ABSTRAK EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MENCIT SWISS WEBSTER JANTAN
Felicia Kusuma, 2015 Pembimbing 1: Fenny, dr., SpPK, M. Kes. Pembimbing 2: Wenny Waty, dr., MPd. Ked.
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin, atau keduanya. Daun afrika mengandung sesquiterpene lactones yang bertanggungjawab untuk produksi, stimulasi, dan pelepasan insulin dari sel β pulau-pulau pankreas, sehingga dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun afrika terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah mencit Swiss Webster jantan. Metode Penelitian: Menggunakan pola eksperimental laboratorik sungguhan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Subjek penelitian adalah mencit Swiss Webster jantan sebanyak 25 ekor yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok, yaitu: kelompok perlakuan dengan ekstrak etanol daun afrika dosis 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, kontrol positif dengan metformin, dan kontrol negatif dengan CMC 1%. Data yang diukur adalah penurunan glukosa darah setelah perlakuan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan one way ANOVA dan uji LSD dengan α=0,05. Hasil: Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun afrika dengan dosis 100mg/kgBB, 200mg/kgBB, 400mg/kgBB menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Dosis 200mg/kgBB dan 400mg/kgBB menurunkan secara bermakna (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif dan tidak ada perbedaan dengan kontrol positif. Simpulan: Ekstrak etanol daun afrika menurunkan kadar glukosa darah mencit Swiss Webster jantan. Kata kunci: daun afrika, glukosa darah, glukosa
iv
ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF AFRICAN LEAF’S ETHANOL EXTRACT (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) TOWARDS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF ADULT MALE SWISS WEBSTER MICE Felicia Kusuma, 2015 1st Tutor : Fenny, dr., SpPK, M. Kes. 2nd Tutor : Wenny Waty, dr., MPd. Ked. Background : Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disease with a characteristic of hyperglicemia that occurs due to insulin secretion disorder, insulin effect disorder, or both. African leaf contains sesquiterpene lactones that is responsible for production, stimulation and releasement of insulin from β-cell of the pancreatic islets, therefore can reduces blood glucose level. Aim : the aim of this research was to determine the effect of african leaf’s ethanol extract in reducing blood glucose level in male Swiss Webster mice. Method : this research was a true laboratory experimental,using a completerandomized design. The subjects were 25 Swiss Webster mice, divided into 5 groups, which are given 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB of african leaf’s ethanol extract, with metformin as a positive control, and CMC 1% as a negative control. Blood glucose level reduction was measured after the treatment. Data was analyzed by using one way ANOVA and LSD test with α = 0,05. Result : the giving of 100mg/kgBB, 200mg/kgBB, 400mg/kgBB of african leaf’s ethanol extract reduced blood glucose level but the dose of 200mg/kgBB and 400mg/kgBB reduced blood glucose level significantly with p<0,05 compared to the negative control and had shown no difference with the positive control. Conclusion : african leaf’s ethanol extract reduced blood glucose level of male Swiss Webster mice. Keywords : african leaf, blood glucose, glucose
v
DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL .................................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................. ii SURAT PERNYATAAN .................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ v KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................xii DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................... 2 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................ 2 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian.................................................. 2 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................ 2 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ................................................................................. 3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Anatomi Pankreas .............................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Struktur .................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Hubungan dengan Organ Lain ................................................................. 6 2.1.3 Hubungan dengan Peritoneum ................................................................. 6 2.1.4 Ductus Pancreaticus ................................................................................. 6 2.1.5 Pembuluh Darah ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.6 Sistem Getah Bening Pankreas ................................................................ 8 2.1.7 Persarafan................................................................................................. 8
viii
2.2 Histologi Pankreas ............................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Insula Pancreatica .................................................................................... 9 2.3 Fisiologi Pankreas ............................................................................................ 10 2.4 Glukosa Darah ................................................................................................. 11 2.4.1 Pengaturan Kadar Glukosa Darah .......................................................... 11 2.4.2 Transport Glukosa.................................................................................. 12 2.5 Insulin .............................................................................................................. 13 2.6 Glukagon .......................................................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Efek pada Karbohidrat ........................................................................... 15 2.6.2 Efek pada Lemak ................................................................................... 15 2.6.3 Efek pada Protein ................................................................................... 16 2.7 Hiperglikemia .................................................................................................. 16 2.8 Diabetes Melitus .............................................................................................. 17 2.8.1 Definisi................................................................................................... 17 2.8.2 Klasifikasi dan Etiologi ......................................................................... 18 2.8.3 Patogenesis............................................................................................. 18 2.8.3.1 Gangguan Sekresi Insulin pada Sel Beta ................................... 18 2.8.3.2 Resistensi Insulin dan Obesitas ................................................. 20 2.8.4 Manifestasi Klinik.................................................................................. 22 2.8.5 Diagnosis ............................................................................................... 24 2.8.6 Komplikasi ............................................................................................. 25 2.8.7 Penatalaksanaan ..................................................................................... 28 2.8.8 Kriteria Pengendalian Diabetes Melitus ................................................ 30 2.9 Daun Afrika ..................................................................................................... 32 2.9.1 Taksonomi Daun Afrika ........................................................................ 33 2.9.2 Karakteristik Fisik Daun Afrika ............................................................ 34 2.9.3 Kandungan dan Manfaat Gizi Daun Afrika ........................................... 34 2.10 Metformin ...................................................................................................... 35 2.11 Aloksan .......................................................................................................... 35
ix
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Bahan, Alat dan Subjek Penelitian ................................................................. 37 3.1.1 Bahan Penelitian .................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Alat Penelitian........................................................................................ 37 3.1.3 Subjek Penelitian ................................................................................... 38 3.1.4 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................................. 38 3.2 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................. 38 3.2.3 Perhitungan Besar Sampel Penelitian .................................................... 39 3.3 Prosedur Kerja ................................................................................................ 40 3.3.1 Persiapan Hewan Coba .......................................................................... 40 3.3.2 Prosedur Pembuatan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika ................................ 40 3.3.3 Pelaksanaan Penelitian ........................................................................... 40 3.3.4 Alur Penelitian ....................................................................................... 42 3.3.5 Prosedur Pengambilan dan Pengolahan Sampel Darah ......................... 43 3.3.6 Prosedur Pemeriksaan Kadar Glukosa Darah ........................................ 43 3.4 Metode Analisis Data...................................................................................... 43 3.4.1 Hipotesis Statistik .................................................................................. 43 3.4.2 Kriteria Uji ............................................................................................. 44 3.5 Aspek Etik Penelitian...................................................................................... 44
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................................ 45 4.2 Pembahasan...................................................................................................... 48 4.3 Uji Hipotesis .................................................................................................... 49
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan .......................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Saran ................................................................................................................ 50
x
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 51 LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................................... 54 ETHIC APPROVAL ............................................................................................. 60 RIWAYAT HIDUP .............................................................................................. 61
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Klasifikasi dan Etiologi DM ............................................................................ 18 2.2 Kriteria Diagnosis DM ..................................................................................... 25 2.3 Kriteria Pengendalian DM ............................................................................... 31 4.1 Kadar glukosa darah puasa setelah diberi aloksan (mg/dL) ............................ 45 4.2 Rerata glukosa darah setelah perlakuan (mg/dL) ............................................. 46 4.3 Hasil analisis statistik dengan uji LSD ............................................................ 46
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Anatomi pankreas .............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Ductus pancreaticus........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Pembuluh darah ................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Histologi pankreas ............................................................................................. 9 2.5 Daun Afrika ..................................................................................................... 33
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Perhitungan Dosis ............................................................................... 54 Lampiran 2 ANOVA ............................................................................................... 55 Lampiran 3 Dokumentasi Penelitian ...................................................................... 57 Lampiran 4 Determinasi Tanaman Daun Afrika ................................................... 59
xiv
