Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles

CHRISTIE JOHN GEANKOPLIS

University ofMinnesota

Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations)

FOURTH EDITION

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PRENTIC9 HALL

PTR

PRENTICE HALL Professional Technical Reference Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 wwwphptr.com

Contents

PART I TRANSPORT PROCESSES; MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units

3

1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 1.3 Methods of ExpressingTemperatures and Compositions 1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 1.5 Conservation ofMass and Material Balances 1.6 Energy and Heat Units L7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration

3 5 7 9 12 16 22 26

Chapter I

Chapter2

Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fluid Statics 2.3 General Molecular Transport Equation forMomentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer 2.4 Viscosity ofFluids 2.5 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 2.6 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 2.7 Overall Energy Balance 2.8 Overall MomentumBalance 2.9 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 2.10 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 2.11 Compressible Flow of Gases

34 34 35 43 47 51 54 60 74 83 88 107

Chapter3 Principles of Momentum Transfer and Applications 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11

Flow Past Immersed Objects and Packed and Fluidized Beds Measurement of Flow of Fluids Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment Agitation and Mixing of Fluids and Power Requirements Non-Newtonian Fluids Differential Equations of Continuity Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence Dimensional Analysis in Momentum Transfer

Chapter4 Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15

Introduction and Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction Heat Transfer Conduction Through Solids in Series Steady-State Conduction and Shape Factors Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection Natural Convection Heat Transfer Boiling and Condensation Heat Exchangers Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in TWo Dimensions

Chapter5 Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Derivation of Basic Equation Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials Differential Equation of Energy Change Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer

Chapter 6 Principles of Mass.Transfer 6.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 6.2 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 6.3 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 6.4 Molecular Diffusion in Biological Solutions and Gels

121 121 136 144 154 169 183 188 1.93 202 209 221 235 235 241 244 256 259 271 277 283 291 301 307 323 326 335 337 357 357 359 361 378 388 393 399 410 410 414 427 436

6.5 6.6

Molecular Diffusion in Solids Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions

Chapter 7 Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Unsteady-State Diffusion Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries Numerical Methods for Unsteady-Skate Molecular Diffusion Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Mass Transfer

,440 446 459 459 466 473 487 490 499 506 511. 512

PART 2

SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES (INCLUDES UNIT OPERATIONS) Chapter8 Evaporation 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

Introduction Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators Condensers for Evaporators Evaporation of Biological Materials Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression

Chapter9 Drying of Process Materials Introduction and Methods of Drying Equipmentfor Drying Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials Rate-of-Drying Curves Calculation Methods for Constant-Rate Drying Period Calculation Methods for Falling-Rate Drying Period Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in Constant-Rate Period 9.9 Drying in Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 9.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 9.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 9.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 9.1. 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

527 527 529 533 534 541 550 551 553 559 559 560 564 572 575 580 585 588 591. 597 607 611

Chapter l0 10 .1 10 .2 10.3 10 .4 10 .5 10.6 10 .7 10.8 10.9

Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes

Types of Separation Processes and Methods Equilibrium Relations Between Phases Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages Mass Transfer Between Phases Continuous Humidification Processes Absorption in Plate and Packed Towers Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption

Chapter 11 Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes 1.7..1 11.2 11,3 11A 11 .5 IL.6 11.7

Vapor--Liquid Equilibrium Relations Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System Simple Distillation Methods Distillation with Reflux and McCabe Thiele Method Distillation and Absorption Efficiencies for Tray and Packed Towers Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration Method Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures

625 627 629 636 645 653 680 684 687 696 696 699 700 706 724 731 740

Chapter 12 Liquid-Liquid and Iluid-Solid Separation Processes

760

12.1 7.2.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12,9 12.10 12.11 12.12

760 763 764 771 776 782 791 802 809 812 817 823

Introduction to Adsorption Processes Batch Adsorption Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns Ion-Excbange Processes Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid-Liquid Extraction Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching Countercurrent Multistage Leaching Introduction and Equipment for Crystallization Crystallization Theory

Chapter13 Membrane Separation Processes 13.1 33.2 13.3 13A 13 .5 13.6 13.7 13 .8

viii

625

Introduction and Types of Membrane Separation Processes Liquid Permeation Membrane Processes or Dialysis Gas Permeation Membrane Processes Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures Crass-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation for Membranes Derivation of Finite-Difference NumericalMethod for Asymmetric Membranes

840 840 841 845 851 856 858 864 872

Contents

13 .9 13.10 13.11 13.12

Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes Applications, Equipment, and Models for Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes Microfiltration Membrane Processes

Chapter 14 Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes 14,1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5

Introduction and Classification o£ Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes Filtration in Solid-Liquid Separation Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation Centrifugal Separation Processes Mechanical Size Reduction

883 888 892 896 903 903 904 919 932 944

Appendix Appendix A.1 Appendix A.2 Appendix A.3 Appendix A.4 Appendix A.5 Notation

Contents

Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors Physical Properties of Water Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens

955 959 969 992 996 999