CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
Quebec Falls In 1757, Britain had a new secretary of state, William Pitt, who was determined to win the war in the colonies. Pitt sent the best generals to America and borrowed money to pay colonial troops. The British controlled six French forts by August 1759, including Fort Duquesne (rebuilt as Fort Pitt). In late summer, the British moved to attack New France at its capital, Quebec. The British lay siege to Quebec, which sits on cliffs 300 feet above the St. Lawrence River. In September, a scout found a steep path up the cliffs to the plains near Quebec. Under cover of darkness, British general James Wolfe and 4,000 of his men secretly climbed the cliffs. When the French awoke, the British were lined up on the plains, ready to attack. In the short, fierce battle that followed, Wolfe was killed. The French commander, Montcalm, died of his wounds the next day. Quebec surrendered to the British. The Battle of Quebec was the turning point of the war. When Montreal fell the next year, all of Canada was in British hands. Britain and France battled in other parts of the world for almost three more years. Spain made a pact in 1761 to aid France, but this help came too late. When the Seven Years’ War ended in 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed. The treaty ended nearly all French control in North America and dramatically expanded Britain’s colonial empire.
Connect to the World
Prewar Boundaries 1754
Postwar Boundaries 1763
DA N A Quebec C ASt. Lawrence
Oh
0
ANSWERS
0
250 250
AN C
Philadelphia
E W S
FLORIDA
500 miles
500 kilometers
80°W
TEXAS
of Tropiccer Ca n
1. Place the Florida border
Connect Geography
2. Evaluate Great Britain
1. Place What was the southern limit of British territory in 1754?
Unit 2 Resource Book • Connect Geography & History, pp. 173–174 • American Literature, pp. 179–182
LOUISIANA ceded by France to Spain, 1763
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
New Orleans
Oh
N
0 0
250 250
io R.
Proclamation Line of 1763
New Orleans 500 miles
500 kilometers
40°N
Philadelphia N E W S
A RID FLO
History
io R.
40°N
ME RIC
Spanish territory Disputed between Great Britain and France
LOUISIANA
DA
OLO N
French territory
Quebec
St. Lawrence CAN A R.
IES
R.
HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY
Mississipp iR .
British territory
TEXAS
Connect Geography
Prewar and Postwar Boundaries
BR ITIS HA
PREWAR BOUNDARIES 1754, POSTWAR BOUNDARIES 1763 Note that only major geographical landmarks, such as the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, were used to establish boundaries. Ask students how accurate maps might have changed the provisions of the treaty. (Possible Answer: France might not have given up so much land to Spain.)
SUMMARIZE Describe the alliances of the French and Indian War.
COMPARING
Mississipp iR .
COMPARING Prewar, Postwar Boundaries
Answer: The Huron sided with the French; the colonists united to support the British. The Iroquois also supported the British
COL ONI ES
The Seven Years’ War The French and Indian War was part of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), a worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain.
ME R IC AN
The Seven Years’ War was the culmination of a century-long struggle for colonial supremacy between Great Britain and France in all parts of the world. It is also known as the first world armed conflict. All the great powers of Europe at the time were involved—France, Austria, Saxony (part of Germany), Sweden, Spain, and Russia fought against Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain. In the end, Great Britain emerged as the world’s strongest empire, while France lost many of its overseas possessions, including claims in North America and India.
ITI SH A
Connect to the World
BR
The Seven Years’ War
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
80°W
of Tropiccer Ca n
History
2. Evaluate Which nation benefited most from the treaty?
146 Chapter 5
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES CONNECT
146 • Chapter 5
to Language Arts
CONNECT
to World Languages
Journal From Quebec
Examine French Culture in Quebec
Ask students to imagine that they lived in Quebec in 1759. Have them write two journal entries about the Battle of Quebec. One should describe the day that the British were unsuccessful in provoking an attack, and Quebec remained secure. The other should describe the day that the British scaled the heights and attacked from the Plains of Abraham.
Although the city of Quebec was lost to the British in 1759, point out that the French culture and language are still prevalent in the region today. In 2001, over 90 percent of the Quebecois population reported that they spoke French as their primary language. A separatist movement was strong there for many decades. Ask students to write a paragraph stating their opinion either for or against Quebec separating from Canada and forming its own country.
CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
To The Essential Question
CONNECT
What traditions, events, and forces helped form an American identity? Education High levels of literacy and education in some regions; children educated to read Bible.
An American Identity Forms
Religion and Ideas Great Awakening unifies colonies and challenges tradition; Enlightenment influences colonial ideas.
The New Colonial World
Colonists share information in the form of newspapers and books.
Politics and Law Great Awakening unifies colonies. Colonists share legal and political traditions that come from England; expect to enjoy the “rights of Englishmen”; Enlightenment writers help spread idea that people can improve or change their government.
Teach
Publishing
Reader, Recorder, Reporter
War French and Indian War unites colonists against common enemy.
• What prompted Native American attacks after the war? (The British did not give them gifts, and settlers moved onto Native American lands.) • What did the British learn from Pontiac’s Rebellion? (that governing their huge new empire would be very difficult) • Causes and Effects How did the Proclamation of 1763 affect the relationship between Britain and the colonies? (Colonists were upset because they thought they had the right to settle in the Ohio River Valley; Britain did not want colonists to cause more conflicts with Native Americans.)
Economy better economic opportunities in the colonies; more chance of owning land
CRITICAL THINKING Evaluate Which factor do you think was the most important in creating an American identity?
The New Colonial World
CONNECT
to the Essential Question
KEY QUESTION How did the French and Indian War change the colonial world?
The French and Indian War not only enlarged British territory, it also changed the way that colonial Americans and Native Americans viewed themselves and their relationship with the British empire.
Pontiac’s Rebellion After French forces withdrew, the British took over their forts. They refused to give gifts to the Native Americans, as the French had. British settlers also moved across the mountains onto Native American land. In the spring and summer of 1763, Native American groups responded by attacking settlers and destroying almost every British fort west of the Appalachians. They then surrounded the three remaining forts. This revolt was called Pontiac’s Rebellion, although the Ottawa war leader Pontiac was only one of many organizers. British settlers reacted with equal viciousness, killing even those Native Americans who had not attacked them. British officers came up with a brutal plan to end the siege by the Lenni Lenape of Fort Pitt. Beginnings of an American Identity 147
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES OBJECTIVE Create a mobile illustrating factors that helped form an American identity.
Basic
On Level
Challenge
Have students create a mobile illustrating at least six factors that helped form an American identity. Students may sculpt objects, create 3-D origami figures, or draw original illustrations to hang on their mobiles. Students should label each hanging object and write a paragraph explaining what each factor means.
Have students create a mobile illustrating at least six factors that helped form an American identity. In addition to the steps taken in the Basic activity students should also write a one-paragraph analysis explaining how each factor affected colonial society.
Have students create a mobile illustrating at least six factors that helped form an American identity. Extend the On Level activity by having students number their hanging objects according to importance and writing one paragraph for each factor, determining which ones had the greatest impact on colonial society.
What traditions, events, and forces helped form an American identity? Ask students what they have learned so far that can help them answer this question. Use the graphic on p. 147 or display the transparency. Unit 2 Transparency Book • Essential Question Graphic, TT15 Point out that most problems, results, and effects listed on the chart are interrelated. For example, high levels of literacy in the colonies led to the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment, as well as to an increase in publishing. Students might mention: • The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment encouraged colonists to question tradition and challenge authority. • The colonies united for the first time to fight against a common enemy in the French and Indian War. CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER Evaluate Possible Answers: war—because it was the first time the colonies united together; politics and law—because people began to realize they could improve or change their government
Teacher’s Edition • 147
CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
PRIMARY SOURCE
“ More About . . .
The officers invited Lenni Lenape war leaders to talk and then gave them smallpox smallpox-infected blankets as gifts. This started a deadly outbreak of the disease among the Native Americans. By the fall, the Native Americans had retreated, and three years later a peace treaty was signed. Pontiac’s Rebellion showed the British how difficult it was going to be to govern their vast new empire. To avoid further conflicts 1763 This with Native Americans, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763. forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Smallpox is a highly contagious disease that was rampant in colonial America. New England residents faced many serious epidemics before 1723. The infected persons were placed under quarantine, where about 30 percent died from the deadly disease. Smallpox killed about 90–95 percent of infected Native Americans, who had never been exposed to the disease before and had no immunity.
Assess & Reteach
Assess Have students complete the Section Assessment. Unit 2 Resource Book • Section Quiz, p. 185 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com Test Generator Reteach Assign students to one of four groups and give each group one part of the section. Have each group work together to create a graphic organizer and fill it in with main ideas and details from their assigned section. Have groups take turns presenting their completed graphic organizers to their classmates.
”
—Major General Jeffrey Amherst, quoted in The Conspiracy of Pontiac
Smallpox
4
Could it not be contrived to send the Small Pox among those disaffected [angry] tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them.
A New Colonial Identity The colonists were angry. They thought they
Answer: The war expanded British territory but created new problems with the Native Americans and with the colonists who were now restricted from settling on Native American lands.
had won the right to settle in the Ohio River valley. In turn, the British government was angry with the colonists, who insisted on settling on Native American lands. The French and Indian War gave the 13 colonies their first taste of unity as they fought a common enemy. This feeling of unity grew as colonists found themselves in another dispute with Britain. With France no longer a threat, colonial leaders grew more confident in their complaints. The stage was set for the final conflict between the colonies and Britain. MAKE INFERENCES Explain how the French and Indian War changed the colonial world. ONLINE QUIZ
3
Section Assessment
For test practice, go to Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com
TERMS & NAMES 1. Explain the importance of • Pontiac’s Rebellion • Battle of Quebec • French and Indian War • Treaty of Paris (1763) • Albany Plan of Union • Proclamation of 1763
KEY IDEAS 3. Why did Native American tribes form alliances with European powers? 4. What factors caused the French and Indian War? 5. Why were American colonists angry about the Proclamation of 1763?
USING YOUR READING NOTES 2. Causes and Effects Complete the diagram you started at the beginning of this section.
CAUSE
CRITICAL THINKING 6. Causes and Effects What were some effects of Pontiac’s Rebellion? Connect to Today Many Native American groups were pulled into war because they were trading with the French or British. How do economic alliances continue to pull nations into war? 8. Art Imagine you are at the meeting in Albany. Create a poster urging colonial unity. 7.
EFFECT Native Americans became involved in conflicts between Europeans.
Unit 2 Resource Book • Reteaching Activity, p. 188 Unit 2 Transparency Book • Cause-and-Effect Chapter Summary, p. TT14 148 Chapter 5
SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS Terms & Names 1. Pontiac’s Rebellion, p. 143; French and Indian War, p. 143; Albany Plan of Union, p. 144; Battle of Quebec, p. 146; Treaty of Paris (1763), p. 146; Proclamation of 1763, p. 148
4. conflicts over control of land and over rights to settlement and trade routes in North America 5. Many had hoped to settle land west of the Appalachians where resources were plentiful.
Using Your Reading Notes 2. Causes—fur trade creates alliances between Europeans and Native Americans; European wars between Britain and France lead to wars in colonies, dragging Native Americans into the conflicts
Critical Thinking 6. Tensions increased between the British and Native Americans; Native Americans were forced off their lands; trade was disrupted. 7. Many nations depend upon trade with other countries for necessary resources, like oil. 8. Posters should present the advantages of colonial unity at the start of the French and Indian War. Use the rubric to score students’ posters.
Key Ideas 3. to retain land in North America and establish trade with the victor of the French and Indian War 148 • Chapter 5
Art Rubric Content and Design
Accuracy
4
shows understanding of historical issues; is clear, lively, and original in appearance
no errors
3
shows understanding of most issues; is clear in appearance
few/minor errors
2
shows some understanding of issues; fairly clear in appearance
several errors
1
shows little understanding of issues; not clear in appearance
many errors
