RATIONALE FOR TESTING

Download 3 Apr 2017 ... 03/04/2017. 1. Fitness Testing in Tennis. Are we working the same way? Dr. Jaime Fernandez‐Fernandez. • Faculty of Sports Sc...

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03/04/2017

Baltic Coaches’ Conference 2017

Fitness Testing in Tennis. Are we working the same way?

Dr. Jaime Fernandez‐Fernandez • Faculty of Sports Sciences – University of Leon •Master of Sports Training and Performance •Coaches Education Area ‐ Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) – (Madrid)

Rationale for testing • To evaluate the abilities of the player in the context  of the demands of the sport: ‐ From a talent identification viewpoint ‐ Identify specific strengths and weaknesses of the  players assessed = to prioritise different training  goals for the individual  • Monitor progression and evaluate the effectiveness of training prescribed • For training prescription purposes

(Tanner & Gore, 2013; Lemmink et al. 2004)

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Rationale for testing

Criteria to follow: 1. Validity, Reliability & Objectivity 2. Results should be analysed and compared to  normative values and standardized sport‐profiles 3. Frequency of testing alligned with competitive Schedule

(Reilly et al., 2009; Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014)

How to fix the gap between THEORY  and PRACTISE

1. How coaches “perceive” sport sciences? 2. How they obtain new ideas, exercises….journals, congresses..?? 3. Barriers they find to get access to these sources of information?

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Training = ART vs. SCIENCE Related with SCIENCE of training = WHAT Related with ART of training = HOW How to fix it together? How to communicate? 

Find the Balance? (Bob Bowman; Michael Phelps´Coach)

Importance of physical qualities in youth Physical qualities vs. performance • Research has been conducted with athletes of various  backgrounds (e.g., age, sex, performance level), and  using different testing protocols • Aim: to identify the most influencing factors on tennis  performance (i.e., ranking)  • Results are contradictory: • Physical qualities were weak predictors of overall tennis  performance  • Specific qualities such as agility or speed and vertical  power were correlated with tennis performance • Serve velocity and overhead medicine ball throw (Ulbricht et al., 2014; Girard & Millet, 2007; Roetert et al., 1996; Birrer et al., 1986)

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Importance of physical capacities in youth

Ranking females 1997 Number 8

Ranking females 1997 Number 1

(Ulbricht et al., 2014)

Does the fittest player win ?

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(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014)

Importance of physical capacities in youth

Is it worth evaluating physical capacities in  talent identification programs ? • High physical capacities poorly predict  career success on the individual basis • Fitness is not “performance” • There are many “roads to Rome” • An accurate evaluation of physical  capacities in youth is difficult (variability)

Buchheit et al., 2011

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Fitness testing for 14U players ‐ Survey  for National Associations 

Fitness testing for 14U players ‐ Survey for National Associations Which kind of measurement tools are you using for testing: •

Simple measurement tools (i.e. meter, stopwatch)  •

YES = 62% NO = 38%

Sophisticated measurement tools (please tick the ones which apply): Force or contact platform 

YES = 62% NO = 38%

Light cells

YES = 100%

Isokinetic measurements

YES = 38% NO = 46%

Physiological measurements (treadmill  tests with gas analyzing, etc..)

YES = 38% NO = 62%

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Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility • In tennis, speed comprises the ability to move at high velocity in a variety of directions, and often not in a  straight line • Peak velocities (GPS 10 Hz) in young tennis players =  15‐17 km.h • Accelerations & Decelerations = 60 to 90 per match! (Hoppe et al., 2014; PES)

Key Components = ACCELERATION & DECELERATION + Effective  specific movement (COD) (Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)

Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility 1. Linear sprint (10‐20 m; 20‐Yard) 2. Reaction + direction 3. Zig‐zag sprints (10‐20 m) 4. Shuttle runs (10‐12 sec; 6x8 m) 5. Sideways Shuffle (baseline) 6. Spider Test 7. Hegaxon Test 8. Tapping Test

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Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility 9. 5‐0‐5 Test / “modified test” 10. Tennis court speed test  11. Speed of forward‐backward  movement 12. Lateral movement (30 s in the  service box) 13. Skippings (1 foot) 14. Forehand/backhand sprints 15. Fowards/backwards (Baseline‐T‐Bs) 16. Wingate Test

Strength and power testing • The modern game of tennis has evolved to a current fast‐paced, explosive sport  based on strength and power. • Strokes and on‐court movement require good levels of both, strength & power.  (Reid et al., 2013)

Laboratory tests

Field tests

Maximum strength tests

Jump tests

Isometric Dynamic

Medicine ball throws

Isokinetic tests

Tennis-specific tests

Power tests (Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)

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Strength and power testing 1. Vertical Jump (Vertec, CMJ; bilateral;  unilateral) 2. Standing long jump 3. Repeated jumps (platform, 4‐10 reps) 4. Drop jump 5. Squat Jump 6. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements  (lower body)

7. Handgrip Strength Test 8. Ball throw (tennis ball – 200 gr)

Strength and power testing 9. Medicine ball throw (overhead;  forehand; backhand; backwards; 1‐3  Kg) 10. Push‐ups 11. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements  (upper body)

12. Chin‐ups 13. “Brutal” crunches 14. Service velocity 15. Groundstrokes velocity

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Demands of Tennis 75 – 80 %HRmax

Heart Rate (HR)

High‐Intensity periods  (>90%FCmax) 23 – 29 mL.kg.min 50% VO2max

Oxygen uptake (VO2)

High‐Intensity periods  (>80%VO2max)

Blood Lactate

Max values = > 8 mmol/L

1.8 ‐ 2.8 mmol/L

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2009; Kovacs, 2007)

Aerobic testing 1. Laboratory tests 2. Cooper test (12 min) 3. 1.5 mile run 4. 20 m multistage shuttle test (MSST;  ie, multistage fitness test, beep‐test or  Léger test)

5. Yo‐Yo IR‐1 6. 30:15 Test 7. Hit & Turn Tennis Test

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Musculoskeletal testing How important is ROM/Flexibility for tennis?

• ROM restrictions in tennis (i.e., Shoulder,  Hips; Lower leg…)   • Very Important!!...but… • Flexibility is thought to be a morphological characteristic more than a health‐ or performance‐related fitness property.

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014; Moreno‐Perez et al. , 2016)

Musculoskeletal testing

1. Sit & Reach 2. Standing reach 3. Functional Movement Screening (FMS; 7 tests) 4. High‐Performance profile (10 tests) 5. Shoulder ROM (rotation (IR/ER)) 6. Hip ROM

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Other qualities  1. Balance 2. Eye hand coordination 3. Keeping ball up with a basketball

??? RELEVANT VALID RELIABLE ACCURATE AND PRECISE 

Take Home Messages  Find an agreement regarding test batteries which  can follow the growth process  Testing to train / improve  Create efficient databases and data analyses  enabling comparison among countries  Establishing National testing centres  (partnerships with universities). Assessments  during tournaments.   Communication with the coach/player is a  challenge, because there are many “truths” out  there

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Establish percentiles based on the tests results

(Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)

Establish reference values based on the percentiles

Summary • Bilateral Deficits (Strength/ROM)  detected in U13/U15  • Values similar to profesional players! • Need of a Follow‐up plan (ie., injury tracking; pain/no pain)

• Increase the age range (normative values) • Long‐Term plan (2 x anual testing..) • More communication (coach feedback…)

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Future? ITF Project 

Baltic Coaches Conference 2017

A practical approach to endurance training in  tennis. Still working as a runner?

Dr. Jaime Fernandez‐Fernandez • Faculty of Sports Sciences – University of Leon •Master of Sports Training and Performance •Coaches Education Area ‐ Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) – (Madrid)

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Importance of Sports Sciences?

Sir Alex Ferguson

“The definition of insanity is doing  the same thing over and over again  and expecting different results” Albert Einstein

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“Secrets” of Spanish Tennis “…Suffering the “Spanish way”… “We teach players to suffer” “Spend 4‐5 h with the player..More, more, more..” “Willing to suffer” “When I asked him how he goes about achieving this with his players at his  Top Team Academy, he told me, "We force them." 

“Secrets” of Spanish Tennis??

Coaches Education program Coaches Tennis Schools, Academies,  Regional Federations Players

+

Sports Science support 

(injury  prevention; physical training; stroke mechanics)

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Anyone can make an athlete tired!

Tennis training  Training load (Volume, intensity) Positive Adaptations Or Overload? …But How much is too much?

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Aerobic performance Improving through tennis? • Tennis players (10 years) • Tennis training 2 x week • Significant improvements in aerobic power  and less fat mass than non‐active peers

Tennis = enough aerobic stimulus?? (Sanchis‐Moysi y col., 2011)

Injury risk in tennis?

(Jayanthi et al., 2013) 

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OVERLOAD TENNIS INJURIES

Shoulder (25‐47%) * Shoulder ROM * Shoulder strength 

Wrist (14‐30%)

Elbow (18‐45%)

Back (52‐70%) * Trunk stability * Hip ROM

Hip (7‐15%) * Trunk stability * ABD/ADD strength * Hip ROM

Groin (5‐12%) * ABD/ADD strength * ABD/ADD ROM

Kibler & Safran (2005)

Tennis injuries in the young player • 148 tennis players with an average age of the subjects was 15.1 years (range 11–19) (58  females and 90 males) • Overall 92/148 (62%) were considered to have a hip “at‐risk for FAI” (femoroacetabular impingement).

• Occurs because the hip bones do not form normally during the childhood growing years • Strenous exercise ?? Cotorro et al., Br J Sports Med 2014

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Aerobic Training  Match Intensity References

Gender Surface

HR (b.min)

%HRmax

Fernandez‐Fernandez  et al., 2010

F U15

Clay

158.4 ± 2.3

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Torres & Carrasco,  2003

F U16

Hard

146 ± 19

80.1 ± 1.6

RFET 2016  (± 30 players (U13/U15)) • Average intensity = 82% HRmax • 50‐60% of total match time >90% HRmax)

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Aerobic training

Main conclusion:  “Children are engaged in very short bursts of intense physical activity  interspersed with varying intervals of low and moderate intensity”

• Children = > fatigue resistance and > initial physical condition  = Need of  higher intensity trainings and less recovery • Intensities >85% of HRmax 

(Rowland, 2005; Bailey et al., 1993)

Aerobic performance MODE OF TRAINING • Exercise using large muscle groups, regardless of mode of  exercise, has the potential to increase aerobic power

FREQUENCY AND DURATION • 2‐3 sessions per week • Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4–10 min  >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax)

PROGRAMME LENGTH • Programmes lasting 6‐10 weeks induce significant increases in  Aerobic power (i.e., VO2max)

(Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Martos & Winsley, 2007; Baquet et al., 2007)

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High Intensity Training ‐ HIT HIT involves repeated short‐to long bouts of rather high‐intensity  exercise (90‐95%HRmax) interspersed with recovery periods

(Midgley and McNaughton, 2006; Buchheit & Laursen, 2013)

How to Prescribe? • High‐intensity exercise = 90‐95%HRmax  or Aerobic Velocity (MAS)  • HRmax = TEST (On‐court/Off‐court) – Hit & Turn Tennis Test / 30:15 Test • MAS = TEST (Off‐court) – 30:15 Test

Martin Buchheit, PhD Head of performance Paris Saint‐Germain (PSG) 

(Buchheit, JSCR 2008; Ferratui et al., 2011)

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High‐Intensity training in children? 

• HIT protocols improving the metabolic profile of adolescents • Obesity, Insulin resistance… 90‐95% HRmax; 90‐100% Maximal Aerobic Speed 

Key interest in public health (Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Logan et al., Sports Medicine 2014)

High‐Intensity training in tennis? • We have the court • We have the exercises • We know how much!! • Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4–10  min >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax) • 2‐3 times per week • 6‐10 weeks training programs

AND…..

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Aerobic performance

Clark et al., 2011. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. Jun;11(2):196‐202.

TRAINING PROGRAM

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RPE Scale

(Borg, 1998; Foster, 2001)

Practical Tools  “Visual Analogue Scale”

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Practical Tools “Total Quality Recovery scale”

Long intervals

• 4 x 2 min, 1’30” Pause Intensity: (90‐ 95%HRmax)

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2011)

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Upper body participation? VO2max

• 2 x 40 balls (῀3 min), 5’ Pause Intensity: (65‐90%HRmax) (Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., JSCR 2010)

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1.1

1.2

5m

a

X b* c

X

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016)

Max effort

1

Jog

a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand

2

X = start Max effort 1: forehand

Jog 2: backhand

1

1

1 2

1 2

2

3



d

X = start

2

3

3

3

2 sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s /  60:60 s; Intensity: 90‐95% HRmax

1.3 1.4

P

P

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016)

P

Max effort Side steps

P •

Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand

P

2 sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s /  60:60 s; Intensity: 90‐95% HRmax

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Example 1. Long intervals

• 3 x 3‐4 min, 2/3´ rest

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Example 2. Long intervals

• 4 x 2 min, 1’30” rest

Example 3. Short intervals

• Sets of 30”/60” work (30”/60” rest)

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Example 3. Short intervals

12 male tennis players (mean ± SD: 21.9 ± 2.0 years; 1.82 ± 0.22 m and 76.4 ± 5.9 kg)  • Ranking (668.1 ± 105.1)  •

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11

12

13

P1

7 x 2 min

P3

4 x (15 x 15s-15s)

P2

3 x (10 x 30s-30s)

P4

3 x (10 x 30s-30s)

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15

16

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Post‐tests

9

P4

8

P3

7

P1

6

P4

5

P3

4

P4

3

P1

2

P2

P2

1

P4

P1

0

P1

Pre‐tests

Combined HIT: 13 sessions in 17 days (“Shock microcycle”) – ~30 minutes sessions 

P3





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Day

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under support of

5m

a

X b* c

X

‐1

d

3

X = start Jog

Max effort

1

1

2 1

1

a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand

2

3 2

X = start Max effort

Jog

1: forehand

2: backhand

3

6

1 2

1

1

3

3

2

2

3

1 2 3 5

4

1

2

(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2015)

P

P P

Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand Max effort Side steps

P

P (Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2015)

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Circuit Training

1

5

Work

Intensity (%V30-15)

Rest /repetitions

Intensity/recov (%V30-15)

Type of run

Duration of sets

n of sets

20´´

100%

20´´

Passive

Shuttles

7-8´

5

5´ (active)

10´´

115%

10´´

Passive

Shuttles



2

5´ (active)

2

6

3

Rest / sets

4

7

8

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Trainability during chilhood

Training prescription Fundamental/locomotor  movement skills Sprint‐specific training  Strength and plyometric  training

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Tennis 11+

Warm‐up proposal NEUROMUSCULAR WARM‐UP (1) ACTIVATION (Cardiovascular…)  Target: 80%HRmax

(2) STABILIZATION/MOBILIZATION  (i.e., “joint by joint” approach) (1) NEUROMUSCULAR EXERCISE  (i.e., Proprioception; Plyometrics; 

Speed/Agility)

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (1) SPORT‐SPECIFIC ACTIVATION

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Muchas Gracias!!

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