ESPM 134 - INTRO TO FUNGI

Download Oomycota. Fruiting bodies often large and conspicuous, basidiospores often the main dispersal stage;. Fruiting body usually small, basidios...

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ESPM 134 Spring 2009 Introduction to the fungi

The Hypha

Jacobson, Hickey, Glass & Read

Arbuscule (basically a haustorium) inside a plant root cell

(c) D. Redecker, K. Wex

Mycelium all of the hyphae of a single individual fungus It can function to move materials from one area to another

A. H. R. Buller 1931

Hyphal Fusion a necessary step in maintaining a mycelium

Hickey, Jacobson, Glass & Read

Extensive mycelium of an ectomycorrhizal fungus The individual strands you see are rhizomorphs: bundles of organized hyphae used for long-distance transport

Rhizomorphs of Mutinus elegans in a Miscanthus field

Ratios of two haploid nuclei in Heterbasidion parviporum heterokaryons From James et al 2008 Evolution paper

Mitotic (asexual) spore state are very common in Ascomycete

Zone lines in wood cause by vegetative interactions between different genotypes of decay fungi

Zone lines in a twig showing borders of individual fungi

Single individuals can be large Suillus pungens genets in pre-fire Pt. Reyes Bonello et al. 1998. New Phytol. 138:533-542.

Undisturbed forest should have large genets Boletus photoshopii

Achyla oogonium and antheridia

Oomycota the water molds (fungal-like protists)

Saprolegnia life cycle from Alexopolous et al

Damping off by Pythium

Chemotactic zoospores of Phytophthora

Phytophthora infestans, late blight of potato airborne sporangia can disperse across a continent in year

Sudden Oak death - Phytophthora ramorum At China camp State park, Marin Co.

“true fungi” are in the Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi

Chytridiomycota + Zygomycota Glomales Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (Plantago media and Glomus clarum) extraradical hyphae

spore 100µm (c) D. Redecker

Photo from Ann Pringle

Hallmark of the Ascomycota - the Ascus

Mitotic (asexual) spore state are very common in Ascomycete

Apothecia cup-like ascocarps With asci on the surface

Perithecium - a common ascocarp type Small with asci inside a flask-shaped structure

Xylaria - a wood decaying ascomycete that forms a stroma with perithecia embedded in it

Basidiomycetes - a major group of Forest Pathogens and mycorrhizal symbionts Basidia from Alexopoulos et al.

Hyphae with clamps

From Ingold 1953

Coprinus development

From Buller

Mushrooms (Agarics & Boletes)

Tooth fungi (Hydnoid)

Polypores

Club and Coral fungi Resupinate Corticioid

Jelly fungi

Gastromycetes Puffballs &falsetruffles

Rust fungi

Importance and size of meiotic (sexual) stage Basidiomycota (except rusts) Fruiting bodies often large and conspicuous, basidiospores often the main dispersal stage;

Rust fungi (also Basidiomycota) Fruiting body usually small, basidiospores often used to infect a different host, dispersal relatively local

Ascomycota

Oomycota

Fruiting body usually small, in many species it may be rare or absent.

No fruiting bodies. Oospores Small and inconspicuous; a resting stage that disperses primarily through time not space.

Importance and size of mitotic (asexual) stage

Basidiomycota (except rusts) rare, usually used for genetic exchange, not dispersal

Rust fungi (also Basidiomycota) Usually abundant, often used for longrange dispersal

Ascomycota

Oomycota

Usually abundant, and often the primary inoculum for dispersal and colonization.

abundant. The most important stage for infection. (zoospores, chlamydospores, whole sporangia)

Size of mycelium and presence of rhizomorphs or cords Basidiomycota (except rusts) small to very large (> sq mile) Rhizomorphs and cords common

Rust fungi (also Basidiomycota) small always localized in a single host - But single genotypes can be dispersed long distances by mitotic spores; Rhizomorphs and cords absent

Ascomycota

Oomycota

small to moderate localized in a single host or unit resource (like a log). Rhizomorphs and cords present in some species

basically small, but can cause large root disease centers probably by locally dispersed spores rather than mycelial growth, Rhizomorphs and cords absent

Importance in wood decay and ectomycomycorrhizal (EM) symbiosis Basidiomycota (except rusts) Causal agent for most decay

Rust fungi (also Basidiomycota) None

Ascomycota

Oomycota

few important decays Hypoxylon and Xylaria are the main exceptions

Most EM fungi are basidiomycetes

None

Some important EM fungi (e.g. truffles)

Phytophthora cinnamomi apparently decays small to moderate roots, but otherwise this behavior is rare. None

Importance in various types of diseases Basidiomycota (except rusts) Most root diseases, virtually all that involve decay are basidiomycetes

Rust fungi (also Basidiomycota) None

Ascomycota

Oomycota

A few important root diseases (e.g. Blackstain), these usually behave as wilts and do not cause decay.

Foliage diseases

almost none

very common

Commmon - all needle cast and needle blights

Canker diseases

some canker rots

many important cankers of pines

Most cankers diseases

insect vectoring

rare, but occurs with someare vectored by bark beetles (e.g. Peniophora, and Western and Southern pine beetles) or wood wasps (e.g. Amylostereum)

Used for genetic exchange by most rusts (i.e., the spermatial stage)

Most of the fungi vectored by bark beetles and ambrosial beetles are members of the Ascomycota (e.g. blues stains, black stain), ambrosia fungi)

Phytophthora cinnamomi and others cause serious root diseases; Phythium species cause damping off and many cryptic sublethal root disease. Many in tropical setting, Phytophthora ramorum is a temperate example Phytophthora ramorum and others can cause cankers none

Root diseases

Nematode trapping fungi Trap types

adhesive net traps

Constricting ring traps

Non-constricting ring traps

Rotifer trapping From Barron and Szijarto 1991

Stylopage anomala trapping amoebae

Photos from George Barron.

Bacteriophagy from Barron 1988 Can. J. Bot.