Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program（SIP）
Energy Carriers
SIP Energy Carriers Reducing CO2 emission is a global issue. For Japan, a country poor in energy resources, it is necessary to construct a low-carbon society as well as to promote a stable energy supply through the diversification. We have large expectations for the role of hydrogen energy. However, towards the large-scale use of hydrogen, there remains a lot of issues to overcome technology barriers and high cost . Proceeding the research, development and demonstration of hydrogen technologies with industry-academia-government collaboration under the leadership of government will contribute significantly to solve energy and environment problems in Japan. And it will eventually bring Japan a world leader in hydrogen utilization and the related industries. Under these circumstances,“Energy carriers", a technology development program toward the realization of hydrogen society has been launched as one of the 10 themes of the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) spearheaded by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation in 2014.“Energy carriers“ is the method to efficiently store and transport hydrogen as liquid, while hydrogen, gaseous at normal state, is difficult to handle. In this program, we aim to build CO2 -free hydrogen value chain by focusing on the developments of technologies for CO2 -free hydrogen production, conversion to energy carriers; liquid hydrogen, organic hydride and ammonia, and storage, transportation and utilization.
Strategy of Energy Carriers
Natural gas Petroleum Coal
〜 Development of CO2 free hydrogen value chain 〜
Hydrogen production Reforming/ gasification H₂
Transport（Energy carriers）
Utilization
Fuel cell vehicle Liquid hydrogen LH₂
Gasification Power generation H₂ （conceptual）
Renewable energy
Carbon capture and storage
Fuel cell
Organic hydrides （methylcyclohexane）
MCH
Dehydrogenation
H₂ Production by electricity and heat
Ammonia NH₃
NH3direct combustion gas turbine Direct use Fuel cell NH3furnace
● Hydrogen can be produced from various energy sources and can be utilized for electricity as well as fuel (Potential to reduce CO2 emission significantly) ● Hydrogen has a difficulty in transportation, because it is low Btu gaseous form. It is essential to develop viable masstransportation methods and related technologies (energy carrier) and make hydrogen to be affordable energy source.
Vision Realize the world’ s first new type low carbon society utilizing hydrogen in Japan by 2030 and be a role model in the world.
2015-2020
2020-2030
● Commercialization of fuel cell vehicle, residential fuel cell cogeneration ● Developments of technologies related to carbon free hydrogen production, energy carrier and utilizations of hydrogen and carriers ● Demonstration of hydrogen society in 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics
2030-
● Expansion of fuel cell markets
● Commercialization of large scale hydrogen power plant
● Introduction of hydrogen power generation
● Introduction of carbon free hydrogen in large scale
● Demonstration of high
● Japanese hydrogen
efficient power generation
relevant industries play an
using hydrogen and energy
active role in the global
carrier from small scale up
market
to large scale
Research & Development subjects
April 1, 2016
Ammonia-related research subjects
Organic hydrides -related research subjects
Hydrogen-related research subjects
High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Supply Hydrogen Production Technology Using Solar Heat Development of Cargo Loading/unloading System for Liquid Hydrogen and the Relevant Rules for Operation Development of Hydrogen Engine Technology
Production
Carrier transformation Transportation Storage
Development of Ammonia Synthesis Process from CO2 Free Hydrogen Basic Technology for Hydrogen Station Utilizing Ammonia
Utilization Ammonia Fuel Cell
Ammonia Direct Combustion
Safety Assessment of Energy Carrier
Development of Hydrogen Supplying Technology Based on Organic Hydride
High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Supply System Research Director
Professor, Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Yukitaka Kato
Development of Ammonia Synthesis Process from CO2- Free Hydrogen Research Director
General Manager, R&D Center, Technology Innovation Center, JGC Corporation
Yasushi Fujimura
Purpose Development of high-temperature (650° C) solar thermal
Purpose Development of high-efficiency ammonia synthesis
energy supply system to produce H2 efficiently by introduction
process from CO2-free hydrogen produced from renewable
of new solar thermal corrector, collecting tube, heat transfer
energy or fossil fuel
media and thermal energy storage technologies
Research Outline Major R&D Item is as follows:
The team is aiming that ammonia which has high volume hydrogen density is produced as an energy carrier by hydrogen
◆ Development of ammonia synthesis
produced from solar thermal energy supply system. High-
catalyst with
temperature (650° C) solar thermal energy collection system
high activity
with more than 70% of solar radiation and heat collection
at low
efficiency in which the temperature is higher than conventional
temperature
solar thermal system is developed. Elemental technologies
◆ The pilot
of solar corrector, heat transfer fluid, solar thermal energy
plant will be
correction tube, and thermal energy storage for 24 hour heat
constructed
supply to H2 production system are developed.
and
Research Outline
Solar thermal energy collection tube
in 2018 to
N2
Heat Storage
Solar Thermal Linear Corrector for 650° C
operated
Point solar thermal collector
Linear focused solar thermal collector
H2 Production: IS Process, Electrolysis
Heat Exch.
H2O
H2
NH3 Production
NH3
confirm performance of the new catalyst and
Electricity Power plant
Heat Transfer Fluid/ Material and Corrosion
＋
process.
Integration to H2 production
Combination with Point solar thermal collector
Thermochemical Energy storage
Total System Design
Hydrogen Production Technology Using Solar Heat Research Director
Group Leader, HTGR Hydrogen & Heat Application Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Nariaki Sakaba
Basic Technology for Hydrogen Station Utilizing Ammonia Research Director
Yoshitsugu Kojima
Director, Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University
Purpose Development of highly efficient hydrogen production
Purpose The purpose of this research is to develop ammonia
technologies by water splitting without CO2 emission using
decomposition and high purity H2 supply system for hydrogen
solar heat at around 650° C
filling station.
Research Outline Development of elemental technologies and
Research Outline High purity H2 supply system with low cost hydrogen
demonstration of technical feasibility will be performed for the
transportation is a key issue to spread fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
following two hydrogen production methods.
and FC fork lifts. In this theme, we focused on ammonia as a
1) Membrane
hydrogen carrier
IS Process;
Heat ~400̊C
hydrogen production
H2 + I2
by thermal water splitting using chemical reactions with iodine and sulfur, and membrane technologies 2) New steam
I2
2HI
Iodine (I) cycle
production by steam splitting with proton conducting oxide using electricity and heat
HTGR Production of HI and H2SO4
H2SO4
2HI + H2SO4 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
H 2O
Hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition
gravimetric and
1/2O2 + SO2+H2O
Sulfur (S) cycle SO2 + H 2O
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) decomposition
volumetric H2
Heat
eH2O
eH+
H2
O2 Proton conducting oxide
Principle of New Steam Electrolysis Split steam at high efficiency using electricity and heat
Small amount of NH3 remover
High purity H2
supply system, hydrogen fuel
Cathode
NH3 cracker
high purity H2 which satisfies
Electricity
NH3
will develop a
Promote the decomposition of sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide by the membrane separation technology Anode
Ammonia decomposition and high purity H2 supply system
densities. We
Reaction Scheme of Membrane IS Process
electrolysis; hydrogen
because of high
Heat ~650̊C
H2O N2
specifications for FCVs (ISO 14687-2) by NH3 decomposition and separation technologies.
NH3
H2
Development of Hydrogen Supplying Technology Based on Organic Hydride
Ammonia Fuel Cell Research Director
Koichi Eguchi
Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
Research Director
Principal Researcher, Central Technical Research Laboratory, JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation
Hideshi Iki
Purpose Development and demonstration of highly effective
Purpose To develop a practical hydrogen refueling station
ammonia-fueled fuel cell systems
and hydrogen supplying system based on organic hydride
Outline ◆ Developing the direct ammonia-fueled SOFC systems and demonstrating 1 kW-scale power generation systems (main
technology
target)
dehydrogenation system for hydrogen refueling stations:
◆ Investigating the combined systems as follows: (1) ammonia
(1) Improving performance of the dehydrogenation catalyst
auto-thermal cracker and SOFC; (2) ammonia cracker and
(2) Improving efficiency & reducing the size of modular
AEMFC (sub-target)
dehydrogenation system
◆ Elucidating the compatibility of ammonia for the fuel cell
(3) Developing
systems and the degradation behavior of the ammonia-fueled
low-cost hydrogen
fuel cells
purification system
Research
Research Outline The followings are focused to develop a modular
(4) Conducting safety Solid oxide fuel cell（SOFC） ◆ System 1
Gas in
Inverter
AC 1 kW
Power
Direct supply
Hot module Control unit
◆ System 2 Autu-thermal NH3 cracker
Anion exchange membrane fuel cell （AEMFC ）
Filter
Gas in
Pump
NH 3
NH3 cracker
Methyl cyclohexane
efficient organic hydride production are
FCV
also being developed. develop organic-
Air
Exhaust
Heat
Radiator
Toluene
hydride based
Blower
Combustor
Gas out
Technologies for
Further goal is to
SOFC
Gas out
H2
assessments
NH3-fueled SOFC system
Drain
H2
hydrogen refueling stations and to promote widespread adoption of FCVs.
Modular dehydrogenation system
Development of Cargo Loading/ unloading System for Liquid Hydrogen and the Relevant Rules for Operation
Ammonia Direct Combustion Research Director
Hideaki Kobayashi
Professor, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University
Purpose To develop ammonia direct combustion technology to
Research Director
Tetsuya Senda
Deputy Managing Director, Japan Ship Technology Research Association
utilize ammonia which is a hydrogen energy carrier as well as a
Purpose This research aims to develop a loading and unloading
CO2 - free fuel
system for liquid hydrogen and to establish relevant rules for
Research Outline Highly efficient utilization of ammonia combustion such
operation of the system.
as:
Research Outline In the research, swivel joints and emergency release
1) Gas turbine power generation using ammonia alone and
systems for liquid hydrogen are to be developed, based on the
ammonia/natural-gas mixed fuel
existing LNG handling technology, and a loading and unloading
2) Application
system for liquid hydrogen integrating the developed equipment will
of ammonia reciprocal
be constructed.
NH3
Operational
engines for transportations
Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis using renewable energy
3) Heat utilization in industrial
Chemical energy storage taking advantages of ammonia in terms of preservation and transportation
furnaces using ammonia as a fuel performs
and verification tests based on
Reciprocal engine
Applications of ammonia direct combustion NH3
NH3 flame
Generator
fundamental combustion research.
CP Air
TB N2, H2O
and rules and standards will be LNG loading system
Swivel joint for LNG
of the worldfirst system. The rules and
Industrial furnace
Gas turbine
Combustor
are also specified
the safe operation
NH3
technology
safety measures
established for
NH3
NH3
This project
development
liquid natural gas carrier
NH3
Air !"#$%&"'(
Utilization of power, electricity and heat
standards will be internationalized, as necessary. start releasing
Close cascaded valves
Finish releasing
Emergency release system for LNG
Development of Hydrogen Engine Technology Research Director
Masahide Kazari
Energy Carriers; their physico-chemical properties
Senior Manager, Technical Institute, Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Ltd.
Pressurized Hydrogen
Purpose We conduct the research for high efficiency and low-NOx
（700MPa）
Liquid Hydrogen
emission hydrogen engine realization. Research Outline We conduct the following research items for high efficiency
and low-NOx-emission open-cycle hydrogen engine which shall be used for power generation or ship propulsion.
◆ Hydrogen combustion
Hydrogen engine
control technology
◆ Low-NOx technology
◆ High pressure
Hydrogen injector
injector
High pressure hydrogen pump
◆ High pressure hydrogen pump
Liquid hydrogen
2.0
2.0
98.2
17.0
H2 Content （wt％）
100
100
6.2
17.8
Volumetric H2 Density （kg-H2/m3）
39.6
70.8
47.3
121
Boiling Point （℃ ）
ー
-253
101
-33.4
ー
0.90
67.5
30.6
H2 Release Enthalpy Change ※（kJ/mol-H2）
Other Properties
● Widely used
open-cycle hydrogen engine ※ H2 release enthalpy change
Safety Assessment of Eenergy Carrier Research Director
Atsumi Miyake
Professor, Center for Creation of Symbiosis Society with Risk, Yokohama National University
Purpose The purpose is to build the vital society in which hydrogen
energy can be operated safely and sustainably within an acceptable cost in suitable area. Research Outline Risk assessment and management of the following
three supply chain in the transportation, storage, and supply processes are carried out not only from the perspective of the operators and manufacturers, but also
Transportation Analysis of hydrogen gas Explosion analysis leakage behavior H2
H2
from the perspective of the citizens.
Storage
1) Compressed hydrogen supply chain 2) Liquid hydrogen supply chain 3) Organic hydride supply chain
Risk assessment of energy carrier transportation
Supply
Ammonia
（Methyl Cyclohexane)
Molecular Weight
Hydrogen combustion control technology
hydrogen
Organic Hydride
● High H2 density infrastructures ● Direct use for can be utilized. combustion
● High purity ● Existing oil ● Low energy to pressurize
I would like to demonstrate the hydrogen technologies developed for production, transportation, storage and utilization as tangible results at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It is not only a demonstration as a showcase but also aims to be a big first step toward hydrogen society in Japan. I have a confidence that hydrogen energy would contribute to the attractive urban development. Program Director, SIP Energy Carriers
Shigeru Muraki Exective Adviser, Tokyo Gas Co.,Ltd
Basic Scheme of Hydrogen Society High temperature water vapor electrolysis
Hydrogen from unused renewable digester gas, biomass, etc. Refinery hydrogen, By-product hydrogen, Gas reforming hydrogen
Hydrogenation (electrolysis etc.)
Renewable energy
Compressed hydrogen
MCH Ammonia
Liquid hydrogen
CH3
NH3
Transportation and storage as an energy carrier
Hydrogen powered generation
Ammonia powered generation
Hydrogen storage emergency power
Hydrogen PEFC Ammonia FC
SOFC tri-generation
Production
Transportation
Dehydrogenating HYDROGEN STATION
Utilization Hydrogen station
The use of waste heat from FC systems for air conditioning hot water supply etc.
FC Bus FCV
FC Boat
V2G：Vehicle to Grid
Energy management for buildings, housing and facilities（ Hydrogen、heat、electricity ） For Low-carbon, BCP(Business continuity plan)
Advanced smart community to take advantage of the hydrogen
Operation of buses by ART system (Advanced Rapid Transit)
http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/gaiyo/sip/
http://www.jst.go.jp/sip/k04.html
2016. 5
