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Recommended : R.L. Burden & J.D. Faires: Numerical Analysis, (Brooks/Cole 8th . Edition 2005, or any other edition.) • A. Ralston & P. Rabinowitz: A First course in Numerical Analysis, (Dover 2nd. Edition. 2001, or any other edition.) • C.F. Gerald &
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Download Example of Fishbone Diagram. Progressive Safety Services LLC – All Rights Reserved. Man. Mother Nature. Machine. Materials. Method. Employee in maintenance shop injured his eye while using a powered portable hand grinder. Management. E
Download Example of Fishbone Diagram. Progressive Safety Services LLC – All Rights Reserved. Man. Mother Nature. Machine. Materials. Method. Employee in maintenance shop injured his eye while using a powered portable hand grinder. Management. E
Download Example of Fishbone Diagram. Progressive Safety Services LLC – All Rights Reserved. Man. Mother Nature. Machine. Materials. Method. Employee in maintenance shop injured his eye while using a powered portable hand grinder. Management. E
Download Example of Fishbone Diagram. Progressive Safety Services LLC – All Rights Reserved. Man. Mother Nature. Machine. Materials. Method. Employee in maintenance shop injured his eye while using a powered portable hand grinder. Management. E
Download ONLY YOU MAY MAKE ANY PAYMENT CERTIFICATE AND SIGHT DRAFT UNDER THIS LETTER OF CREDIT. ... THE AMOUNT WHICH MAY BE DRAWN BY YOU UNDER THIS LETTER OF CREDIT SHALL BE AUTOMATICALLY REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF ANY DRAWINGS PAID THROUGH US REFERENC
Download Example of Fishbone Diagram. Progressive Safety Services LLC – All Rights Reserved. Man. Mother Nature. Machine. Materials. Method. Employee in maintenance shop injured his eye while using a powered portable hand grinder. Management. E
Alabama Workers’ Compensation Summary Time Periods: Notice of injury to employer (§25-5-78).....90 days
Download ONLY YOU MAY MAKE ANY PAYMENT CERTIFICATE AND SIGHT DRAFT UNDER THIS LETTER OF CREDIT. ... THE AMOUNT WHICH MAY BE DRAWN BY YOU UNDER THIS LETTER OF CREDIT SHALL BE AUTOMATICALLY REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF ANY DRAWINGS PAID THROUGH US REFERENC
CE 331, Fall 2010
Example: Roof Truss Analysis
1 / 6
In this example, a parallel‐chord steel roof truss is analyzed for typical dead and roof live loads. The photo below shows a truss girder (painted gray) supporting the roof of a gymnasium.
Figure 1. Truss girders (gray) supporting bar joists (white) supporting metal roof deck for a gymnasium The truss girder in the photo is supported by columns (not seen in Figure 1) and supports bar joists at the panel points (chord connections) and midway between the panel points. A similar truss girder is analyzed in this example, except that the bar joists are located at the panel points only. Information about truss girder members is presented below. Table 1. Truss girder components. Type Member
Shape
Available Strength (φ Pn)
Chords
WT 6 x 20
160 k (compression)
Diagonals
LL 2.5 x 2.0 x 3/16
73 k (tension)
Verticals
LL 2.5 x 2.5 x 3/16
43 k (compression)
The total weight of truss girder (self weight) is 4.05 k, and the bar joists weigh 9 plf. Other roof components are listed below. Roof & Ceiling: 20 ga metal deck Waterproof membrane with gravel 1” thick Perlite insulating roof boards Heating & cooling ductwork Steel suspended ceiling Acoustic Fiber Board
Example: Roof Truss Analysis
CE 331, Fall 2010
2 / 6
8 @ 10’
3 @ 25’
bar joists
3 @ 25’
truss girder
column
Plan View metal decking 8 @ 10’ bar joist truss girder
6’
Front Elevation View
Side Elevation of Roof Framing
6’
Example Roof Truss Analysis
3 / 6
Stability & Determinacy
Structural Model of Truss
assume that truss is externally statically determinate for gravity loads Num_Forces = 33 + 3 = Num_Eqns = 18 x 2 =
36 36
therefore stable & determinate
Dead Load Roof & Ceiling Wt: 20 ga metal deck Waterproof membrane with gravel Fiberglass insulation Heating & cooling ductwork Steel suspended ceiling Acoustis Fiber Board
weight, psf 2.5 5.5 0.7 4 2 1
Total truss girder self wt bar joist wt
15.7 4.05 9
k
psf use
= 4.05 k / ( 80 ft x 25 ft ) =
16
psf
2.03 18.03
psf psf
plf
PDint (dead load at an interior panel point) = 18.025 psf x 25 ft x10 ft = 4.51 = 9 plf x 25 ft = 0.225 4.73 D P ext (dead load at an exterior panel point) = 18.025 psf x 25 ft x 10/2 ft = 2.25 = 9 plf x 25 ft = 0.225 2.48
k k k
due roof, ceiling wt & truss girder due purlin wt
k k k
due roof, ceiling wt & truss girder due purlin wt
7 @ 4.73 k 2.48 k
2.48 k
Dead Loads on Truss Girder
Example Roof Truss Analysis
4 / 6
Live Load Roof live load = Lr = (20 psf) R1
0.6 <= R1 <= 1.0 R1 = 1.2 ‐ 0.001 At
At = 25 ft x 10 ft/panel x 8 panels =
2000
R1 = 1.2 ‐ 0.001 x 2000 sf = Lr = 20 psf x 0.6 =
sf
0.60 12
psf
PLrint = 12 psf x 25 ft x10 ft =
3.00
k
due roof live load
PLrext = 12 psf x 25 ft x 10/2 ft =
1.50
k
due roof live load
7 @ 3 k 1.5 k
1.5 k
Live Loads on Truss Girder
Factored Load D Lr Pu = 1.2 P + 1.6 P
PU_int = 1.2 (4.73 k ) + 1.6 (3 k) =
10.476
k
PU_ext = 1.2 (2.48 k ) + 1.6 (1.5 k) =
5.376
k
7 @ 10.476 k 5.376 k
5.376 k
Factored Loads on Truss Girder
Example Roof Truss Analysis
5 / 6
Maximum Chord Compressive Force Draw deflected shape of loaded truss. Identify chord with max. compressive force.
C
T
The top "fibers" of the beam are in compression, and the fibers in the middle of the beam have the maximum compression. Therefore, the top chord in the middle of the truss has the max. compressive force.
Calculate the force in the top chord of Panel #4 4 @ 10.476 k 5 376 k 5.376 k f_top
5 R = [7 ( 10.476 k) + 2 ( 5.376 k) ] / 2 =
42.042
k
Σ M about Pt 5 = 0: (f_top) ( 6 ft ) ‐ (42.042 k ‐ 5.376 k ) ( 4 x 10 ft) + (3 x 10.476 k) (20 ft) = 0 f_top
139.7
k in panels at midspan
Check the strength of the chords factored force in member (P u) Available strength (φc Pn) Pu φC Pn
139.7
k
160
k
OK
R
Example Roof Truss Analysis
6 / 6
Maximum Diagonal Tensile Force Looking at the parallel‐chord truss as if it were a beam, the max. shear occurs near the supports analagous beam (assume load is uniformly distributed along beam)
shear
bending moment
Therefore cut the truss in the first panel to calculate max diagonal force Therefore, cut the truss in the first panel to calculate max. diagonal force 5.38 k
6 ft
f_diag
11.66 ft 10 ft
42.04 k Σ FV = 0: 42.042 k ‐ 5.376 k ‐ 6 / 11.66 x f_diag f_diag
71.3
k in end panels
Check the strength of the diagonals Tu 71.3 k φT Pn