Introduction to CMMI Process Areas: Decision Analysis and

1 1 Chien-Tsun Chen [email protected] Dec. 14 2005 Introduction to CMMI Process Areas: Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) 2 References 1. CMMI ...

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Introduction to CMMI Process Areas: Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR)

Chien-Tsun Chen [email protected] Dec. 14 2005 1

References 1.

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CMMI for Systems Engineering/Software Engineering/Integrated Product and Process Development Version 1.1, Carnegie Mellon, Software Engineering Institute, 2002. Bill Phifer, DAR Basics: Applying Decision Analysis and Resolution in the Real World, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/presentations/sepg04.presentations/dar.pdf, 2004. Bill Phifer, DAR to be More Effective: Applying Decision Analysis and Resolution with Good Sense, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/adoption/pdf/phifer.pdf, 2005. Decision Making Techniques: How to make better decisions, http://www.mindtools.com/pages/-main/newMN_TED.htm. Nick McGinness, Decision Analysis and Resolution, https://opal.msoe.edu/sdl/resources/CMMI20032004/McGinnessCMMI.pdf, 2004. D. H. Stamatis, Six Sigma and Beyond: Foundations of Excellent Performance, CRC Press, 2001. 2

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This presentation introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents some examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR

Examples

Lessons Learned 3

This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents some examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR

Examples

Lessons Learned 4

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Software development involves different kinds of activities that take place in different phases

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We can say that software is the consequence of decision making (do the right thing) and activities performing (do the thing right).

DAR provides a formal evaluation process to avoid making wrong decisions 5

Some dumb decisions we may make… Used wrong software architecture „ Chose wrong project life cycle „ Bought the wrong COTS components „ Selected wrong programming language „ Hired wrong supplier „ Tested too late „

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Issues that have multiple alternatives and evaluation criteria lend themselves to DAR Business Decisions: „ „ „ „

Personnel Requirements prioritization Supplier selection Any business problem

Technical Decisions: „ „ „ „ „ „

Life cycles Platforms Architectures Programming languages Technical solutions Any technical problem

Different people make different kinds of decisions 7

This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR

Examples

Lessons Learned 8

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Where we are Organizational Process Definition, OPD (3)

Project Planning, PP (2)

Requirements Management, REQM (2)

Configuration Management, CM (2)

Organizational Process Focus, OPF (3)

Project Monitoring and Control, PMC (2)

Requirements Development, RD (3)

Process and Product Quality Assurance, PPQA (2)

Organizational Training, OT (3)

Supplier Agreement Management, SAM (2)

Technical Solution, TS (3)

Measurement and Analysis, MA (2)

Organizational Process Performance, OPP (4)

Integrated Project Management for IIPD, IPM (3)

Product Integration, PI (3)

Decision Analysis and Resolution, DAR (3)

Organizational Innovation and Development, OID (5)

Risk Management, RSKM (3)

Verification, VER (3)

Organizational Environment for Integration, OEI (3)

Integrated Teaming, IT (3)

Validation, VAL (3)

Causal Analysis and Resolution, CAR (5)

Engineering

Support

Integrated Supplier Management, ISM (3) Quantitative Project Management, QPM (4)

Process Management

Project Management

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Context diagram of DAR: from issues to solutions through formal evaluation processes

Issues from other Issues PAs

Formal Evaluation Process

Recommended Solution

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Contexts of DAR- A static view (1/2)

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Contexts of DAR- A static view (2/3)

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Contexts of DAR- A static view (3/3)

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The relationship among PAs makes applying CMMI more difficult

A simplify model of CMMI

We need a dynamic representation of CMMI 14

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A dynamic model of applying DAR- using the UML activity diagram

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Dependence between DAR and other PAs Evaluate Alternatives

Selected Issues

RSKM Process Management Process Areas

TS Engineering Process Areas

Evaluation Criteria

DAR

Recommended Solution

IPM

PP

Project Management Process Areas

Supporting Process Areas

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Generic Practices and DAR „

GPs with special significance … GP2.1:

Establish an organizational policy … GP2.2: Plan the process … GP2.3: Provide resources … GP2.5: Train people … GP2.6: Manage configurations … GP2.7: Identify and involve relevant stakeholders 17

This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR

Examples

Lessons Learned 18

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DAR Examples in Contexts

SP 1.1

SP 1.4

SP 1.3

SP 1.2

SP 1.6

SP 1.5

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This talk introduces Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process area and presents examples Why do we need DAR Contents of DAR

Examples

Lessons Learned 20

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Lessons Learned [2]: make quality decisions rather than formal (superficial) decisions „ „ „ „

People are generally impatient in decision making Using a formal decision making process is not a natural act Make sure you have criteria in place for when to invoke DAR Implementing is easy- but institutionalizing takes time 21

DAR supports other PAs by providing quality decision making through a formal evaluation process Evaluate Alternatives

Evaluation Criteria

DAR

Issues from other PAs

No

Selected Issues

RSKM Process Management Process Areas

Yes

Applying DAR?

Recommended Solution

IPM

SP 1.3 Identify Alternative Solutions

PM

Supporting Process Areas

SP 1.2 Establish Evaluation Criteria

SP 1.4 Select Evaluation Methods

Project Management Process Areas

TS Engineering Process Areas

SP 1.1 Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis

SP 1.5 Evaluate Alternatives

SP 1.6 Select Solutions

Question?

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Linked Slides

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SP 1.1: Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis Definition: Establish and maintain guidelines to determine which issues are subject to a formal evaluation process

Typical guidelines: „ „ „

Risk Driven 80/20 Rule ROI (Decision Impact vs. DAR’s Costs )

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Change Impact Analysis … … …

Work products Schedule delays Project objectives 24

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SP 1.2: Establish Evaluation Criteria Definition: Establish and maintain the criteria for evaluating alternatives, and the relative ranking of these criteria

Typical guidelines: „ „ „ „

Technology limitations Environmental impact Risks Life-cycle costs

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Reuse evaluation criteria from other PAs whenever it is possible

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SP 1.3: Identify Alternative Solutions Definition: Identify alternative solutions to address issues.

Typical methods: „ „ „ „

Brainstorming Interviews Working groups Literature search 26

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SP 1.4: Select Evaluation Method Definition: Select the evaluation methods.

Typical methods: „ „ „ „ „

Simulations Engineering studies Manufacturing studies Cost studies Business opportunity studies

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Survey Extrapolations based on field experience and prototypes User review and comment Testing 27

SP 1.5: Evaluate Alternatives Definition: Evaluate alternative solutions using the established criteria and methods.

Significance subpractices: „

Perform simulations, modeling, prototypes & pilots as necessary to exercise the evaluation criteria, methods, and alternative solutions

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SP 1.6: Select Solutions Definition: Select solutions from the alternatives based on the evaluation criteria.

Significance subpractices: „ „

Assess the risks associated with implementing the recommended solution Document the results and rational

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Applying Grid Analysis when a number of good alternatives and many factors are available Example: Choose a project lifecycle Alt e

Fa cto r na rs tiv es

Which to be chosen? 30

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We should further consider the project attributes and apply Risk Analysis to determine the final solution Alt e

Fa cto r na rs tiv es

Project attributes: „

Middle size

Risk: „

Requirements changes (high)

The winner is UP 31

When a course of action has been selected, PMI is a technique to check that it is worth taking Example: Should we take UP?

16 – 5 + 5 = 16

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Value Result

Basic decision making approaches [3,6]

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Reuse evaluation criteria from Supplier Agreement Management, SP 1.2- Select Suppliers „ „ „ „ „

Geographical location of the supplier Supplier’s performance records on similar work Engineering capabilities Staff and facilities available to perform the work Prior experience in similar applications

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Brainstorming is a group approach to creative thinking

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Decision Analysis and Resolution Guidelines Template [5]

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Decision Analysis and Resolution Log Template [5]

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