m interested in Japanese culture. I’m delighted with my teacher.

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describe people’s characters

Adjective + preposition collocations (2)

Fiona’s brilliant at sales. Lorna’s famous for her great presentations. She’s allergic to hard work.

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express my emotional reactions

Adjective + preposition collocations (3)

I’m so bored with housework. I’m fed up with cleaning and ironing. I’m afraid of lifts.

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describe how people behave to each other

be + adjective (kind, silly, helpful, etc.) + preposition

She’s so nice to the children. That was kind of her!

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say how I travelled and where I stayed

Prepositions + noun collocations We went on holiday to Germany this year. with in, at, on, by, to, from

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talk about work and work problems

Collocations: noun + for, noun + of

What’s the reason for this? Who has responsibility for the frozen food department today?

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talk about working with difficult people

Collocations: noun + with

I wanted to have a little chat with you. I don’t have a good relationship with her.

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talk about what I do online

Verb + preposition collocations

I’ve already tweeted about it. I searched for his company, but I couldn’t find his email address.

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recognise verbs in different forms

Verbs review

swam, has swum, are not going to swim

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talk about situations that are changing

Present Progressive for changing situations

Prices are going up. The climate is changing.

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use present tenses

Present Simple and Present Progressive review

She runs. She’s running.

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talk about events in the past

Past Simple, Past Progressive, Present Perfect Simple review

She bought a coat. They were working last night. He’s just arrived.

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give a general idea about when something happened

Time adverbials (for general and I gave it to him earlier. Have you phoned her yet? indefinite times)

We travelled by train from London to Berlin.

I’ll do it immediately.

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tell an interesting story about Cohesion and coherence: my life different tenses, direct speech

and hesitation devices

You’ll never guess what I did yesterday! I was visiting Mike in Edinburgh and he, you know, he keeps snakes. Anyway, he said ‘Would you like one?’

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ask how long someone has been doing something

Present Perfect Progressive questions

How long have you been going out with your boyfriend? How long has he been writing poetry?

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emphasise the length of time of an action

Present Perfect Progressive

We’ve been painting this room all day. I’ve been coming to this club for twenty years

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talk about things I did in the past (but not now)

used to

I used to love parties. I didn’t use to like pizza.

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explain that one thing happened before another

Past Perfect

When they arrived at the theatre, the show had started.

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talk about things I noticed, realised, saw, etc.

Past Perfect with specific verbs I realised that I had left my ID at

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explain reasons for past events

because + Past Perfect

Why did you throw the tomatoes away? Because they’d gone bad!

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set the ‘start time’ of a story

Past Perfect

David called to cancel lunch. Before that, I had arrived at the café, bought a coffee and sat down at a table.

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say that something happened Past Perfect with by and before before a certain time

The meeting had finished by 2 o’clock. By 9.00, she had painted the whole room.

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make Past Perfect negatives

Past Perfect negatives

She hadn’t made the bed. I’d never drunk fruit tea.

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talk about the future

will, be going to, Present Progressive

I’m catching the 7.30 ferry from Caen. I’ll answer this question! I’m going to see her later today.

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talk about timetabled events

Present Simple for timetabled events

Your train leaves at 10.23. You make your speech at 12.20 and you finish by 12.45.

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talk about things that will possibly happen

may, may not, might, might not

His name might be Hiram. We think he may be the boss of an international gang.

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make yes/no questions in different tenses

Yes/no question forms in different tenses

Do you work late every day? Is he cooking dinner? Has he been there?

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make Wh- questions

Wh- question forms in different tenses

Who visits his friend in Tokyo every week? Who does Mike visit in Tokyo every week?

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ask questions when I think I know the answer

Question tags

You’re Paloma Revez, aren’t you? You left him, didn’t you?

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ask questions more politely

Indirect questions

Could you tell me your name? Would you mind telling me how old you are?

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report what people said

Reported speech (present tenses)

He said that he was waiting at a bus stop. He said it was very cold.

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report people’s ideas about the future

Reported speech with would, might and was going to

He said they would win the game. She said that she was going to watch TV.

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report people’s stories about past events

Reported speech (past tenses)

She said that she’d been to a Lana Del Rey concert! She said it had been a great show.

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choose the correct reporting verb

Reported speech with said, told Steve said that he was hungry.

home. Terry noticed that the children had gone.

Steve told Toby that he was hungry.

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report people’s questions

Reported questions

He asked me if we were in the same class. He asked me who my teacher was.

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say what people thought

Reported thought

I thought we could meet at the farm. I knew that I could do that exam.

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say how people spoke in different ways

Reported speech with complained, explained, announced, whispered

Jane complained that her food was boring. She explained that she needed more ice cream and cake.

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state facts that are always or Conditional type 0 generally true

If people don’t like the taste, they don’t buy our pizza. If you go by train, it takes longer.

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tell people what to do if something happens

Conditional type 0 with imperative

If the TV’s too loud, turn it down. If the phone rings, don’t answer it.

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say what will happen when another thing happens

when, before, after, while, until When they finish this house, we’ll buy

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say what will happen if another thing happens

Conditional type 1

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give warnings, advice, predictions, threats and promises

Conditional type 1

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imagine an unlikely or impossible present or future

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it! When it’s 12 o’clock, I’m going to go out and meet Charmaine.

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If I get that new job, I’ll move to Madrid. If they don’t arrive late, we’re going to start the meeting at 10 a.m.

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You’ll fail the exam if you don’t study hard. If it rains this afternoon, you’ll get soaking wet.

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Conditional type 2

If I went, I’d take my sunglasses! If I met my hero, I wouldn’t ask for an autograph.

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ask about unlikely futures

Conditional type 2 – questions

What would you do if you lost your job? What would you do if she left you?

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give advice by saying what I would do

If I were you ...

If I were you, I’d look for a new job. I’d hide it if I were you!

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give people advice about specific problems

had better (not)

We’d better ask someone for directions. You’d better not make any loud noises.

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say how I am prepared for possible events

in case + Present Simple, in case + noun, just in case

Take a map in case you get lost. In case of emergency, dial 911.

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describe processes and routines

Present Simple passive

The building’s unlocked at 5.30 a.m. The factory floor is cleaned.

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talk about historical facts

Past Simple passive

Anna Karenina was written by Tolstoy. The Pyramids were built on the banks of the Nile.

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ask if we are ready for an event

Present Perfect passive questions

Has the agenda been printed? Have all the managers been invited?

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avoid saying who did something

Present Perfect passive and Past Simple passive

The liquid was poured into the test tube. The TV’s been stolen.

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talk about something unexpected that happened

Past Simple passive with got

He got chased through the old town. They got stopped by a superhero.

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use the passive in different tenses

Overview of passives

The room was painted. The pizza is being cooked.

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decide which had is which

had in different structures

We had lunch at the station café. I had had too many coffees!

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talk about things people did themselves

Reflexive pronouns (1)

Help yourself. I bought myself a cowboy hat!

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say that someone did something (and not another person)

Reflexive pronouns (2)

Did you help her? No, she did it herself.

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think about facts and make an intelligent guess

must be, can’t be

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talk about things that are necessary to do

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It must be Jackie’s. She has an old phone. It can’t be Diana’s because she took her phone with her.

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have to, must, need to

We have to get up at 7.30. I must call my mum. Then I need to get ready for football.

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talk about things that it is important not to do

mustn’t

We mustn’t be negative. We mustn’t stop our important work.

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talk about things that aren’t necessary

don’t have to, don’t need to

She doesn’t have to be a fantastic cook. He doesn’t need to be a good dancer.

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talk about past actions that weren’t necessary

needn’t have, didn’t need to

You needn’t have washed the dishes! She didn’t need to do the washing up.

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use can, could and should

can (ability, possibility, request), I can eat 20 doughnuts in ten minutes! Could I borrow your camera? could (request, past ability), 150 You should take a break. should

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talk about past and future abilities

be able to (past and future)

I was able to learn a few tunes. By the time I’m 30, I’ll be able to play lots more.

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talk about things which were possible, but didn’t happen

could(n’t) have

I could have been a big pop star. They could have told me!

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tell the story of an adventure

Verb + to infinitive

When I was 14, I decided to walk around the world. I planned to start in America.

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talk about things I like and dislike doing

Verb + -ing

Do you feel like going out tonight? I really hate going to restaurants on my own.

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use remember and stop

remember, stop + to infinitive / -ing

I remembered to switch off the lights. I remember switching off the lights.

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use forget, try and manage to forget + to infinitive, never forget I managed to win a 20,000 unit order for Poland. + -ing, try + to infinitive, try + Oh no! I forgot to order more printer -ing, manage + to infinitive ink! I tried asking the boss about an extra holiday.

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describe conversations with other people

Verb + preposition collocations

I talked to her dad. I explained the work to him.

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use get with different meanings

Different meanings of the verb get

I’m getting a plane to Rio. Did you get my letter?

166

96

tell the story of how I met a new friend

Multi-word verbs

My girlfriend broke up with me. I checked into an amazing hotel.

168

97

say that I feel the same as someone else

so do I, neither do I

I’ve never been to Venice before. Neither have I. I love this bridge. So do I.

170

98

understand young people’s colloquial conversations

was like in direct speech and other colloquial UK English grammar

You know, I saw Reece yesterday. He was like ‘Hi!’

172

Irregular verbs

174

Answer key

175

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