Galtung's Positive and Negative Peace - ACTIVE FOR PEACE

!"#$%&'$()*%+,&-"./)/01&$%2&31+$)/01&-1$41!"#$%&'()*+,-#(.-/0$(1&23*+!44-+-*#-%/'(.5$%%+(%4(.%5-*+(.5-2/526(!"57+*/8(9/-:2&;-#...

509 downloads 667 Views 89KB Size
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

/%4(*21&/A67"012&#*A$%&*%217.)$%2/%+&)#7"*+#&4"AA*%/4$)/"%9&61$41& 12*4$)/"%9&/%)17%$)/"%$(&4""617$)/"%9&2/.6*)1&71."(*)/"%9&$7=/)7$)/"%9&4"%;(/4)& A$%$+1A1%)9&$%2&."&"%<&?#*.9&:1&4$%&.11&)#$)&61$41&71.1$74#9&;7"A&'$()*%+M.& D"7/+/%$(&EFGH&6"./)/"%I&617.614)/019&/.&61$41&P.1$74#Q&$%2&/)&0$(*1.&)#1"71)/4$(& 4"%./.)1%48&";&%"7A.&$%2&0$(*1.&A"71&)#$%&1A6/7/4$(&0$(/2$)/"%<&5%&$22/)/"%9& :#171$.&%1+$)/01&61$41&/.&.#":%&)"&=1&61../A/.)/49&6"./)/01&61$41&/.&"6)/A/.)/4<& N44"72/%+&)"&'$()*%+&DEFXKI&)#1&/%.6/7$)/"%&=1#/%2&)#1&"7/+/%$(&6"./)/01&61$41& /21$&:$.&)#1$()#&.4/1%41.9&:#171$()#&4$%&=1&.11%&$.&$%&A171&$=.1%41&";& 2/.1$.1&$.&:1((&$.&."A1)#/%+&A"71&6"./)/01,&A$>/%+&)#1&="28&4$6$=(1&";& 71./.)/%+&2/.1$.1<&Y/>1:/.19&):"&)861.&";&71A12/1.&"=)$/%/%+&;7"A$()#& $%$("+8&$71&*.1;*(&;"7&61$41&71.1$74#,&4*7$)/01&$/A12&$)&%1+$)/01&61$41&$%2& 67101%)/01&$/A12&$)&6"./)/01&61$41<&Z/A/($7(89&)#1&7"(1&";&61$41&.)*2/1.&/.&)"& .)*28&=")#&%1+$)/01&$.&:1((&$.&6"./)/01&$.614).&";&61$419&=")#&)#1&4"%2/)/"%.& ;"7&$=.1%41&";&0/"(1%41&$%2&)#1&4"%2/)/"%.&;"7&61$41<&5%&)#1&%1O)&.14)/"%.&:1& :/((&("">&$)&:#$)&61$41&)#1"78&D$.&/)&10"(012&$;)17&EFGHI&#$.&)"&.$8&$="*)&61$419& 4"%;(/4)&$%2&0/"(1%41&$%2&)#1/7&71($)/"%&)"&6"./)/01&$%2&%1+$)/01&61$41<& C2*52(D(E-%+2/52'(=$2%&<(D(F%/52G#;( ?#1&)#1"78&";&61$41&#$.&*%217+"%1&4#$%+1.&./%41&EFGH&$%2&'$()*%+M.&0/1:.&"%& 61$41&$%2&0/"(1%41&#$01&4#$%+12&)"&$&=7"$21%12&;"4*.&"%&)#1&4$*.1.&$%2& 1;;14).&";&0/"(1%41&$%2&61$41<&'$()*%+M.&"7/+/%$(&EFGH&6"./)/"%&:$.&+1%17$((8& $4416)12&)#"*+#&%")&:/)#"*)&4#$((1%+1.<&?#1&A$/%&4#$((1%+1.&4$A1&;7"A& 47/)/4$(&."4/$(&)#1"7/.).&:#"&."A1#":&2/2&%")&$+711&:/)#&)#1&:#"(1&61$41& 67"@14)<&[1):11%&EFGHBEF\E&'$()*%+&6*=(/.#12&A$%8&)#1"71)/4$(&6$617.&=$.12& "%&#/.&.)7*4)*7$(&)#1"789&$("%+&)#1A1.&.*4#&$.&$++71../"%&DEFGHI9& /%.)/)*)/"%$(/.12&4"%;(/4)&71."(*)/"%&DEFGKI9&%"%B0/"(1%41&DEFGKI9&/%)1+7$)/"%& DEFGXI9&0/"(1%419&61$41&$%2&61$41&71.1$74#&DEFGFI9&.)7*4)*7$(&$%2&2/714)& 0/"(1%41&DEF\EI9&$%29&/A617/$(/.A&DEF\EI<&J%1&67"A/%1%)&/21$&)#$)&4"A1.&"*)& ";&)#1.1&6$617.&/.&)#$)&$%&$21U*$)1&*%217.)$%2/%+&";&0/"(1%41&/.&71U*/712&/%& "7217&)"&*%217.)$%2&$%2&21;/%1&61$41<&Z"9&'$()*%+&A"012&$:$8&;7"A&)#1& $4)"7B"7/1%)12&1O6($%$)/"%&";&61$41&$%2&0/"(1%41&)"&.)7*4)*71B"7/1%)12& 1O6($%$)/"%&:#171&)#1&41%)7$(&/21$&:$.&)#$)&0/"(1%41&1O/.).&=14$*.1&";&)#1& .)7*4)*71&$%2&)#1&$4)"7.&A171(8&4$778&"*)&)#$)&0/"(1%41<&'$()*%+&DEFGFI&21;/%1.& 0/"(1%41&$.&=1/%+&P671.1%)&:#1%&#*A$%&=1/%+.&$71&=1/%+&/%;(*1%412&."&)#$) )#1/7&$4)*$(&."A$)/4&$%2&A1%)$(&71$(/.$)/"%.&$71&=1(":&)#1/7&6")1%)/$(& 71$(/.$)/"%Q&D6<&EGXI<&?#/.&21;/%/)/"%&/.&A*4#&:/217&)#$%&0/"(1%41&$.&=1/%+& A171(8&."A$)/4&"7&2/714)&$%2&/%4(*21.&.)7*4)*7$(&0/"(1%41<&?#/.&1O)1%212& 21;/%/)/"%&";&0/"(1%41&(1$2.&)"&$%&1O)1%212&21;/%/)/"%&";&61$419&:#171&61$41&/.& %")&A171(8&$%2&$=.1%41&";&2/714)&0/"(1%41&D%1+$)/01&61$41I&=*)&$(."&$=.1%41&";& .)7*4)*7$(&0/"(1%41&D6"./)/01&61$41I&DS/+*71&EI<&Z)7*4)*7$(&0/"(1%41&.)1A.&;7"A& 0/"(1%41&/%&)#1&.)7*4)*71&";&."4/1)89&7$)#17&)#$%&)#1&$4)"7B+1%17$)12&617."%$(& $%2&2/714)&0/"(1%41<& S/+*71&E,&?#1&VO6$%212&4"%416)&";&-1$41&$%2&]/"(1%41&

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ڷ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`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

)"&$2271..&/..*1.&";&0/"(1%41&$)&$((&(101(.<&?#/.&71U*/71.&$%&*%217.)$%2/%+&";& )#1&4/0/(/.$)/"%.9&2101("6A1%)9&61$41&$%2&4"%;(/4)&.)*2/12&14(14)/4$((8<& '$()*%+&DEFFGI&.*++1.).&$&)86"("+8&/%&$%.:17&)"&)#1&U*1.)/"%9&:#$)&/.&)#1& 4$*.1&";&61$41a&_#$)&/.&)#1&1;;14)&";&61$41a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b1%%1)#& ["*(2/%+&DEF\\9&EF\XI&#$.&47/)/4/.12&'$()*%+&;"7&2":%+7$2/%+&)#1&.)*28&";& /%)17%$)/"%$(&61$41&=8&($=1((/%+&/)&P%1+$)/01&61$41Q&$%2&=8&/%)7"2*4/%+&)#1& %")/"%&";&.)7*4)*7$(&0/"(1%41<&["*(2/%+&=1(/101.&)#$)&.*4#&/21$.&27$+&61$41& 71.1$74#17.&/%)"&)#1"71)/4$(&$71$.&D(/>1&2101("6A1%)&.)*2/1.I&:#171&)#18&#$01& (/))(1&1O617)/.1<&b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c&)#1&71;*.$(&)"&$4416)&*%/017.$(&0$(/2/)8&

4($/A.c&$%2&)#1&71@14)/"%&";&$%8&+1%17$(&)#1"78&";&;"*%2$)/"%$(/.A9& 1..1%)/$(/.A9&$%2&)7$%.41%21%)$(/.A9&$71&/%&2/714)&4"%;(/4)&:/)#&)#1& V%(/+#)1%A1%)d.&A"217%&/21$(.&$%2&/).&6#/("."6#/4$(&)7$2/)/"%Q&D'*7B`1B109& RLLEI<&?#1&6".)A"217%&47/)/U*1&/.&$+$/%.)&61$41&0$(*1.&=$.12&"%&1A6/7/4$(& 2$)$<&J%&)#1&")#17&#$%29&)#1&61$41&)#1"78&/.&4"%.)7*4)/0/.)&/%&%$)*719&:#/4#& A1$%.&/)&67"0/21.&4"%.)7*4)/01&67"6".$(.&$="*)&:#$)&.#"*(2&#$661%&$%2&:#$)& A/+#)&:"7>a&5)&$))1A6).&)"&$2@*.)&)#1"7/1.&)"&0$(*1.9&67"2*4/%+&0/./"%.&";&$& %1:&71$(/)8&D'$()*%+9&EFFGI<&'$()*%+&#/A.1(;&71@14).&)#1&6"./)/0/.)& 16/.)1A"("+8&/%&;$0"*7&";&14(14)/.A9&:#171&+$)#17.&#/.&4"%416)*$(&$%2& )#1"71)/4$(&A/O)*71&=8&4"A=/%/%+&V$.)17%&$%2&_1.)17%&6#/("."6#/1.<& F%/5+";-%/ ?#1&$="01&1..$8&#$.&.#":%&#":&)#1&4"%416).&";&6"./)/01&$%2&%1+$)/01&61$41& #$01&=11%&1O6$%212&$%2&71;"7A*($)12&$.&$&71.6"%.1&)"&4#$((1%+1.&;7"A&)#1/7& 47/)/4.<&?#/.&4#$%+1&#$.&%")&$()1712&)#1&=$./4&2/;;171%41.&=1):11%&)#1.1&):"& 4"%416).9&)#$)&:#/(1&%1+$)/01&61$41&/.&$=.1%41&";&0/./=(1&$%2&2/714)&0/"(1%419& 6"./)/01&61$41&/.&1A$%4/6$)"78&/%&%$)*71<&e1.6/)1&)#1&4#$((1%+1.9&)#1.1&/21$.& 71A$/%&)#1&;"*%2$)/"%&";&61$41&)#1"78&$%2&$71&0$(*$=(1&$.&4"*%)17B:1/+#)&)"& )#1&71$(/.)&)#1"78&";&/%)17%$)/"%$(&71($)/"%.9&:#/4#&+/01.&)""&A*4#&4712/)&)"&)#1& .)$)1<&-1$41&#$.&)"&=1&:"7>12&$)&$%2&/.&%")&1$.8&$%2&71./.)$%41&;7"A&)#1&.)$)1& /.&/%10/)$=(1<&?#1&):/%&4"%416).&$71&0178&0$(*$=(1&)"2$8&:#1%&61$41&.)*2/1.&/.& 10"(0/%+&;7"A&=*/(2/%+&>%":(12+1&$="*)&61$41&)"&61$41&)7$/%/%+&$%2&61$41& 12*4$)/"%<& K242&2/52; ["%/.4#9&N<&DEFXEI<&V(1A1%).&";&)#1&f"217%&W"%416)&";&-1$41<&*%+&,'()%-) ./'0/)1/2/'&039&EX&DRI9&EGKBE\g<& ["*(2/%+9&b<&DEF\\I<&?:1(01&S7/1%2(8&h*1771(.&:/)#&!"#$%&'$()*%+<&*%+&,'()%-) ./'0/)1/2/'&039&EH&DEI9&\KBXG<& ["*(2/%+9&b<&DEF\XI<&S*)*71&e/714)/"%.&";&W"%;(/4)&$%2&-1$41&Z)*2/1.<&73/) *%+&,'()%-)8%,-(#0$)1/2%(+$#%,9&RR&DRI9&gHRBgKH<& ["*(2/%+9&b<&DEFFEI<&PZ)$=(1&-1$41&NA"%+&3$)/"%.,&N&Y1$7%/%+&-7"41..Q9&/%& ["*(2/%+9&V<9&[7/+$+$"9&W<&$%2&W(1A1%).9&b<&D12.;)./'0/-+()?/',2<)./'0/)',")8%,-(#0$9) =/6/(%@A/,$)',")8#6#(#2'$#%,<&J.(",&-C5J<& '*7B`1B109&5<&DRLLEI<&-#/("."6#8&";&61$41&12*4$)/"%&/%&$&6".)A"217%&17$<& !"+0'$#%,'()73/%&;9&KE&DgI9&gEKBgg\<& ^/4>.9&e$0/2&DEFXXI<&PT%217.)$%2/%+&)#1&;/1(2Q<&5%&e$0/2&^/4>.9&DV2
Y"%2"%,&C"*)(12+19&giEF<& Z4#A/29&^<&DEFGXI<&-1$41&C1.1$74#&$%2&-"(/)/4.<&*%+&,'()%-)./'0/)1/2/'&039&K& DgI9&RE\BRgR<& _1=179&?<&DEFFFI<&'$%2#/9&e116&V4"("+89&-1$41&C1.1$74#&$%2&[*22#/.)& V4"%"A/4.<&*%+&,'()%-)./'0/)1/2/'&039&gG&DgI9&gHFBgGE<& _/=17+9&^<&DEFXEI<&!-C&EFGHBEFXL<&_#$)&^$01&_1&Y1$7%)&$="*)&-1$41a& *%+&,'()%-)./'0/)1/2/'&039&EX&DRI9&EEEBEHX<