MODULE 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

MODULE 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO

Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication is the sole responsibility of the University of Ouaga-I JKZ and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

Final Version : February 2017 2

Module Objective

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General objective The main objective is to offer a broad view of biotechnology, integrating historical, global current and future applications in such a way that its applications in Africa and expected developments could be discussed based on sound knowledge…

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Module Objective

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Specific objectives At completion learner should be able to: • demonstrate knowledge of essential facts of the history of biotechnology and description of key scientific events in the development of biotechnology • demonstrate knowledge of the definitions and principles of ancient, classical, and modern biotechnologies. • describe the theory, practice and potential of current and future biotechnology. • describe and begin to evaluate aspects of current and future research and applications in biotechnology. 4

Module contents

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‒ Unit 1: Introduction to biotechnology, history and concepts definition 4 hrs ‒ Unit 2: The Green Revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead ‒ Unit 3: Agricultural biotechnology: the state-ofthe-art ‒ Unit 4: Future trends and perspectives of agricultural biotechnology ‒ Unit 5: Food security and Biotechnology in Africa: options and opportunities 5

Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

UNIT 1: Introduction to Biotechnology, History & Concepts Definition (04 Hours) Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO

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Unit 1 Objective

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Introduce the concepts and evolution of Biotechnology by the development of a wellgrounded understanding of biotechnological history and definitions including : •broad principles, •integration of different subject areas, •specialized knowledge •and the developments in specific subject 7

Unit 1 Content

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1. Concepts definition 2. History & Evolution of Biotechnology

3. Spectrum of applications of Biotechnology

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Concepts definition

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What is meant by biotechnology ? • Broadest definitions vs. narrowest definitions of biotechnology  A common understanding of biotechnology is needed...  Society should decide what to "choose" biotechnology to mean as a basic to cope with social, communication, political and legislative matters 9

Concepts definition

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Origin of the term “Biotechnology” According to Robert Bud (Science Museum London, UK)… The term « Biotechnology » was first used by Karl Ereky in 1919 in a book called "Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Farm »

Source : ROBERT BUD, History of 'biotechnology' Nature 337, 10 (05 January 1989)

Karl Ereky 10

Concepts definition

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Origin of the term “Biotechnology” For Ereky

The term “Biotechnology" indicated the process by which raw materials could be biologically upgraded into socially useful products…

Source : The evolution of the word ‘biotechnology’ Max J. Kennedy http://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/e id/1-s2.0-016777999190073Q/first-page-pdf 11

Concepts definition

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Biotechnology: Broad definition FDA's working definition of biotechnology is “the application of biological systems and organisms to technical and industrial processes”. This definition takes : • Both the "old" and "new" science  age-old techniques and most advanced uses of recombinant DNA technology.

• Many applications… 12

Concepts definition

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Biotechnology: Narrower definition The [direct] manipulation of nature for the benefit of mankind at the subcellular and molecular levels. Biotechnology at the Hebrew University (1992)

Biotechnology: Narrowest "New" biotechnology is the industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell diffusion and novel bioprocessing techniques. U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1984-II) 13

Concepts definition

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Biotechnology : Definitions from countries & international organizations and other… Definitions from countries https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1984/8407/840724.PDF

Definitions from international organizations http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/e1-36-13.pdf

Definitions from other sources http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf 14

Concepts definition

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Biotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature, involving input from : • Engineering • Computer Science • Cell and Molecular Biology • Microbiology • Genetics • Physiology • Biochemistry • Immunology • Virology • Recombinant DNA Technology • Etc

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History & Evolution of Biotechnology

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Biotechnology Timeline ‒ Timeline showing the progression from the earliest domestication (crops & animals) to modern methods of Biotechnology in the 21st Century Read document on Biotechnology Timeline https://www.currituck.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001303/ Centricity/Domain/761/careersInBiomanufacturing_unit 1_biotechTimeline.pdf

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Stages of Biotechnology Ancient Biotechnology • Early history as related to food and shelter, including domestication Classical Biotechnology • Built on ancient biotechnology • Fermentation promoted food production & Medicine

Modern Biotechnology • Manipulates genetic information in organism • Genetic engineering • And…. 17

History & Evolution of Biotechnology Stages of Biotechnology Ancient Biotechnology (Pre 1800)

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History of domestication and agriculture

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Stages of Biotechnology Ancient Biotechnology (Pre 1800) Fermented foods and beverages Long history of fermented foods since people began to settle (9000 BC) • Often discovered by accident! • Improved flavor and texture • Deliberate contamination with bacteria or fungi (molds) Examples: Bread, Yogurt, Cheese, Wine, Beer, Sauerkraut… http://docshare03.docshare.tips/files/19004/190040831.pdf 19


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Stages of Biotechnology Ancient Biotechnology (Pre 1800) The end… 1866 – Louis Pasteur published his findings on the direct link between yeast and sugars in fermentation 1915 – Production of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Stages of Biotechnology Classical Biotechnology (From 1800 to the middle of 20th century) Industrial exploitation of fermentation process for production of huge numbers of products • Different types of beverages (beer, wine, cider…) • Vinegar, Glycerol, Acetone, Butanol • Lactic acid, Citric acid • Antibiotics

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Stages of Biotechnology Classical biotechnology Chemical transformations to produce therapeutic products

Substrate + Microbial Enzyme  Product

Example: • Cholesterol  Steroids (cortisone, estrogen…)

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Stages of Biotechnology Classical biotechnology Microbial synthesis of commercially valuable products • Amino acids to improve food taste, quality or preservation • Enzymes (cellulase, collagenase, diastase, glucose isomerase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, protease) • Vitamins, • Pigments 23


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Stages of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology The Second World War is considered a major crisis that has led to scientific discoveries : very crucial discoveries were reported, which paved the path for modern biotechnology and to its current status. In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around the DNA as a genetic material, by giving a structural model of DNA known as “Double Helix Model of DNA”. 24

Spectrum of applications of biotechnology

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Nowadays there exist five main groups in biotechnological applications, which have been identified by a color system.

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Red biotechnology/Medicine All those biotechnology uses connected to medicine… • producing vaccines and antibiotics, • developing new drugs, • molecular diagnostics techniques, • regenerative therapies and the development of genetic engineering to cure diseases through genetic manipulation. Examples : cell therapy and regenerative medicine, gene therapy and medicines based on biological molecules such as therapeutic antibodies. 30


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White biotechnology /Industry All the biotechnology uses related to industrial processes design low resource-consuming processes and products, making them more energy efficient and less polluting than traditional ones. Examples : the use of microorganisms in chemicals production, the design and production of new materials for daily use (plastics, textiles ...), the development of new sustainable energy sources such as biofuels. 31


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Grey biotechnology / Environment All applications of biotechnology directly related to the environment. These applications can be split up into two main branches: biodiversity maintenance and contaminants removal. Biodiversity maintenance: analysis of populations and species, comparison/classification and cloning to preserve species and genome storage technologies. contaminants removal : uses microorganisms and plants to isolate and dispose of different substances such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons… 32


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Green biotechnology /Agriculture Focused on agriculture as working field: approaches and applications include creating new plant varieties of agricultural interest

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Blue biotechnology/Sea Based on the exploitation of sea resources to create products and applications of industrial interest.  Taking into account that the sea presents the greatest biodiversity, there is potentially a huge range of sectors to benefit from the use of this kind of biotechnology. Many products and applications from blue biotechnology are still object of study and research…

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Conclusions

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Today there is a tendency to overstate the problem and to ignore the appropriate counterfactual situation…

 What would have been the magnitude of hunger and poverty without the yield increases of the Green Revolution and with the same population growth ? 35

Conclusions

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All Biotechnologies do not mean GM… Beyond GMOs There are emerging new biotechnologies (Cisgenesis & Intragenesis, Synthetic Genomics, Genome editing, etc.) are in question...

 See more in Unit 4.

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MODULE 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

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