Vitamin dan Mineral Pengetahuan Bahan Agroindustri
Vitamin • Organic compound required in small amounts • Divided into two major groups: fat soluble and water soluble • fat soluble : Vitamin A, D, E, K • water soluble Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, Vit C
General Concepts • fat soluble: A, D, E, K
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VITAMIN LARUT LEMAK
Vitamin A - Retinol • Retinol • Beta carotene • Sources in diet - Many plants (photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver. Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too little if absorption is a problem, fish oils • requirement level = 1,000 I.U. (international units) • retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin (vision)
Vitamin D3: cholecalciferol • Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) • D3 primarily used as precursor for calcium regulation • Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived from cholesterol in a reaction that requires UV light • Vitamin D is also important for immune system function
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Vitamin E: tocopherol • Active form is alpha tocopherol • good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but only 1/6 that of -tocopherol • antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly phospholipids, PUFA’s) • requirement is tied to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in glutathione peroxidase) • sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat middlings, barley grains
Vitamin K: menadione • Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor required for normal blood clotting • menadione is the most active form • dietary sources: alfalfa meal, liver meal • Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is rare
Vitamin Larut Air
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Vitamin B1 - Thiamine • Found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, grains. • Deficiency causes beriberi (muscle atrophy, neurological problems).
thiamine (B1) • Function: metabolism of COH • sources: brewers yeast, wheat middlings, rice bran, rice polishings, wheat bran, soybean meal • deficiency: central nervous system failure
Riboflavin: B2 • Function: metabolic degradation of proteins, COH, lipids • sources: plants, bacteria, yeast, fish solubles
• Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and FMN
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Niacin - Vitamin B3 - nicotinic acid • Function: transport of hydrogen ions as NADP, NADPH; electron transport, fatty acid, cholestrol synthesis • forms: niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide • sources: rice polishings, yeast, rice bran
Vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6 - pyridoxine
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Vitamin B7 - Biotin • Used in fatty acid synthesis, also other functions
Folic Acid - Vitamin B9
• Recently shown as very important for pregnant females to avoid birth defects • function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids • sources: yeast, alfalfa meal, full-fat soybeans • Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects. • Folic acid is now added to many grain products in the US
Cyanocobalmine - Vitamin B12 • chemically complex, cobalt nucleus • function: coenzyme in metabolic reactions, maturation of erythrocytes, uracil->thymine • deficiency: pernicious anemia, nerve disorders • Sources are meat, milk and eggs
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Ascorbic Acid: Vitamin C • function: antioxidant, stress reducer, bone calcification, iron metab, tyrosine metab, blood clotting • sources: synthesized from glucose, usually added as chemical form • Required for collagen synthesis, and as a cofactor for several enzymes. Also scavenges oxygen radicals. • Sources of vitamin C are fruit and fresh meat
MINERAL
Preliminary Concepts • Minerals are inorganic elements found in the body • not all of them are essential and probably are there simply because of ingestion of feed • dietary requirement has been demonstrated for at least 22 in one or more species • those required in large quantities are known as macro or major minerals • those required in trace quantities are known as trace minerals or elements
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Preliminary Concepts • Major: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur • Trace: iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, aluminum, nickel, vanadium, silicon, tin and chromium • determination of dietary or tissue mineral levels is via combustion and collection of residual ash
Principle Mineral Constituents Element calcium phosphorus sodium potassium chlorine magnesium sulfur
Percent 1.33 0.74 0.16 0.19 0.11 0.04 0.15
Calcium and Phosphorus • Ca and P are two of the major inorganic constituents of feeds • Ca: essential for blood clotting, muscle function, proper nerve pulse transmission, osmoregulation • P: component of ADP, ATP, P-lipids, DNA, RNA • Phosphates serve as pH buffer systems
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MINERAL
Calcium
FUNCTION
-Maintains strength of bones and teeth
(Macro)
MINERAL
Phosphorus
(Macro)
MINERAL
FUNCTION
-Helps build body cells -Works with calcium
FUNCTION -Helps build bones
Magnesium (Macro)
MINERAL
Iron (Trace)
MINERAL
Zinc
-Helps nerves and muscles work normally -Regulates body temperature FUNCTION
Fluorine (Trace)
-Milk -Milk & dairy products -Dark green leafy vegetables FOOD SOURCES
FUNCTION
-Dark green leafy vegetables -Whole grain products
DEFICIENCIES
TOXICITIES
-Can prevent calcium from working
TOXICITIES -Diarrhea
-Heart disease -Heart spasms
-Lack of Coordination -Confusion -Coma
FOOD SOURCES
FOOD SOURCES -Meat
-Heal wounds
-Liver
-Affects sense of taste and smell
-Fish
-Helps strengthen teeth and prevent cavities
DEFICIENCIES
-Meat
FOOD SOURCES
TOXICITIES
-Osteoporosis -Kidney stones
-Grain products -Osteoporosis
-Helps body make proteins
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCIES
-Dairy products
-Helps carry oxygen to the -Red meat blood -Dark green leafy -Helps cells vegetables use oxygen
(Trace)
MINERAL
FOOD SOURCES
-Dairy products FOOD SOURCES
-Fluoridated water -Toothpaste
DEFICIENCIES
TOXICITIES
-Anemia -Paleness
-Heart disease
-Weakness
-Elevated LDLs
DEFICIENCIES
-Stunted growth -Rash -Hair Loss
TOXICITIES
-Low copper absorption
DEFICIENCIES
TOXICITIES
-Tooth decay
-Staining of teeth during development
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MINERAL
Sodium
FUNCTION
-Maintains fluid balance in the body
FOOD SOURCES
-Salt -Packaged foods
DEFICIENCIES
-Muscle cramps
TOXICITIES
-High blood pressure
(Electrolyte)
MINERAL
Chloride
FUNCTION
FOOD SOURCES
-Maintains fluid balance in the body
-Salt
DEFICIENCIES
TOXICITIES
-Can cause convulsions in -High blood pressure infants
(Electrolyte)
Tugas • Buat review dari jurnal berhasa Inggris edisi 2005 ke atas • Pilih salah satu tentang minyak atsiri, rempah atau vitamin dari suatu tanaman • Dikumpulkan saat UAS
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