SANDHI: Selected Rules James Santucci Department of Comparative Religion California State University, Fullerton
[Emeneau refers to M.B. Emeneau and B.A. van Nooten, Sanskrit Sandhi and Exercises, (Berkeley and L.A.: U.C. Press, 1968)] 1.
Final ˙ ( visarga- ) [Emeneau, #57]
“The final -s or -r (that is, sentence final or pada- final) after a vowel is replaced by visarga˙. ” (Påñini 8.3,15) (v) + -s -r
-˙/(v)
#
deva˙, p®cchåva˙, gacchata˙, 2.
-åmi, -åma˙, -åva˙
Uttama-purußa˙, eka-vacanam (å)mi instead of *ami and bahu-vacanam (å)ma˙ instead of *ama˙ Påñini (7.3.101) states that the thematic vowel (-a-) is replaced by å- before a verbal affix beginning with m or v. a å/ m v 3. Final - as (-a˙ ) in declensions or in pråtipadika- s [Emeneau, #50, 53] a. -as (a˙) o aVd C b. aThe final -a˙ before an initial a- or voiced consonant (in internal and external sandhi) is replaced by an –o (Påñini 6.1.113, 114). 1 (sandhi)
The initial –a is dropped. The voiced consonant may begin another word or suffix within the word (pada ). (Emeneau, #53) nalo nåma, man o-bhi˙, naro gacchati, putro vadati, råmo ‘≈vam 4. Final -˙ or –s in the suffix - as (-a˙ ) [Emeneau, #51; Påñini 8.3.17] (a)s [-(a)˙ ]
a
V (except ‘-a’)
b®hada≈va uvåca [Note: the hiatus remains; i.e., the vowels remain separate], åditya iva. 5. Final -ås (-å˙) in declensions -ås (-å˙)
-å
Vd C V
The final -s (-˙) is dropped before any voiced sound. The hiatus remains. [Emeneau, #55] putrå åsate, narå vadanti 6. For rules of reduplication in the First Class på, ghrå, and sthå, see Sanskrit Grammar-4.
(bhvådi), such as
7. Within the stem, ch is reduplicated after a vowel [Emeneau, #10]: ch
cch
V
For the reduplication of the aspirated stop, see Sanskrit Grammar-4. 8. A diphthong before a vowel other than or å plus the corresponding semivowel.
2 (sandhi)
a or å is replaced by a
o + a/å
a + v + a/å
au + a/å
å + v + a/å
e + a/å
a + y + a/å
ai + a/å
å + y + a/å
[Note: o consists of a + u; au consists of å + u; e consists of a + i; ai consists of å + i] [Emeneau, #3; see Sanskrit Grammar-4 for bhvådi verbal roots] 9. Final - m in pada- final before a consonant is replaced by anusvåra. [pada-final] -m
µ
devam pa≈yati
C devaµ pa≈yati
[Emeneau 60: Påñini 8.3.23] 10. n
[-n-]
ñ
[-ñ-]
®/ƒ r ß
V C [+]
V C
[+ kañ†hya-]
y, v
[+ o߆hya-]
n, m
y, v, h, µ
[+mürdhanya]
An n« is replaced by %« within a pada if preceded by an §, ¶, and followed by a nasal (m«, n«), semivowel (y«, v«), vowel. An 3 (sandhi)
r« z«
intervening vowel, kañ†hya-, o߆hya, y«, the -n«- does not affect the change. Examples:
v«, h«, [\ anusvåra- ]
before
∫aˆ^y: (member of the first class of society) ∫aˆ%] (a woman who belongs to the first class of
society) Ω% (an instant of time) §z]%am« ‘of the sages’ [Emeneau, #37]
4 (sandhi)
