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STUDY GUIDE 1. Functions of the Skeletal System List five functions of the skeletal system. 1)
____________________________ Support
3) __________________________ Blood cell production
2)
____________________________ Protection
4) __________________________ Mineral storage
Attachment sites for skeletal 5) __________________________ muscles __________________________
2. Bone Structure a.
Label the diagram by placing the number of each structure by the correct label. _____ Articular cartilage 2 _____ Bone, compact 5
1
_____ Bone, spongy 3
2
_____ 10 Diaphysis
9
3
_____ Epiphyseal disk 1 _____ 11 Epiphysis, distal
4
_____ Epiphysis, proximal 9 _____ Marrow, red, in spaces 4 _____ Marrow, yellow 7 _____ Medullary cavity 6
5
_____ Periosteum 8
6 7
b. Match the terms with the statements.
10
8
1) Periosteum
3) Marrow, red
2) Epiphyseal plate
4) Marrow, yellow
3 Fills spaces in spongy bone. _____ 2 Hyaline cartilage. _____ 1 Covers surface of bone. _____ 4 Fills medullary cavity. _____
3.
Microscopic Structure Match the terms with the statements.
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1) Lacunae
4) Osteonic canals
2) Lamellae
5) Periosteum
3) Osteon
6) None of these
4 Channel for blood vessels and nerves. _____ 1 Spaces containing osteocytes. _____ 2 Concentric layers of compact bone. _____ 5 Source of osteoblasts. _____ 3 Structural unit of compact bone. _____ 6 Spaces containing red marrow. _____
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4. Bone Formation Write the answers to the statements in the spaces provided. 1) Cells that deposit bone matrix.
____________________________________________ Osteoblasts
2) Cells that remove bone matrix.
____________________________________________ Osteoclasts
3) Cells that occupy the lacunae.
____________________________________________ Osteocytes
4) Site of growth in length of long bones.
____________________________________________ Epiphyseal plate
5) Type of ossification in most skull bones.
____________________________________________ Intramembranous
6) Type of ossification in bones preformed in cartilage.
____________________________________________ Endochondral
7) Cells that hollow out the medullary cavity.
____________________________________________ Osteoclasts
5. Bones of the Skeleton Write the names of the labeled bones in the 1
spaces provided. Skull 1) ____________________________________________ Mandible 2) ____________________________________________
2
Sternum 3) ____________________________________________ 7
Ribs 4) ____________________________________________
8
column 5) _Vertebral ___________________________________________ Sacrum 6) ____________________________________________
3
Clavicle 7) ____________________________________________
9
4
Scapula 8) ____________________________________________ Humerus 9) ____________________________________________ Ulna 10) ____________________________________________
5
Radius 11) ____________________________________________
10 11
Carpals 12) ____________________________________________
6
Metacarpals 13) ____________________________________________ Phalanges 14) ____________________________________________
12 13
Coxa 15) ____________________________________________ Femur 16) ____________________________________________ Patella 17) ____________________________________________
14
Tibia 18) ____________________________________________
15
Fibula 19) ____________________________________________
16
Tarsals 20) ____________________________________________ Metatarsals 21) ____________________________________________
17
Phalanges 22) ____________________________________________
18 19
20 21 22
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6. The Axial Skeleton a.
Label the diagram of the skull, anterior view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12
9
14 15 16
13
10 17 11
16 Nasal concha, inferior _____ 14 Nasal concha, middle _____
_____ Coronal suture 3 _____ Ethmoid (eye orbit) 5
1 Parietal _____ 6 Squamosal suture _____
_____ Ethmoid, perpendicular plate 9 _____ Frontal 2
7, 13 Sphenoid (2 places) _____ 8 Temporal _____
_____ Lacrimal 4 _____ 11 Mandible
10 Vomer _____ 15 Zygomatic _____
_____ 17 Maxilla _____ 12 Nasal
b. List the skull bones that contain sinuses. ________________________________________________________ Ethmoids, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid _____________________________________________________________________________________________
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c.
Label the diagram of the skull, lateral view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label. 1
13
2
14
3 4
15
5
16 17
6
18
7
19
8
20
9 10 11 21
12
13 Coronal suture _____ 12 Coronoid process _____
18 Nasal _____
16 Ethmoid _____ 7 _____ External auditory canal
1 _____ Parietal
14 Frontal _____ 17 Lacrimal _____
2 _____ Squamosal suture
3 _____ Lambdoidal suture 21 Mandible _____
4 _____ Temporal
10 Mandibular condyle _____ 8 _____ Mastoid process
19 Zygomatic _____
5 _____ Occipital 15 Sphenoid _____ 9 _____ Styloid process 11 Temporal, zygomatic process _____ 6 _____ Zygomatic, temporal process
20 Maxilla _____
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d. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.
e.
1) Contains the foramen magnum.
____________________________________________ Occipital bone
2) Forms anterior portion of hard palate.
____________________________________________ Palatine process of maxilla
3) Contains external auditory canal.
____________________________________________ Temporal bones
4) The seven vertebrae of the neck.
____________________________________________ Cervical vertebrae
5) Weight-bearing portion of a vertebra.
____________________________________________ Body
6) Foramen through which spinal cord passes.
____________________________________________ Vertebral foramen
7) Vertebrae-bearing ribs.
____________________________________________ Thoracic
8) Number of pairs of true ribs.
____________________________________________ Seven (7)
9) Attaches true ribs to sternum.
____________________________________________ Costal cartilages
10) First cervical vertebra.
____________________________________________ Atlas
11) Cartilaginous pads between vertebrae.
____________________________________________ Intervertebral disks
12) Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle.
____________________________________________ Sacrum
13) Vertebrae with heaviest bodies.
____________________________________________ Lumbar vertebrae
14) The breastbone.
____________________________________________ Sternum
Name the group of bones that provides protection for the 2) Heart and lungs Thoracic cage
1) Brain Cranium f.
Label the vertebra by placing the number of the structure in the space by the correct label. 3 Body _____ 5 Facet for rib _____
3
6 Spinous process _____
1
2 Superior articular _____ process
2
4 Transverse process _____
4
1 Vertebral foramen _____
5 6
7. The Appendicular Skeleton a.
Write the missing words in the spaces at the right. The pectoral girdle is formed of two ____1___ and two ____2___ . Its function is to support the upper ____3___ . Each ____4___ articulates with the scapula at one end and the ____5___ at the other. The scapulae are attached to the axial skeleton by ____6___ instead of ligaments.
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1) Clavicles ___________________________________________ 2) Scapulae ___________________________________________ 3) Extremities ___________________________________________ 4) Clavicle ___________________________________________ 5) Sternum ___________________________________________ 6) Muscles ___________________________________________
b. Label these diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label. 1
19 20
18
5
17
6
14
9 10 11
12
_____ 18 Acromion process
2
_____ Capitulum 4 _____ 19 Coracoid process _____ 10 Coronoid process
3
_____ 17 Glenoid cavity
7 4
_____ Greater tubercle 1 _____ Head of humerus 5
8
_____ 11 Head of radius _____ 15 Head of ulna _____ Lateral epicondyle 3 _____ Medial epicondyle 7 _____ Olecranon fossa 2 _____ 14 Olecranon process _____ 12 Radial tuberosity _____ 20 Scapular spine _____ 13 Styloid process, radius _____ 16 Styloid process, ulna 15 16 13
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_____ Surgical neck 6 _____ Trochlea 8 _____ Trochlear notch 9
c.
Label the diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label. 2
13
7
14 1 8
9 10 15
11
3
16
12
4
17
_____ 10 Acetabulum _____ Coccyx 9 _____ Greater trochanter 1 _____ Head of femur 2 _____ Iliac crest 7 _____ 14 Ilium _____ 16 Ischium _____ Lateral condyle 5 _____ Lesser trochanter 4 _____ Medial condyle 6 _____ Neck of femur 3 _____ 15 Obturator foramen _____ 17 Pubic arch _____ 12 Pubis _____ 13 Sacroiliac joint _____ Sacrum 8 _____ 11 Symphysis pubis 5 6
d. Indicate whether each statement is associated with the fibula (F) or tibia (T). F Lateral malleolus _____
T _____ Medial malleolus
T Lateral condyle _____
T _____ Medial condyle
T Articulates with femur _____
T, F Articulates with talus _____
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8. Articulations a.
Match the type of joint with the articulation formed by the bones. 1) Immovable 3) Ball-and-socket 5) Gliding 7) Pivot 2) Slightly movable 4) Condyloid 6) Hinge 8) Saddle _____ _____ 5 Carpal—carpal 6 Femur—tibia _____ _____ 8 Trapezium—metacarpal 1 1 Frontal—parietal _____ Humerus—scapula _____ 3 Coxa—femur 3 _____ _____ 1 Maxilla—zygomatic 2 Vertebra—vertebra _____ _____ 4 Metacarpal—phalanx 7 Atlas—axis
b. Match the terms with the correct definitions. 1) Articular cartilage 3) Cartilage pads 5) Sesamoid bone 2) Bursa 4) Joint capsule 6) Synovial fluid 6 Lubricates joints. _____ _____ 1 Protects articular surfaces of bones. 2 Sacs of synovial fluid. _____ _____ 5 Bone embedded in a tendon. 3 Support knee joint and cushion bones. _____ _____ 4 Formed of ligaments. c. Match the movements with the descriptions. 1) Abduction 5) Extension 9) Eversion 13) Pronation 2) Adduction 6) Flexion 10) Inversion 14) Supination 3) Depression 7) Dorsiflexion 11) Circumduction 15) Protraction 4) Elevation 8) Plantar flexion 12) Rotation 16) Retraction _____ Extension of foot. _____ 12 Turning head from side to side. 8 _____ _____ Decrease in angle of joint. 6 15 Pushing mandible anteriorly. _____ Movement of arm toward midline. _____ Raising shoulders. 4 2 _____ Straightening arm at elbow. _____ 11 Drawing circle on chalkboard. 5 _____ 10 Turning sole of foot inward.
_____ 14 Turning palm of hand upward.
9. Disorders of the Skeletal System Write the name of each disorder described in the space provided. 1) Displacement of bones forming a joint. ____________________________________________ Dislocation 2) A lateral curvature of vertebral column. ____________________________________________ Scoliosis 3) Protrusion of intervertebral disk. ____________________________________________ Herniated disk 4) Bone broken into several pieces. ____________________________________________ Comminuted fracture 5) Broken bone pierces through skin. ____________________________________________ Compound fracture 6) Arthritis with invasion of fibrous tissue that calcifies, making joint immovable. ____________________________________________ Rheumatoid arthritis 7) Tearing of ligaments of joint capsule. ____________________________________________ Sprain 8) Severe loss of calcium salts from bones. ____________________________________________ Osteoporosis
10. Clinical Applications a.
A member of the soccer team is diagnosed with a torn knee cartilage. Would you expect rapid or slow recovery? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________ No. Cartilage lacks blood vessels. The reduced supply of nutrients slows _____________________________________________________________________________________________ the repair process.
b. Specifically, what is a broken hip? The _____________________________________________________________ femur breaks at the neck. Why is it more common among older persons? __________________________________________________ Their bones are more brittle and are often weakened by _____________________________________________________________________________________________ osteoporosis. 74
