03/04/2017
Baltic Coaches’ Conference 2017
Fitness Testing in Tennis. Are we working the same way?
Dr. Jaime Fernandez‐Fernandez • Faculty of Sports Sciences – University of Leon •Master of Sports Training and Performance •Coaches Education Area ‐ Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) – (Madrid)
Rationale for testing • To evaluate the abilities of the player in the context of the demands of the sport: ‐ From a talent identification viewpoint ‐ Identify specific strengths and weaknesses of the players assessed = to prioritise different training goals for the individual • Monitor progression and evaluate the effectiveness of training prescribed • For training prescription purposes
(Tanner & Gore, 2013; Lemmink et al. 2004)
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Rationale for testing
Criteria to follow: 1. Validity, Reliability & Objectivity 2. Results should be analysed and compared to normative values and standardized sport‐profiles 3. Frequency of testing alligned with competitive Schedule
(Reilly et al., 2009; Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014)
How to fix the gap between THEORY and PRACTISE
1. How coaches “perceive” sport sciences? 2. How they obtain new ideas, exercises….journals, congresses..?? 3. Barriers they find to get access to these sources of information?
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Training = ART vs. SCIENCE Related with SCIENCE of training = WHAT Related with ART of training = HOW How to fix it together? How to communicate?
Find the Balance? (Bob Bowman; Michael Phelps´Coach)
Importance of physical qualities in youth Physical qualities vs. performance • Research has been conducted with athletes of various backgrounds (e.g., age, sex, performance level), and using different testing protocols • Aim: to identify the most influencing factors on tennis performance (i.e., ranking) • Results are contradictory: • Physical qualities were weak predictors of overall tennis performance • Specific qualities such as agility or speed and vertical power were correlated with tennis performance • Serve velocity and overhead medicine ball throw (Ulbricht et al., 2014; Girard & Millet, 2007; Roetert et al., 1996; Birrer et al., 1986)
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Importance of physical capacities in youth
Ranking females 1997 Number 8
Ranking females 1997 Number 1
(Ulbricht et al., 2014)
Does the fittest player win ?
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(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014)
Importance of physical capacities in youth
Is it worth evaluating physical capacities in talent identification programs ? • High physical capacities poorly predict career success on the individual basis • Fitness is not “performance” • There are many “roads to Rome” • An accurate evaluation of physical capacities in youth is difficult (variability)
Buchheit et al., 2011
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Fitness testing for 14U players ‐ Survey for National Associations
Fitness testing for 14U players ‐ Survey for National Associations Which kind of measurement tools are you using for testing: •
Simple measurement tools (i.e. meter, stopwatch) •
YES = 62% NO = 38%
Sophisticated measurement tools (please tick the ones which apply): Force or contact platform
YES = 62% NO = 38%
Light cells
YES = 100%
Isokinetic measurements
YES = 38% NO = 46%
Physiological measurements (treadmill tests with gas analyzing, etc..)
YES = 38% NO = 62%
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Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility • In tennis, speed comprises the ability to move at high velocity in a variety of directions, and often not in a straight line • Peak velocities (GPS 10 Hz) in young tennis players = 15‐17 km.h • Accelerations & Decelerations = 60 to 90 per match! (Hoppe et al., 2014; PES)
Key Components = ACCELERATION & DECELERATION + Effective specific movement (COD) (Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)
Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility 1. Linear sprint (10‐20 m; 20‐Yard) 2. Reaction + direction 3. Zig‐zag sprints (10‐20 m) 4. Shuttle runs (10‐12 sec; 6x8 m) 5. Sideways Shuffle (baseline) 6. Spider Test 7. Hegaxon Test 8. Tapping Test
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Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility 9. 5‐0‐5 Test / “modified test” 10. Tennis court speed test 11. Speed of forward‐backward movement 12. Lateral movement (30 s in the service box) 13. Skippings (1 foot) 14. Forehand/backhand sprints 15. Fowards/backwards (Baseline‐T‐Bs) 16. Wingate Test
Strength and power testing • The modern game of tennis has evolved to a current fast‐paced, explosive sport based on strength and power. • Strokes and on‐court movement require good levels of both, strength & power. (Reid et al., 2013)
Laboratory tests
Field tests
Maximum strength tests
Jump tests
Isometric Dynamic
Medicine ball throws
Isokinetic tests
Tennis-specific tests
Power tests (Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)
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Strength and power testing 1. Vertical Jump (Vertec, CMJ; bilateral; unilateral) 2. Standing long jump 3. Repeated jumps (platform, 4‐10 reps) 4. Drop jump 5. Squat Jump 6. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements (lower body)
7. Handgrip Strength Test 8. Ball throw (tennis ball – 200 gr)
Strength and power testing 9. Medicine ball throw (overhead; forehand; backhand; backwards; 1‐3 Kg) 10. Push‐ups 11. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements (upper body)
12. Chin‐ups 13. “Brutal” crunches 14. Service velocity 15. Groundstrokes velocity
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Demands of Tennis 75 – 80 %HRmax
Heart Rate (HR)
High‐Intensity periods (>90%FCmax) 23 – 29 mL.kg.min 50% VO2max
Oxygen uptake (VO2)
High‐Intensity periods (>80%VO2max)
Blood Lactate
Max values = > 8 mmol/L
1.8 ‐ 2.8 mmol/L
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2009; Kovacs, 2007)
Aerobic testing 1. Laboratory tests 2. Cooper test (12 min) 3. 1.5 mile run 4. 20 m multistage shuttle test (MSST; ie, multistage fitness test, beep‐test or Léger test)
5. Yo‐Yo IR‐1 6. 30:15 Test 7. Hit & Turn Tennis Test
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Musculoskeletal testing How important is ROM/Flexibility for tennis?
• ROM restrictions in tennis (i.e., Shoulder, Hips; Lower leg…) • Very Important!!...but… • Flexibility is thought to be a morphological characteristic more than a health‐ or performance‐related fitness property.
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2014; Moreno‐Perez et al. , 2016)
Musculoskeletal testing
1. Sit & Reach 2. Standing reach 3. Functional Movement Screening (FMS; 7 tests) 4. High‐Performance profile (10 tests) 5. Shoulder ROM (rotation (IR/ER)) 6. Hip ROM
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Other qualities 1. Balance 2. Eye hand coordination 3. Keeping ball up with a basketball
??? RELEVANT VALID RELIABLE ACCURATE AND PRECISE
Take Home Messages Find an agreement regarding test batteries which can follow the growth process Testing to train / improve Create efficient databases and data analyses enabling comparison among countries Establishing National testing centres (partnerships with universities). Assessments during tournaments. Communication with the coach/player is a challenge, because there are many “truths” out there
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Establish percentiles based on the tests results
(Fernandez‐Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014)
Establish reference values based on the percentiles
Summary • Bilateral Deficits (Strength/ROM) detected in U13/U15 • Values similar to profesional players! • Need of a Follow‐up plan (ie., injury tracking; pain/no pain)
• Increase the age range (normative values) • Long‐Term plan (2 x anual testing..) • More communication (coach feedback…)
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Future? ITF Project
Baltic Coaches Conference 2017
A practical approach to endurance training in tennis. Still working as a runner?
Dr. Jaime Fernandez‐Fernandez • Faculty of Sports Sciences – University of Leon •Master of Sports Training and Performance •Coaches Education Area ‐ Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) – (Madrid)
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Importance of Sports Sciences?
Sir Alex Ferguson
“The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results” Albert Einstein
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“Secrets” of Spanish Tennis “…Suffering the “Spanish way”… “We teach players to suffer” “Spend 4‐5 h with the player..More, more, more..” “Willing to suffer” “When I asked him how he goes about achieving this with his players at his Top Team Academy, he told me, "We force them."
“Secrets” of Spanish Tennis??
Coaches Education program Coaches Tennis Schools, Academies, Regional Federations Players
+
Sports Science support
(injury prevention; physical training; stroke mechanics)
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Anyone can make an athlete tired!
Tennis training Training load (Volume, intensity) Positive Adaptations Or Overload? …But How much is too much?
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Aerobic performance Improving through tennis? • Tennis players (10 years) • Tennis training 2 x week • Significant improvements in aerobic power and less fat mass than non‐active peers
Tennis = enough aerobic stimulus?? (Sanchis‐Moysi y col., 2011)
Injury risk in tennis?
(Jayanthi et al., 2013)
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OVERLOAD TENNIS INJURIES
Shoulder (25‐47%) * Shoulder ROM * Shoulder strength
Wrist (14‐30%)
Elbow (18‐45%)
Back (52‐70%) * Trunk stability * Hip ROM
Hip (7‐15%) * Trunk stability * ABD/ADD strength * Hip ROM
Groin (5‐12%) * ABD/ADD strength * ABD/ADD ROM
Kibler & Safran (2005)
Tennis injuries in the young player • 148 tennis players with an average age of the subjects was 15.1 years (range 11–19) (58 females and 90 males) • Overall 92/148 (62%) were considered to have a hip “at‐risk for FAI” (femoroacetabular impingement).
• Occurs because the hip bones do not form normally during the childhood growing years • Strenous exercise ?? Cotorro et al., Br J Sports Med 2014
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Aerobic Training Match Intensity References
Gender Surface
HR (b.min)
%HRmax
Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2010
F U15
Clay
158.4 ± 2.3
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Torres & Carrasco, 2003
F U16
Hard
146 ± 19
80.1 ± 1.6
RFET 2016 (± 30 players (U13/U15)) • Average intensity = 82% HRmax • 50‐60% of total match time >90% HRmax)
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Aerobic training
Main conclusion: “Children are engaged in very short bursts of intense physical activity interspersed with varying intervals of low and moderate intensity”
• Children = > fatigue resistance and > initial physical condition = Need of higher intensity trainings and less recovery • Intensities >85% of HRmax
(Rowland, 2005; Bailey et al., 1993)
Aerobic performance MODE OF TRAINING • Exercise using large muscle groups, regardless of mode of exercise, has the potential to increase aerobic power
FREQUENCY AND DURATION • 2‐3 sessions per week • Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4–10 min >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax)
PROGRAMME LENGTH • Programmes lasting 6‐10 weeks induce significant increases in Aerobic power (i.e., VO2max)
(Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Martos & Winsley, 2007; Baquet et al., 2007)
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High Intensity Training ‐ HIT HIT involves repeated short‐to long bouts of rather high‐intensity exercise (90‐95%HRmax) interspersed with recovery periods
(Midgley and McNaughton, 2006; Buchheit & Laursen, 2013)
How to Prescribe? • High‐intensity exercise = 90‐95%HRmax or Aerobic Velocity (MAS) • HRmax = TEST (On‐court/Off‐court) – Hit & Turn Tennis Test / 30:15 Test • MAS = TEST (Off‐court) – 30:15 Test
Martin Buchheit, PhD Head of performance Paris Saint‐Germain (PSG)
(Buchheit, JSCR 2008; Ferratui et al., 2011)
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High‐Intensity training in children?
• HIT protocols improving the metabolic profile of adolescents • Obesity, Insulin resistance… 90‐95% HRmax; 90‐100% Maximal Aerobic Speed
Key interest in public health (Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Logan et al., Sports Medicine 2014)
High‐Intensity training in tennis? • We have the court • We have the exercises • We know how much!! • Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4–10 min >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax) • 2‐3 times per week • 6‐10 weeks training programs
AND…..
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Aerobic performance
Clark et al., 2011. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. Jun;11(2):196‐202.
TRAINING PROGRAM
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RPE Scale
(Borg, 1998; Foster, 2001)
Practical Tools “Visual Analogue Scale”
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Practical Tools “Total Quality Recovery scale”
Long intervals
• 4 x 2 min, 1’30” Pause Intensity: (90‐ 95%HRmax)
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2011)
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Upper body participation? VO2max
• 2 x 40 balls (῀3 min), 5’ Pause Intensity: (65‐90%HRmax) (Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., JSCR 2010)
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1.1
1.2
5m
a
X b* c
X
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016)
Max effort
1
Jog
a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand
2
X = start Max effort 1: forehand
Jog 2: backhand
1
1
1 2
1 2
2
3
•
d
X = start
2
3
3
3
2 sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s / 60:60 s; Intensity: 90‐95% HRmax
1.3 1.4
P
P
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016)
P
Max effort Side steps
P •
Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand
P
2 sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s / 60:60 s; Intensity: 90‐95% HRmax
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Example 1. Long intervals
• 3 x 3‐4 min, 2/3´ rest
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Example 2. Long intervals
• 4 x 2 min, 1’30” rest
Example 3. Short intervals
• Sets of 30”/60” work (30”/60” rest)
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Example 3. Short intervals
12 male tennis players (mean ± SD: 21.9 ± 2.0 years; 1.82 ± 0.22 m and 76.4 ± 5.9 kg) • Ranking (668.1 ± 105.1) •
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11
12
13
P1
7 x 2 min
P3
4 x (15 x 15s-15s)
P2
3 x (10 x 30s-30s)
P4
3 x (10 x 30s-30s)
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15
16
17
Post‐tests
9
P4
8
P3
7
P1
6
P4
5
P3
4
P4
3
P1
2
P2
P2
1
P4
P1
0
P1
Pre‐tests
Combined HIT: 13 sessions in 17 days (“Shock microcycle”) – ~30 minutes sessions
P3
•
…
22
Day
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under support of
5m
a
X b* c
X
‐1
d
3
X = start Jog
Max effort
1
1
2 1
1
a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand
2
3 2
X = start Max effort
Jog
1: forehand
2: backhand
3
6
1 2
1
1
3
3
2
2
3
1 2 3 5
4
1
2
(Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2015)
P
P P
Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand Max effort Side steps
P
P (Fernandez‐Fernandez et al., 2015)
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Circuit Training
1
5
Work
Intensity (%V30-15)
Rest /repetitions
Intensity/recov (%V30-15)
Type of run
Duration of sets
n of sets
20´´
100%
20´´
Passive
Shuttles
7-8´
5
5´ (active)
10´´
115%
10´´
Passive
Shuttles
6´
2
5´ (active)
2
6
3
Rest / sets
4
7
8
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Trainability during chilhood
Training prescription Fundamental/locomotor movement skills Sprint‐specific training Strength and plyometric training
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Tennis 11+
Warm‐up proposal NEUROMUSCULAR WARM‐UP (1) ACTIVATION (Cardiovascular…) Target: 80%HRmax
(2) STABILIZATION/MOBILIZATION (i.e., “joint by joint” approach) (1) NEUROMUSCULAR EXERCISE (i.e., Proprioception; Plyometrics;
Speed/Agility)
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (1) SPORT‐SPECIFIC ACTIVATION
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Muchas Gracias!!
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