Irregular Nouns Singular Plural Stage

Irregular Nouns Singular Glass Box Bush Watch Switch

Glasses Boxes Bushes Watches Switches

Woman Man Child Ox

Women Men Children Oxen

Foot Tooth Goose

Feet Teeth Geese

Mouse Louse Die*

Mice Lice Dice

Potato Tomato Hero Echo Volcano Veto Torpedo

Potatoes Tomatoes Heroes Echoes Volcanoes Vetoes Torpedoes

Stage -s/-z/-x/-sh/-ch: add -es ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Variations on add -en ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 -oo to -ee ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 -ouse to -ice ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5

Some –o: add –es ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 -oo: add –s  Zoos ELL II/Grades 1-2 Kangaroos ELL III/Grades 3-5 Tattoos ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Consonant + y: -y to –i and add –es  ELL II/Grades 1-2 Babies ELL II/Grades 1-2 Pennies ELL III/Grades 3-5 Spies ELL III/Grades 3-5 Poppies

Zoo Kangaroo Tattoo Baby Penny Spy Poppy  

Plural

 

Life Wolf Shelf Wife Calf Half Dwarf Knife Thief Scarf Loaf Hoof Leaf Elf Self

Lives Wolves Shelves Wives Calves Halves Dwarves Knives Thieves Scarves Loaves Hooves Leaves Elves Selves

Cactus Fungus Octopus Focus Stimulus Alumnus Nucleus Syllabus

Cacti Fungi Octopi Foci Stimuli Alumni Nuclei Syllabi

Oasis Crisis Basis Synopsis Synthesis Parenthesis Ellipsis Thesis Axis Analysis Diagnosis Hypothesis

Oases Crises Bases Synopses Syntheses Parentheses Ellipses Theses Axes Analyses Diagnoses Hypotheses

Phenomenon Criterion

Phenomena Criteria

Bacterium Medium Memorandum Datum Curriculum Addendum

Bacteria Media Memoranda Data Curricula Addenda

-f/-fe: -f to –v and add –es ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 -us to –i ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 -is to –es  ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 -on to –a ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL V/Grades 9-12 -um to –a ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12

Larva Antenna Formula Alga Vertebra

Larvae Antennae Formulae Algae Vertebrae

Sheep Deer Fish Moose Trout Cod Offspring Series Species

Sheep Deer Fish Moose Trout Cod Offspring Series Species Glasses Shorts Scissors Pants Jeans Tweezers Binoculars

   

 

-a: add –e ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL V/Grades 9-12 ELL V/Grades 9-12 No change  ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Nouns that have no singular ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Irregular Verbs Present

Past

Stage

Past Participle

Stage

Key irregular verbs for forming tenses Be (ELL I/ Kindergarten Have Go Do

 

Was

ELL II/Grades 1-2

Been

Had Went Did

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2

Had Gone Done

Run Come

Ran Came

Write Ride Get

Wrote Rode Got

Hide Bite

Hid Bit

Tear Wear Swear

Tore Wore Swore

Eat Give See Take Fall Shake Choose Freeze Drive Rise

Ate Gave Saw Took Fell Shook Chose Froze Drove Rose

Know Grow Throw Fly Blow Draw

Knew Grew Threw Flew Blew Drew

Feed Meet Shoot Lead Slide Plead Bleed

Fed Met Shot Led Slid Pled Bled  

ELL III/Grades 3-5

ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 “a” vowel progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Run ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Come ELL III/Grades 3-5 “o – en” progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Written ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Ridden ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Gotten/got ELL III/Grades 3-5 Long vowel to short vowel to –en progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Hidden ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Bitten ELL III/Grades 3-5 “ear – ore – orn” progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Torn ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Worn ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Sworn ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “-en/n” progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Eaten ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Given ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Seen ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Taken ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Fallen ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Shaken ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Chosen ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Frozen ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Driven ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Risen ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “ew – own” progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Known ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Grown ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Thrown ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Flown ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL II/Grades 1-2 Blown ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Drawn ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Long vowel to short vowel progression ELL II/Grades 1-2 Fed ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Met ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Shot ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Led ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Slid ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL III/Grades 3-5 Pled ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Bled ELL IV/Grades 6-8

 

Say Pay Lay Lie Slay

Said Paid Laid Lay Slew

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Sit Sell Hold Stick Dig Spin Shine Win

Sat Sold Held Stuck Dug Spun Shone Won

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5

Stand

Stood

ELL III/Grades 3-5

Sing Begin Swim Ring Spring Shrink Sink Drink

Sang Began Swam Rang Sprang Shrank Sank Drank

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5

Feel Keep Sweep Sleep Lose Built Lend Spend Mean Send Bend Kneel Creep Burn Leap Deal Leave Weep

Felt Kept Swept Slept Lost Built Lent Spent Meant Sent Bent Knelt Crept Burnt/burned Leapt Dealt Left Wept

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Hear Make Tell Sell

Heard Made Told Sold  

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5

“ai” vowel progression Said ELL III/Grades 3-5 Paid ELL III/Grades 3-5 Laid ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Lain ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Slain ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Single vowel progression Sat ELL III/Grades 3-5 Sold ELL III/Grades 3-5 Held ELL III/Grades 3-5 Stuck ELL III/Grades 3-5 Dug ELL III/Grades 3-5 Spun ELL III/Grades 3-5 Shone ELL III/Grades 3-5 Won ELL III/Grades 3-5 “oo” vowel progression Stood ELL III/Grades 3-5 “i – a – u” vowel progression Sung ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Begun ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Swum ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Rung ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Sprung ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Shrunk ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Sunk ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Drunk ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “t” consonant progression Felt ELL III/Grades 3-5 Kept ELL III/Grades 3-5 Swept ELL III/Grades 3-5 Slept ELL III/Grades 3-5 Lost ELL III/Grades 3-5 Built ELL III/Grades 3-5 Lent ELL III/Grades 3-5 Spent ELL III/Grades 3-5 Meant ELL III/Grades 3-5 Sent ELL III/Grades 3-5 Bent ELL III/Grades 3-5 Knelt ELL III/Grades 3-5 Crept ELL III/Grades 3-5 Burnt/burned ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Leapt ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Dealt ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Left ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Wept ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “d” consonant progression Heard ELL III/Grades 3-5 Made ELL III/Grades 3-5 Told ELL III/Grades 3-5 Sold ELL III/Grades 3-5

Teach Catch Bring Buy Fight Think Seek

Taught Caught Brought Bought Fought Thought Sought

ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Find Bind Grind Wind

Found Bound Ground Wound

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Speak Break Awake Steal

Spoke Broke Awoke Stole

ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5

Dream Prove Mow Tread

Dreamed Proved Mowed Trod

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5

Cut Shut Put Hit

ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2 ELL II/Grades 1-2

Bet Burst Cost Beat Cast Spread Knit Thrust Slit Wed

Cut Shut Put Hit Read (pronounced “red”) Bet Burst Cost Beat Cast Spread Knit Thrust Slit Wed

ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Hang Cling Sting Sling Wring Swing

Hung Clung Stung Slung Wrung Swung

ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL III/Grades 3-5 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8 ELL IV/Grades 6-8

Read

 

ELL II/Grades 1-2

“au/ou-ght” vowel progression Taught ELL III/Grades 3-5 Caught ELL III/Grades 3-5 Brought ELL III/Grades 3-5 Bought ELL III/Grades 3-5 Fought ELL III/Grades 3-5 Thought ELL III/Grades 3-5 Sought ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “ou” vowel progression Found ELL III/Grades 3-5 Bound ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Ground ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Wound ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “oke/ole – en” progression Spoken ELL III/Grades 3-5 Broken ELL III/Grades 3-5 Awoken ELL III/Grades 3-5 Stolen ELL III/Grades 3-5 “mixed” progression Dreamt ELL III/Grades 3-5 Proven ELL III/Grades 3-5 Mowed ELL III/Grades 3-5 Trodden ELL III/Grades 3-5 “no change” progression Cut ELL III/Grades 3-5 Shut ELL III/Grades 3-5 Put ELL III/Grades 3-5 Hit ELL III/Grades 3-5 Read (pronounced ELL III/Grades 3-5 “red”) Bet ELL III/Grades 3-5 Burst ELL III/Grades 3-5 Cost ELL III/Grades 3-5 Beat ELL III/Grades 3-5 Cast ELL III/Grades 3-5 Spread ELL III/Grades 3-5 Knit ELL III/Grades 3-5 Thrust ELL III/Grades 3-5 Slit ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Wed ELL IV/Grades 6-8 “u” progression Hung ELL III/Grades 3-5 Clung ELL III/Grades 3-5 Stung ELL III/Grades 3-5 Slung ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Wrung ELL IV/Grades 6-8 Swung ELL IV/Grades 6-8