Introduction to CMMI Process Areas: Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR)
Chien-Tsun Chen
[email protected] Dec. 14 2005 1
References 1.
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CMMI for Systems Engineering/Software Engineering/Integrated Product and Process Development Version 1.1, Carnegie Mellon, Software Engineering Institute, 2002. Bill Phifer, DAR Basics: Applying Decision Analysis and Resolution in the Real World, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/presentations/sepg04.presentations/dar.pdf, 2004. Bill Phifer, DAR to be More Effective: Applying Decision Analysis and Resolution with Good Sense, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/adoption/pdf/phifer.pdf, 2005. Decision Making Techniques: How to make better decisions, http://www.mindtools.com/pages/-main/newMN_TED.htm. Nick McGinness, Decision Analysis and Resolution, https://opal.msoe.edu/sdl/resources/CMMI20032004/McGinnessCMMI.pdf, 2004. D. H. Stamatis, Six Sigma and Beyond: Foundations of Excellent Performance, CRC Press, 2001. 2
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This presentation introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents some examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR
Examples
Lessons Learned 3
This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents some examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR
Examples
Lessons Learned 4
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Software development involves different kinds of activities that take place in different phases
We can say that software is the consequence of decision making (do the right thing) and activities performing (do the thing right).
DAR provides a formal evaluation process to avoid making wrong decisions 5
Some dumb decisions we may make… Used wrong software architecture Chose wrong project life cycle Bought the wrong COTS components Selected wrong programming language Hired wrong supplier Tested too late
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Issues that have multiple alternatives and evaluation criteria lend themselves to DAR Business Decisions:
Personnel Requirements prioritization Supplier selection Any business problem
Technical Decisions:
Life cycles Platforms Architectures Programming languages Technical solutions Any technical problem
Different people make different kinds of decisions 7
This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR
Examples
Lessons Learned 8
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Where we are Organizational Process Definition, OPD (3)
Project Planning, PP (2)
Requirements Management, REQM (2)
Configuration Management, CM (2)
Organizational Process Focus, OPF (3)
Project Monitoring and Control, PMC (2)
Requirements Development, RD (3)
Process and Product Quality Assurance, PPQA (2)
Organizational Training, OT (3)
Supplier Agreement Management, SAM (2)
Technical Solution, TS (3)
Measurement and Analysis, MA (2)
Organizational Process Performance, OPP (4)
Integrated Project Management for IIPD, IPM (3)
Product Integration, PI (3)
Decision Analysis and Resolution, DAR (3)
Organizational Innovation and Development, OID (5)
Risk Management, RSKM (3)
Verification, VER (3)
Organizational Environment for Integration, OEI (3)
Integrated Teaming, IT (3)
Validation, VAL (3)
Causal Analysis and Resolution, CAR (5)
Engineering
Support
Integrated Supplier Management, ISM (3) Quantitative Project Management, QPM (4)
Process Management
Project Management
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Context diagram of DAR: from issues to solutions through formal evaluation processes
Issues from other Issues PAs
Formal Evaluation Process
Recommended Solution
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Contexts of DAR- A static view (1/2)
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Contexts of DAR- A static view (2/3)
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Contexts of DAR- A static view (3/3)
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The relationship among PAs makes applying CMMI more difficult
A simplify model of CMMI
We need a dynamic representation of CMMI 14
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A dynamic model of applying DAR- using the UML activity diagram
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Dependence between DAR and other PAs Evaluate Alternatives
Selected Issues
RSKM Process Management Process Areas
TS Engineering Process Areas
Evaluation Criteria
DAR
Recommended Solution
IPM
PP
Project Management Process Areas
Supporting Process Areas
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Generic Practices and DAR
GPs with special significance
GP2.1:
Establish an organizational policy
GP2.2: Plan the process
GP2.3: Provide resources
GP2.5: Train people
GP2.6: Manage configurations
GP2.7: Identify and involve relevant stakeholders 17
This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR
Examples
Lessons Learned 18
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DAR Examples in Contexts
SP 1.1
SP 1.4
SP 1.3
SP 1.2
SP 1.6
SP 1.5
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This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR
Examples
Lessons Learned 20
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Lessons Learned [2]: make quality decisions rather than formal (superficial) decisions
People are generally impatient in decision making Using a formal decision making process is not a natural act Make sure you have criteria in place for when to invoke DAR Implementing is easy- but institutionalizing takes time 21
DAR supports other PAs by providing quality decision making through a formal evaluation process Evaluate Alternatives
Evaluation Criteria
DAR
Issues from other PAs
No
Selected Issues
RSKM Process Management Process Areas
Yes
Applying DAR?
Recommended Solution
IPM
SP 1.3 Identify Alternative Solutions
PM
Supporting Process Areas
SP 1.2 Establish Evaluation Criteria
SP 1.4 Select Evaluation Methods
Project Management Process Areas
TS Engineering Process Areas
SP 1.1 Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis
SP 1.5 Evaluate Alternatives
SP 1.6 Select Solutions
Question?
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Linked Slides
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SP 1.1: Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis Definition: Establish and maintain guidelines to determine which issues are subject to a formal evaluation process
Typical guidelines:
Risk Driven 80/20 Rule ROI (Decision Impact vs. DAR’s Costs )
Change Impact Analysis
Work products Schedule delays Project objectives 24
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SP 1.2: Establish Evaluation Criteria Definition: Establish and maintain the criteria for evaluating alternatives, and the relative ranking of these criteria
Typical guidelines:
Technology limitations Environmental impact Risks Life-cycle costs
Reuse evaluation criteria from other PAs whenever it is possible
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SP 1.3: Identify Alternative Solutions Definition: Identify alternative solutions to address issues.
Typical methods:
Brainstorming Interviews Working groups Literature search 26
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SP 1.4: Select Evaluation Method Definition: Select the evaluation methods.
Typical methods:
Simulations Engineering studies Manufacturing studies Cost studies Business opportunity studies
Survey Extrapolations based on field experience and prototypes User review and comment Testing 27
SP 1.5: Evaluate Alternatives Definition: Evaluate alternative solutions using the established criteria and methods.
Significance subpractices:
Perform simulations, modeling, prototypes & pilots as necessary to exercise the evaluation criteria, methods, and alternative solutions
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SP 1.6: Select Solutions Definition: Select solutions from the alternatives based on the evaluation criteria.
Significance subpractices:
Assess the risks associated with implementing the recommended solution Document the results and rational
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Applying Grid Analysis when a number of good alternatives and many factors are available Example: Choose a project lifecycle Alt e
Fa cto r na rs tiv es
Which to be chosen? 30
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We should further consider the project attributes and apply Risk Analysis to determine the final solution Alt e
Fa cto r na rs tiv es
Project attributes:
Middle size
Risk:
Requirements changes (high)
The winner is UP 31
When a course of action has been selected, PMI is a technique to check that it is worth taking Example: Should we take UP?
16 – 5 + 5 = 16
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Value Result
Basic decision making approaches [3,6]
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Reuse evaluation criteria from Supplier Agreement Management, SP 1.2- Select Suppliers
Geographical location of the supplier Supplier’s performance records on similar work Engineering capabilities Staff and facilities available to perform the work Prior experience in similar applications
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Brainstorming is a group approach to creative thinking
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Decision Analysis and Resolution Guidelines Template [5]
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Decision Analysis and Resolution Log Template [5]
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