Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis (Laboratory Manual)
Dr. Sharad Gokhale
[email protected]
Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati – 781039, Assam, India Date: May 2009
This laboratory manual is useful to environmental engineers, scientists, undergraduate and graduate students, chemists and environmental field engineers. The manual has been prepared as per the US EPA and IS standards.
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Sponsored by: Curriculum Development Cell, 2008-09 IIT Guwahati
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Survey for preliminary information: During ambient air pollutants sampling, it is also necessary to collect information on qualitative and quantitative data on the local sources of air pollution, topography, population distribution, land use pattern, climatology, etc, depending upon the objectives of the survey or measurement campaign. For example, an area map to locate pollution sources and monitoring locations, sources of pollution situated at far distances, etc. and other relevant data that describe the behaviour of atmosphere for a specific pollutant to be sampled may also be required. What it includes: a) Selection of sampling procedures including procedures of analysis of samples b) Sampling locations c) Period of sampling, frequency of sampling and duration d) Auxiliary measurements (including meteorological parameters) e) Processing of data Selection of sampling procedure: There are two types of sampling – continuous and time averaged in –situ samplings. Continuous sampling is carried out by automatic sensors, optical or electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods which produce continuous records of concentration values. The specific time-averaged concentration data can then be obtained from continuous records. Time-averaged data can also be obtained by sampling for a short time – i.e. by sampling a known volume of air for the required averaging time. Samples are then analyzed by established physical, chemical, and biological methods for the concentration values which are the effective average over the period of sampling.
1|Page
Sampling locations: Sampling locations are in general governed by factors like objectives, method of sampling and resources available. If the objective is to study health hazards and material damages, then locations should be kept close to the objects where the effects are being studied and should be kept at breathing level in the population centres, hospitals, schools, etc. For vegetation, it should be at foliage level. For background concentration, sampling location should be away from the sources of pollution. It can also be done by gridding the entire area to get statistically recommended values. The number of locations however depends upon the variability of concentration over the area under survey. A spot checking may be done to decide the location besides considering practical factors. Period of sampling, frequency and duration: Period, frequency and duration of sampling should be appropriate to the objectives of the study. It should be such that the measurable quantities are trapped in the sample at the end of the sampling. It is preferable to observe sampling period consistent with the averaging times for which air quality standards of the given pollutants are specified. Network design of monitoring: Please refer IS 5182 (Part -14): 2000
2|Page
The pollutants for which sampling and analytical techniques discussed are SO2, NOx, O3, NMHC, CO, BTX, SPM, and RSPM. In addition, methods for meteorological parameters such as wind speed, direction, temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity are also discussed along with wind rose plotting methods. The rationale for selecting these pollutants in this manual is that they are ubiquitous in urban air, widely recognized as posing a potential risk to population health and they are commonly regulated at national and international level.
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Pollutants
+ ,
0
(
Time-weighted
Concentration in ambient air
average
Industrial
Residential,
Areas
Rural & other
Sensitive Areas
Areas Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2)
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) (size less than 10 microns) Lead (Pb)
Ammonia1
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
*
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
360 µg/m3
140 µg/m3
70 µg/m3
24 hours**
500 µg/m3
200 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
Annual Average*
120 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
24 hours**
150 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
1.0 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
0.50 µg/m3
24 hours**
1.5 µg/m3
1.00 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/m3
24 hours**
0.4 mg/ m3
0.4 mg/m3
0.4 mg/m3
8 hours**
5.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
1.0 mg/ m3
1 hour
10.0 mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it
**
may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE: National Ambient Air Quality Standard: The levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations. The standards for H2S and CS2 have been notified separately vide GSR No. 7, dated December 22, 1998 under Rayon Industry - for details please see Sl. No. 65 of this document. [S.O. 384(E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, dated April 11, 1994 ] [EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), April 02, 1996] 1. Included vide Notification SO. 955 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated October 14, 1998)
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1 Nm3 of any gas (measured at 0 °C and 1 atm. pressure) equals 37.326 scf of that gas (measured at 60 °F and 1 atm. pressure) ... and thus 1 Nm3 per hour of any gas equals 0.622 scf per minute of that gas. 1 kg-mol of any ideal gas equals 22.414 Nm3 of that gas ... and 1 lb-mol of any ideal gas equals 379.482 scf of that gas.
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