Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Prognosis and Key Management Considerations
The ABCD2 score is a risk assessment tool designed to improve the prediction of short-term stroke risk after a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The score is optimized to predict the risk of stroke within 2 days after a TIA, but also predicts stroke risk within 90 days. The ABCD2 score is calculated by summing up points for five independent factors.
Using the ABCD2 Score Higher ABCD2 scores are associated with greater risk of stroke during the 2, 7, 30, and 90 days after a TIA (Figure). The authors of the ABCD2 score made the following recommendations for hospital observation:1
25% 2‐Day Risk 20%
7‐Day Risk
ABCD Score 0-3
1.0%
Hospital observation may be unnecessary without another indication (e.g., new atrial fibrillation)
4-5
4.1%
Hospital observation justified in most situations
6-7
8.1%
Hospital observation worthwhile
Comment
Stroke Risk
30‐Day Risk
2-day Stroke Risk
2
90‐Day Risk
15%
10%
5%
0%
[1] Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Huynh-Huynh MN, Giles MF, Elkins JS, Sidney S, "Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack," Lancet, 369:283-292, 2007.
0
1
2
3
4
ABCD2 Score
5
6
7
Clinical consensus guidelines recommend urgent evaluation and treatment of patients with TIA. The following recommendations were redacted from the National Stroke Association Guidelines.2
• • • • • •
Initial Evaluation: Prompt initial evaluation (within 12h); evaluation completed within 48 hours Hospitalization: Should be considered to facilitate early therapy and secondary prevention Lab testing: Full blood count, serum electrolytes and creatinine; fasting blood glucose and lipids Electrocardiography: Recommended within 48 hours Brain imaging study: CT or MRI within 48 hours Vascular imaging: Carotid imaging, CT or MR angiography, or transcranial Doppler within 48 hours
• Antithrombotic Therapy o Atherothrombotic TIA: Daily long-term antiplatelet therapy: combination extended-release
• • • • •
dipyridamole plus aspirin (reasonable as first choice), clopidogrel, or aspirin alone. Anticoagulation is not recommended o Cardioembolic TIA: Long-term anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (continuous or paroxysmal). If patient intolerant to anticoagulation, aspirin 325 mg daily; clopidogrel 75 mg daily if intolerant to aspirin. Hypertension: Lower blood pressure to <140/90 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg for diabetics, with an ACE inhibitor alone or in combination with a diuretic, or with an angiotensin-receptor blocker Lipids: Initiate a daily statin. Goal LDL-cholesterol level <2.59 mmol/l (<100mg/dl) Smoking: Initiate a cessation program Diabetes: Fasting blood glucose goal <126mg/dl Physical activity: Recommend ≥10 min of exercise such as walking, bicycling, running, or swimming ≥3 times/week
• Carotid endarterectomy: Preferably within 2 weeks of cerebral or retinal TIA in those with TIA attributed to a high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis: o 70-99% internal carotid artery stenosis: Recommended o 50-69% stenosis: Recommended for certain patients and only at centers with perioperative complication rate <6% o <50% stenosis: Not recommended • Bypass surgery: Not recommended
Abbreviations: MR, magnetic resonance; TIA, transient ischemic attack [2] Johnston SC, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Schwarz ME, Fuller K, Williams CE, Josephson SA, et al. National Stroke Association guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. Ann Neurol 60: 301-313, 2006.
Sponsored by National Stroke Association with a grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim
