Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Chapter Objectives FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. 1. Discuss the functions of support, protection, assistance in
Chapter 7 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 2 ... skeletal system 3 Functions of Bone ... 5 Anatomy of a Long Bone
Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal System 3. ... Page 5 of 6 Chapter 22: The Digestive System 12. Describe the composition and functions of saliva,
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ... •Functions of the skeletal system
groups of bones by writing the correct labels at the end of the leader lines,. Then, select two different colors for the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in ... whe
7. Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function For the next two chapters (7 and 9) we will study the skeletal system. Although the major feature of this system is
Chapter 6: Skeletal System 1. What are the functions of the skeletal system? 2. What are the components of the skeletal system? 3. What is the classification of bones
10/15/2015 7 Disorders of the Skeletal System •Arthritis –A group of disorders evidenced by inflammation of a joint, pain and stiffness during movement
5 Page 5 Surface Coverings (Membranes) of Bone: Chapter 6: Skeletal System • Single layer of osteoprogenitor cells; connective tissue
Chapter 6: Skeletal System The Skeleton (“Dried-up Body”): Composed of: 1) Bones (206 named bones) • Axial (skull, vertebral column, bony thorax)
CHAPTER 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ... 2. humerus 7. femur 3. ilium 8. patella 4. ulna 9. tibia 5. sacrum 10. fibula B. Completion 1 ... system Spelled
1 5-1 Chapter 5 The Skeletal System:Bone Tissue • Dynamic and ever-changing throughout life • Skeleton composed of many different tissues – cartilage, bone
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System 1 Chapter 5: The Skeletal System I. Bones: An Overview Objectives: Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or
CHAPTER 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM . ... (Haversian system) Central (Haversian) canal Central ... preparation for stage 5. The epiphyses ossify. When
1 Name: Lab Time: Skeletal System Study Guide, Chapter 6 - 9 Part I. Clinical Applications 1. Antonio is hit in the face with a football during practice
6, "tail bone"; vestigial fused vertebrae. 7 supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles. Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some c
310 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Chapter 5 The Skeletal System 8one&-An OVerview 1. 1. P. 2. P. 3. D. 4. D. 5. P. 6. D. 7
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Test Answers Overview: vastfrontiersbooks.com is a helpful resource for students and teachers. We provides links to
Chapter 5: Tissue: The Integumentary System Objectives: ... Made up of the shaft projecting from the ... Epidermal replacement of cells slows and skin becomes thinner
Chapter 5 - The Skeletal System I. BONES: AN OVERVIEW - skeleton includes bone and articulations (joints). Each has bone tissue, cartilage, fibrous tissue in tendons
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System AXIAL SKELETON Skull 9. Using the key choices, identify the bones indicated by the following descrip- 77 tions. Enter the appropriate
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5: The Skeletal System Name: _____ Objectives- By the end
anatomy and physiology chapter 5 the skeletal system answers.pdf FREE PDF DOWNLOAD NOW!!! Source #2: anatomy and physiology chapter 5 the skeletal system answers.pdf
The Skeletal System 3. ... Complete the following statements referring to the bony thorax by inserting ... The organs protected by the thoracic cage include the (1)
Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue I. Functions A. List and describe the five major functions of the skeletal system: 1. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 3. ._________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 5. ._________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
II. Cartilage A. What do chondroblasts do? ____________________________________ B. When a chondroblast becomes surrounded by matrix it is called _______ C. Perichondrium 1. The outer layer is composed of ________________________________ 2. The inner layer has ________________________________________ 3. Blood vessels penetrate ____________________________________ D. Where is articular cartilage found? _______________________________ E. Describe appositional growth: ___________________________________ F. Describe interstitial growth: _____________________________________
Page 1 of 10
III. Bone Histology A. Bone Matrix 1. Composed of 35% ________________ & 65% ___________________ 2. Hydroxyapatite is _________________________________________ 3. Functionally collagen fibers in bone ____________________________ 4. Functionally the mineral matrix in bone _________________________ B. Bone Cells 1. Osteoblasts a. These cells produce _________________ & __________________ b. In addition to various enzymes osteoblasts also form vesicles that accumulate _____________________ & _____________________ c. All vesicles are released by _______________________________ d. Define ossification: ______________________________________ 2. Osteocytes a. When does an osteoblast become an osteocyte? _______________ b. Osteocytes produce components needed to ___________________ c. Osteocytes sit in a space called a ______________________ d. The spaces that contain osteocyte cell processes are called ______ e. Nutrients and gases pass through ___________________________ 3. Osteoclasts a. Describe an osteoclast ___________________________________ b. Osteoclasts are responsible for _____________________________ 4. Origin of Bone Cells a. Osteoblasts are derived from _______________________________ b. Osteocytes are derived from _______________________________ c. Osteoclasts are derived from _______________________________ C. Woven and Lamellar Bone 1. In woven bone collagen fibers are _____________________________ 2. When is woven bone formed? _________________ & ____________ 3. Explain remodeling: ________________________________________
Page 2 of 10
4. Lamellar bone is organized into ______________ called ___________ 5. In lamellar bone the collagen fibers ____________________________ 6. How are osteocytes arranged in lamellar bone? __________________ D. Cancellous and Compact Bone 1. Cancellous bone has ________________ & ___________________ 2. Compact bone has _________________ & ________________ 3. Cancellous Bone a. lt consists of _______________________ called ______________ b. The spaces are filled with ________________ & _______________ c. Trabeculae are oriented __________________________________ 4. Compact Bone a. The Iamellae are oriented around ___________________________ b. Blood vessels that run parallel to the bone’s long axis are contained within _____________________ or _____________________ c. The concentric lamellae __________________________________ d. An osteon (haversian system) consists of ____________________ 1. If cut in cross section it resembles ________________________ e. Describe the three types of lamellae: 1. Concentric _________________________________________ 2. Circumferential ______________________________________ 3. Interstitial __________________________________________ f. How do perforating (Volkmann’s) canals differ from central (haversian) canals? _______________________________________________
IV. Bone Anatomy A. Describe each of the four basic bone shapes: 1. Long bone ______________________________________________ 2. Short bone ______________________________________________ 3. Flat bone ________________________________________________ 4. Irregular bone ____________________________________________ B. Structure of a Long Bone
Page 3 of 10
1. The diaphysis is composed primarily of _________________________ 2. Where is the diaphysis? ______________________________________ 3. What is an epiphysis? _______________________________________ 4. The epiphysis is composed primarily of ____________________ that is covered by a layer of _______________ & at joints ________________ 5. What is the epiphyseal plate composed of? ______________________ 6. Where is the epiphyseal plate located? _________________________ 7. What occurs at the epiphyseal plate? ___________________________ 8. When the epiphyseal plate is ossified it is called __________________ 9. Inside the diaphysis is a large space called ______________________ 10. Red marrow is the site of ________ while yellow marrow is _________ 11. The outer surface of the bone is covered by the __________________ a. The outer layer is composed of _____________________________ b. The inner layer is composed of ______________________________ 12. How are tendons and ligaments attached to the bone? _____________ _________________________________________________________ 13. The inside of the medullary cavity is lined by the __________________ a. This membrane is composed of: ____________________________ C. Structure of Flat, Short, and Irregular Bones 1.
Flat bones have an interior _____________ of ______________that is sandwiched between _____________________________________
2.
Short and irregular bones have a surface layer of _________________ that surrounds _________________________________
3.
Air filled spaces inside flat and irregular bones are called ___________ a. These spaces are lined by _________________________
V. Bone Development A. Intramembranous Ossification 1. Begins when mesenchymal cells in the membrane become__________ 2. These cells specialize to become ____________________
Page 4 of 10
3. The osteoblasts produce _________________ that surrounds ______ _______________________________________ a. This is a “center of ossification”. 4. This process forms many tiny _________________ of ____________ 5. The trabeculae enlarge as _________________________________ 6. As the trabeculae join together they form ________________________ separated by _____________________ 7. Cells within the spaces specialize to form ______________________ 8. Cells surrounding the developing bone specialize & form ___________ 9. An outer surface of compact bone is formed by ___________________ 10. The end product of intramembranous ossification: a. Bones with outer _____________________ & b. ______________________ centers 11. Remodeling forms _______________ bone and _________________ B. Endochondral Ossification 1. Begins as __________________ aggregate _____________________ 2. The cells become ____________________ & produce a ___________ having the approximate shape of the future bone 3. When surrounded by matrix the chondroblasts become ____________ 4. The cartilage model is surrounded by _________________________ 5. Blood vessels penetrating the perichondrium cause _______________ _____________________ to become ____________________________ 6. When bone is being produced the perichondrium becomes__________ 7. The osteoblasts produce ______________ on the surface of the cartilage model forming a _____________________ 8. The cartilage continues to grow by ________________ & __________ 9. Chondrocytes inside the cartilage model _______________________ 10. The matrix between becomes ___________ with _________________ is referred to as ___________________________________ 11. The chondrocytes then ___________ leaving ___________________
Page 5 of 10
12. What grows into the enlarged lacunae? _________________________ 13. This results in osteoblasts forming ________________, which changes the calcified matrix of the diaphysis into ______________________ a. The area of bone formation in the diaphysis is called____________ 14. As ossification proceeds: a. The cartilage model _______________________________ b. More perichondrium _____________________________________ c. The bone collar ________________________________________ d. Within the diaphysis _____________________________________ 15. Remodeling converts __________ bone to __________ bone and _________________________________________________________ 16. Osteoclasts ______________________________________________ 17. Cells within the medullary cavity _____________________________ 18. Secondary ossification centers appear _________________________ a. What happens differently at secondary ossification centers compared to primary ossification centers? ___________________ 19. Eventually all cartilage in the model is replaced by bone except: a. In the ____________________________ b. And on ________________________________ VI. Bone Growth A. Occurs only by ___________________________ growth B. Growth in Bone Length 1. Growth at the epiphyseal plate involves ___________ of new _________ by ________ growth followed by ________ bone growth. 2. Describe the events in each of the four zones of the epiphyseal plate: a. Zone of resting cartilage __________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. Zone of proliferation _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________
Page 6 of 10
_____________________________________________________ c. Zone of hypertrophy _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ d. Zone of calcification ______________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 3. What part of the bone is increasing in length? ___________________ 4. The thickness of the epiphyseal plate stays the same because: a. Rate of __________________ on the __________________ side is b. Equal to ___________________________ on the __________ side 5. When the epiphyseal plate stops growing and is ossified it is ________ C. Growth at Articular Cartilage 1. Growth at the articular cartilage increases size of _________________ 2. How does this process differ from what occurs at the epiphyseal plate? ________________________________________________________ 3. How long does the articular cartilage remain on the epiphyses? ______ D. Growth in Bone Width 1. Bones increase in width due to __________________ under _____ 2. When growth in width is rapid: a. Osteoblasts lay down bone in _____________________________ with ___________ between them b. Periosteum covers the ridges and grooves and one or more ______ _______ of the periosteum lie ____________________ c. The ridges increase in size eventually forming ________________ d. Since the periosteum of the tunnel is now lining bone it is a _______ e. Concentric lamellae are formed by ___________ of the __________ f. Eventually this fills in the tunnel and forms an _________________ 3. When growth in width is slow: a. Circumferential lamellae are formed making the bone surface _____ b. Remodeling breaks down the ____________ & forms ___________
Page 7 of 10
E. Factors Affecting Bone Growth I Nutrition 1. Nutrition a. What role does Vitamin D play in bone growth? ________________ b. What role does Vitamin C play in bone growth? ________________ 2. Hormones a. Growth hormone stimulates: 1. ________________________________ & 2. ________________________________ b. Thyroid hormone is required for _____________________________ c. Estrogen and testosterone: 1. Initially _____________________________________________ 2. Also stimulate ossification of _____________________________ d. Why are females usually shorter than males? __________________ ______________________________________________________
VII. Bone Remodeling A. Bone remodeling: 1. Converts _____________ bone to __________________ bone 2. Is involved in _____________________ 3. Changes in ______________________ 4. Adjustment of bone to ______________________ 5. Bone ____________________ 6. _______________________________ in the body B. Remodeling causes the diameter of the medullary cavity to __________ as the bone increases in length and width. 1. What is the advantage to having a medullary cavity? _____________ ________________________________________________________ C. Remodeling is also involved in the formation of _______________ in bone. D. What do interstitial lamellae represent? ____________________________
Page 8 of 10
VIII. Bone Repair A. Hematoma Formation 1. A hematoma is _________________________________________ a. The blood usually forms a ___________ that ___________________ 2. What happens to the bone tissue adjacent to the fracture site?______ B. Callus Formation 1. A callus is ______________________________________________ a. Internal callus 1. Forms between _______________ & in the ________________ 2. As the clot dissolves: a. Macrophages ______________________ b. Osteoclasts ______________________ c. Fibroblasts produce ________________________________ 3. A denser fibrous network is formed when __________________ a. This helps to ___________________________ 4. Chondroblasts begin to ________________________________ 5. Osteoblasts produce ________________ that _______________ b. External Callus 1. Forms a _________________________________________ 2. Osteoblasts produce ______ & chondroblasts produce ________ a. Therefore the external callus is a _________________ collar 3. The external callus ________ the ________ of the broken bone C. Callus Ossification 1. The cartilage in the external callus is replaced by _________________ through _________________________________ a. This results in a ______________________ external callus 2. When is the internal callus ossified? ___________________________ _________________________________________________________ D. Remodeling of Bone 1. Repair is not complete until ________________________________ and ___________________________________________________
Page 9 of 10
IX. Calcium Homeostasis A. Blood calcium levels are important for normal function of ____________ & ___________________________ B. When blood calcium levels are too low ___________________________ C. When blood calcium levels are too high __________________________ D. Parathyroid hormone secretion increases when ____________________ E. Functionally parathyroid hormone: 1. Increases the numbers of _______________ 2. Causes osteoblasts to __________________ 3. Increases calcium uptake by ________________________________ 4. Increases calcium reabsorption ___________________________________ F. Calcitonin is secreted by the _________________________________ G. Calcitonin is secreted in response to ______________________________ H. Functionally calcitonin _______________________________________
X. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System A. The most significant changes affect the _________ & _________ of matrix B. What does decreased collagen production do to bone matrix? __________ C. Osteoblasts become slower than osteoclasts resulting in ______________ D. Cancellous bone is lost _________as the trabeculae ______ & _________ E. What happens when trabeculae become disconnected from each other? ___________________________________________________________ F. Most loss of compact bone occurs _______________________________ G. Incomplete bone remodeling causes _____________________________ H. Loss of trabeculae greatly increases the chance of ___________________ I. Loss of bone can cause: 1. ____________________________ 2. Loss of __________________ 3. _________________ & 4. ___________________
